现代英语词汇学概论.ppt

Chapter10EnglishIdioms,I.Warmingup,Whatdoesthismeanreally?,Hurryup,Whataboutthisone?,disgustsomeone,Theseidiomsareallaboutfood.Canyouexplainwhattheyreallymean?,goingbananasImgoingbananasoverthenoiseintheapartmentnextdoor.Theyplaytheirtelevisionloudenoughforthewholebuildingtohear.Andtheyneverturnitoffuntiloneoclockinthemorning!这个人抱怨说：“隔壁人家的闹声真快把我逼疯了。他们把电视机开得那末响，整个楼都听见了。而且，不到半夜一点他们从来不关电视机。”sellinglikehotcakesFakeiPadssellinglikehotcakesinBeijing热卖playinggooseberryOn,youtwogobyyourselves!Youdontwantmecomingalongplayinggooseberry.啊，你们俩还是单独去吧！你们不想我硬夹在你们中间吧。Idontwishtoplaygooseberry.我不想当不识趣的人。陪伴两个想单独在一起的人,Numbersup,dresseduptothe_(打扮得极为入时,衣着华丽)talking_tothedozen(不停地说；唠唠叨叨)oneina_playing_fiddle(居次位；当副手)inthe_heaven(极乐世界),nines,nineteen,second,seventh,thousand,AnimalCrackers,Itsraining_anddogs!Ivegota_inmythroat.我得了咽喉炎。Thosearejust_tears.Hestakenthe_share.最大的份额Icansmella_.感到不妙,cats,frog,crocodile,lions,rat,II.Definition,Anidiomisanexpression,word,orphrasethathasafigurativemeaningthatiscomprehendedinregardtoacommonuseofthatexpressionthatisseparatefromtheliteralmeaningordefinitionofthewordsofwhichitismade.Idiomsaresetphrasesandshortsentencesmadeupoftwoormorewords;itfunctionsasaunitofmeaningwhichcannotbepredictedfromtheliteralmeaningofitscomponentwords.,1.Semanticunity语义的整体性Eachidiomisasinglesemanticunity.Themeaningofanidiomisnotthetotalsumofthemeaningofitsconstituents.tillthecowscomehome:Theidiomfunctionsasonewordanadverbmeaning“forever”.showthewhitefeatherfunctionsasaverbmeaning“toshowfear”.,III.Characteristicsofidioms,OtherExamples:Tostickyourneckoutistosayordosomethingthatisboldandabitdangerous.Asimilaridiomisgooutonalimb.Tobreaktheiceistobethefirstonetosayordosomething,withtheexpectationthatotherswillthenfollow.Asimilaridiomisgettheballrolling.打破冷场；打破僵局,抛砖引玉Tohaveachipononesshoulderistodescribeapersonwhoactsrudelyoraggressively.Thepersonseemsalwaysreadyforafight.Togetlonginthetoothmeanstogetold.,2.Structuralstability结构的固定性Thestructureofanidiomusuallyremainsunchangeable.Inotherwords,theconstituentcomponentsofanidiomcannot,generallyspeaking,bechangedorreplacedbyotherwords.burythehatchet休战，和解*burytheaxin(*the)questionoutof(the)question,Manyidiomsaregrammaticallywrong,butidiomaticallyaccepted.Longtimenosee.Likecureslike.以毒攻毒Gogreatguns.进展神速,高速高效地干,3.Semanticopacity语义的不透明性Idiomsareusuallysemanticallyopaque,ie.metaphoricalratherthanliteral.afeatherinsbscapanhonour,success,ofwhichonecanbeproud,Accordingtogrammaticalfunction,idiomscanbedividedinto5types:1)Nominalidioms2)Adjectivalidioms3)Verbalidioms4)Adverbialidioms5)Sentenceidioms,IV.Classificationofidioms,Accordingtogrammaticalfunction,idiomscanbedividedinto5types:1)Nominalidioms2)Adjectivalidioms3)Verbalidioms4)Adverbialidioms5)Sentenceidioms,IV.Classificationofidioms,Theyfunctionasthesubjectortheobjectinasentence:awhiteelephant(沉重的负担,无用的累赘东西)braintrust(智囊团、思想库)thesaltoftheearth(社会中坚分子；高尚的人)appleofdiscord(祸根)Whatistheappleofdiscordforthisdisaster?,1.Idiomsnominalinnature,Theyfunctionascomplementsormodifiersinasentence.cutanddried(determined)wideofthemark(irrelevant)upintheair(uncertain)Theplaniscutanddried.Whathetoldmewasquitewideofthemark.Theplanisstillupintheair.,2.Idiomsadjectivalinnature,Theyfunctionaspredicateverbsinasentence.makesurerunshortofkeepafter(反复提醒）getat（批评）moveinon（准备）攻击；影响sitdownunder(忍受）makedowith(凑合着用）pokeonesnoseinto(探听，干涉）makeacleanbreastof(和盘托出）,3.Idiomsverbalinnature,Verbalidiomsmayalsofunctionaspredicates.谓语keepthepotboiling（维持生活）bitethehandthatfeedsone（恩将仇报）givesb.thebag(解雇某人）cutashine招摇过市，出风头；摆阔putaspokeinoneswheels（破坏某人的计划）playtothegallery（讨好观众，迎合低级趣味）pullthewooloveroneseyes（蒙蔽某人）,3.Idiomsverbalinnature,Theyfunctionasadverbialsinasentence:toothandnail:拼命Wewillworktoothandnail.heartandsoul:Wewillservepeopleheartandsoul.innothingflat:立刻，马上Iwillgothereinnothingflat.throughthickandthin:不畏艰险Wemadeitthroughthickandthin.,4.IdiomsAdverbialinnature,Suchidiomsareusuallyincompletesententialform.Theyareusuallyproverbsorsayings.Neverdothingsbyhalves.做事情不要半途而废。Allisnotgoldthatglitters.Nothingventured,nothinggained.不入虎穴,焉得虎子。Speechissilver,silenceisgold.Manyhandsmakelightwork.Timetriesallthings.,5.Sentenceidioms,Inordertousetheidiomsappropriately,oneshouldbeawareofthefollowingfeaturesofidioms:1.stylisticfeatures,2.rhetoricalfeatures,and3.structuralvariationsofidioms.,V.Useofidioms,Differentidiomsshowdifferentstylisticmeanings.Somearecasual,othersformalorneutralinstyle.,1.Stylisticfeatures,1)Colloquialismbigwheel:有影响或重要的人物Chomksyisabigwheelinlinguistics.2)Slangcancerstick:癌棒（指香烟）hitthesack:上床睡觉inthesoup:处于困境Iamdeepinthesoupnow.3)Literaryexpressionscometopass:takeplace;happenbearwitnessto:prove,showHisactionborewitnesstohiskindness.,Thesameidiommayshowstylisticdifferenceswhenitisassigneddifferentmeanings.screwupinformal:Igetscrewedupatthethoughtofgoingtoseeadentist.(becomenervous)slang:Hehastheabilitytoscrewthingsupfromstarttofinish.(tomakeamessof)neutral:Hescreweduptheletterandthrewitinthewastepaperbasket.(destroyorruin),Stylisticfeatures,(1)Phoneticmanipulation音韵手段a.alliteration头韵partandparcel重要部分sumandsubstance要旨fallflat(未能达到预想效果或完全失败）makeendsmeetdishthedirt到处散播别人的谣言chopandchange时常改变（主意)atsixesandsevens乱七八糟,2.Rhetoricalfeatures,b.rhyme押尾韵toilandmoil辛苦工作wearandtear磨损byhookandbybrook不择手段地fairandsquare正大光明artandpart策划并参与highanddry孤立无援hoity-toity神气十足hurry-scurry慌慌忙忙Mightmakesright.强权即公理。,(2)lexicalmanipulation词语手段a.reiteration(duplicationofsynonyms)pickandchoose挑剔achesandpains各种疼痛babesandsucklings天真而单纯的人们byleapsandbounds飞跃地tossandturn翻来覆去coolandcalm镇静safeandsound安然无恙puffandblow喘气,b.repetition(repetitionofthesameword)词语重复byandby不久，马上neckandneck并驾齐驱；不分上下outandout十足的，彻底的suchandsuch这样那样的throughandthrough彻头彻尾地overandover反复地onandon连续不断地measureformeasure针锋相对的callaspadeaspade直言不讳,c.juxtaposition(combinationoftwoantonyms)并置对举dayandnightrainorshine不论晴雨(无论如何),(3)Figurativemanipulation修辞手段a.Simileasproudasapeacockasmuteasafishfeellikeafishoutofwater,Ifyoufeellikeafishoutofwater,youfeelawkwardoruncomfortablebecauseyouareinanunusualorunfamiliarsituation.,ToddisacountryboyraisedinasmalltowninNorthumberlandandwaslikeafishoutofwaterwhenhevisitedbustlingLondon.,b.Metaphorawhiteelephantablacksheep败家子；败类；害群之马darkhorsewetblanket扫兴的事或人astagewhisper(有意让别人能听到的耳语）tosetoneshomeinorder(内部整顿）betweenthedevilandthedeepsea(进退维谷）c.Metonymyfromcradletogravelivebyonespenredtape,d.PersonificationActionsspeaklouderthanwords.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Thepotcallsthekettleblack.(五十步笑一百步）e.Hyperboleaworldoftroublesafloodoftears,Despitethepropertyofstructuralstability,idiomsoccasionallydoshowstructuralchangesintermsof1)addition2)deletion3)replacement4)position-shifting,3.StructuralVariations,3.Variationsofidioms,1)Addition:增加“ingoodcondition”from“incondition”2)Deletion:减少“thelaststraw”from“Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamelsback.”3)Position-shifting:位置替换dayandnight=nightandday4)Replacement:替换“loseheart”vs.“takeheart”振作“breakonesword”vs.“keeponesword”,OriginofEnglishIdioms,LiteraryworksTheBibleMythologyFablesHistoricaleventsAnimalmetaphorDailylife,Idiomsfromliteraryworks,screwonescourage（鼓起勇气、壮起胆子）-ShakespeareMacbethtothemannerborn（与生俱来的）-Hamletpondofflesh（合情但悖于情理的要求）-MerchantofVenicemanFriday（忠仆、得力助手）-DanielDefoeRobinsonCrusoeBrevityisthesoulofwit.言以简洁为贵(Shakespeare)Livenottoeat,buteattolive.(Franklin)Knowledgeispower.(Bacon),IdiomsfromtheBible,Judasskiss（犹大之吻，比喻出卖朋友）muchcryandlittlewool（雷声大，雨点小，比喻空叫喊根据圣经故事：魔鬼看见纳巴尔在羊身上剪羊毛，也模仿着在猪身上剪，结果把猪弄得嗷嗷叫，却什么也没有剪下来）turntheothercheek（忍受暴力、忍受侮辱，上帝在布道时讲如果有人打你的左脸，你就把右脸也递出去)Thespiritiswilling,butthefleshisweak.（心有余而力不足）Sparetherodandspoilthechild.（棒打出孝子）。,IdiomsfromMythology,Pandorasbox（潘多拉的盒子，引申为灾祸之源）Sphinxsriddle（难解之谜，狮身人面怪兽提出“什么动物早晨四条腿，中午两条腿，而晚上三条腿”的谜语）theheelofAchilles（亦作theAchillesheel，阿基里斯的脚踵，引申为唯一的弱点、要害）betweenScyllaandCharybdis（比喻进退维谷、腹背受敌）DeadSeafruit（比喻某些事物金玉其外、败絮其中，华而不实）,ScyllaandCharybdisweremythicalseamonstersnotedbyHomer;laterGreektraditionsitedthemonoppositesidesoftheStraitofMessina墨西拿海峡betweenSicilyandtheItalianmainland.Scyllawasrationalizedasarockshoal(describedasasix-headedseamonster)ontheItaliansideofthestraitandCharybdiswasawhirlpooloffthecoastofSicily.Theywereregardedasaseahazardlocatedcloseenoughtoeachotherthattheyposedaninescapablethreattopassingsailors;avoidingCharybdismeantpassingtooclosetoScyllaandviceversa.AccordingtoHomer,Odysseuswasforcedtochoosewhichmonstertoconfrontwhilepassingthroughthestrait;heoptedtopassbyScyllaandloseonlyafewsailors,ratherthanriskthelossofhisentireshipinthewhirlpool漩涡.,Idiomsfromfables,nakedtruth（原原本本的事实、赤裸裸的事实）killthegoosethatlaidthegoldeneggs（杀鸡取卵、涸泽而鱼）sourgrapes（聊以自慰的话，狐狸吃不到葡萄就说葡萄是酸的）bellthecat（替别人冒风险，老鼠要给猫带上铃铛的寓言故事）catspaw（被别人利用的人，猴子想吃火中的栗子，骗猫为其火中取栗）thelaststraw（终于使人不能忍受的最后一击）awolfinsheepsclothing（披着羊皮的狼，比喻危险人物、面善心毒的人）crywolf（狼来了！比喻发假警报）,Idiomsfromhistoricalevents,meetonesWaterloo（一败涂地，出自1815年的“滑铁卢之战”，类似中国的败走麦城）burnonesboats(bridges)（破釜沉舟，讲的是古罗马恺撒等名将出征时，常烧毁船只，士兵无路可退，只有勇往直前，战胜敌人）,Idiomsfromanimalmetaphor,aswiseasowls（聪明，西方人认为猫头鹰是聪明智慧的象征）asquietasmouse（安静如鼠，非常安静）astimidasrabbit（胆小如鼠）nospringchicken（已不再年轻的女人）swanssong（告别演出，源于天鹅将死时凄婉的鸣叫声）buryonesheadinthesand（采取逃避措施、逃避现实，鸵鸟在遇到危险的时候会把头埋在沙子里）comeoutofthecocoon（停止自我封闭，开始与人交往）,Idiomsfromdailylife(navigation,agriculture,etc.),ontherocks（触礁、濒临毁灭）allatsea（茫然）gowithstream（随波逐流）holdoutan/theolivebranch（愿意讲和，在西方橄榄枝被认为是和平的象征）reapwhatonehassowed（种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆）bedofroses（舒适的生活）,ascoolascucumber（泰然自若、冷静）turnonanewleaf（改头换面）hearthroughthegrapevine（道听途说）beataroundthebush（旁敲侧击）besourgrapes（尖酸刻薄的人）spillthebeans（泄露秘密）,Cat,thecatrepresentstheguardianoftheUnderworld,stoic,silentandmysterious,TheykeepthesecretsoftheOtherworldeternallytothemselves,astheygazewithguileuponaworldthatdoesnotseeorunderstandthedepthoftheirknowledge.InWesterntradition,blackcatshavebeenassociatedwithwitchcraft.,cat,AcathasninelivesCatshidetheirclaws.AglovedcatcatchesnomiceThecatshutsitseyeswhenstealingcreamAcatmaylookataking.Itrainscatsanddogs.,猫有九条命(吉人天相)知人知面不知心不愿吃苦的人成不了大事业。掩耳盗铃小人物也应有些权利下倾盆大雨,大雨滂沱,Cat,letthecatoutofthebagseehowthecatjumpsThescaldedcatfearscoldwater.Whenthecatsaway,themicewillplay.,说走了嘴看风使舵,随机应变一朝被蛇咬,三年怕井绳大王外出,小鬼跳粱,Dog,FidelityLoyaltyAssistanceIntelligenceObedienceProtectionCommunityCooperationResourcefulnessCommunicationSensoryPerception,Dog,Astaffisquicklyfoundtobeatadogwith.EverydoghashisdayLetsleepingdogslieAllarenotthievesthatdogsbarkat.Giveadoganillname,欲加之罪，何患无词人人皆有得意时勿惹事生非不要以貌取人人言可畏,Dog,Fightdog,fightbear.一决雌雄Anolddogwilllearnnonewtricks老年人很难适应新事物Tohelpalamedogoverastile.雪中送炭Betteralivingdogthanadeadlion.好死不如歹活,Fish,Neveroffertoteachfishtoswim.切勿班门弄斧。Gotothesea,ifyouwouldfishwell.不入虎穴，焉得虎子Itisasillyfishthatiscaughttwicewiththesamebait.智者不上第二次当Ifwaterisnoisy,therearenofishinit.夸夸其谈者无真才实学Theresasgoodfishintheseaasevercameoutofit.海里的好鱼多的是.(强中更有强中手.)Fishbeginstostinkatthehead.上梁不正下梁歪,Bird,Itsanillbirdthatfoulsitsownnest.家丑不可外扬Finefeathersmakefinebirds.人要衣装，马要鞍Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分Abirdisknownbyitsnote,andamanbyhistalk.听音识鸟，闻言识人Eachbirdlovestohearhimselfsing.鸟儿都爱听自己唱。（自我欣赏)Youcannotcatcholdbirdswithchaff.有经验的人难骗,someinterestingidioms,One:onetoomany多余的，不需要的oneinathousand优秀的人（或事物）Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.一个和尚挑水喝，两个和尚抬水喝，三个和尚没水喝。Oneeyewitnessisbetterthantenhearsays.百闻不如一见。Onegoodturndeservesanother.行善积德。Onemansfaultisothermanslesson.前车之鉴。Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.一燕不成夏。Bettermasteronethanengagewithten.会十事不如精一事。Whenonewillnot,twocannotquarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。,Two:two-way双向的intwos两个两个地intwotwos立刻；一转眼puttwoandtwotogether根据所见、所闻等推测出真相e.g.Heisratherinclinedtoputtwoandtwotogetherandmakefive.他一推测就出圈儿。Foureyesseemorethantwo.集思广益。Ifyourunaftertwohares,youwillcatchneither.脚踏两条船，必定落空。Killtwobirdswithonestone.一箭双雕。Onecannotbeintwoplacesatonce.一心不可二用。Onehourtodayisworthtwotomorrow.争分夺秒效率高。Twoheadsarebetterthanone.三个臭皮匠顶一个诸葛亮。,Three:bytwosandthrees三三两两three-bottleman大酒徒Ittakesthreegenerationstomakeagentleman.十年树木，百年树人。Four:foursquare直率的；坦白的onallfours爬着four-letteredwords下流话,Atsixesandsevens为习语，意为：乱七八糟，七上八下，杂乱无章，一片混乱e.g.Theboymadetheroomatsixesandsevens.这男孩把房间弄得乱七八糟的。IhaventhadtimetoarrangeeverythingsoImallatsixesandsevens.我没来得及把每件事都安排好，因此心里七上八下的。Theyheldapartylastnightandeverythingwasatsixesandsevenswhentheguestsleft.昨晚他们开了一个家庭聚会。当客人散尽之后，一切物品都挪了位置。,1.pullonesleg开玩笑（不是“拉后腿”）2.inonesbirthdaysuit赤身裸体（不是“穿着生日礼服”）3.eatoneswords收回前言（不是“吃话”）4.anappleoflove西红柿（不是“爱情之果”）5.handwritingonthewall不祥之兆（不是“大字报”）6.bringdownthehouse博得全场喝彩（不是“推倒房子”）,7.haveafit勃然大怒（不是“试穿”）8.makeoneshairstandonend令人毛骨悚然恐惧（不是“令人发指-气愤”）10.thinkagreatdealofoneself高看或看重自己（不是“为自己想得很多”）11.pulluponessocks鼓起勇气（不是“提上袜子”）12.havethehearttodo（用于否定句）忍心做不是“有心做”或“有意做”,Washyourdirtylinenathome.家丑不可外扬。Putthecartbeforethehorse.本末倒置。Dealwithamanashedealswithyou.以其人之道还治其人之身。DoastheRomansdo.入乡随俗。Onemansmeatisanothermanspoison.萝卜青菜，各有所爱。Nowealwithoutwoe.福兮祸所伏,祸兮福所倚。Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.事实胜于雄辩。Afoxmaygrowgray,butnevergood.江山易改，本性难移。Agoodconscienceisasoftpillow.不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。Ahedgebetweenkeepsfriendshipgreen.君子之交淡如水。,Alittlebodyoftenharborsagreatsoul.浓缩的都是精品。Allgoodthingscometoanend.天下没有不散的筵席。Amissisasgoodasamile.失之毫厘，差之千里。Asamansows,soheshallreap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。Astraightfootisnotafraidofacrookedshoe.身正不怕影子斜。Awiseheadmakesaclosemouth.真人不露相，露相非真人。Ayoungidler,anoldbeggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。Badnewshaswings.好事不出门，坏事传千里。Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分。,Bloodwillhaveblood.血债血偿。Cannotseethewoodforthetrees.一叶障目，不见泰山。Constantdrippingwearsawayastone.水滴石穿，绳锯木断。Doasyouwouldbedoneby.己所不欲，勿施于人。Foolsgrowwithoutwatering.朽木不可雕。Greatmindsthinkalike.英雄所见略同。Habitcureshabit.心病还需心药医。Itneverrainsbutitpours.不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。,媒体中常用的习语总结,1.Moneydoesntgrowontrees.Thisoftenissaidbyparentstotheiryoungchildren.Forexample,whenIwasayoungchild,Ireallywantedabikeformybirthday.Thebikewasveryexpensive.WhenIaskedmymotherifIcouldhavethebike,shesaid“No,moneydoesntgrowontrees.”Whatmymothermeantwasthatshecouldntaffordthebike.Shecouldntjustpickthemoneylikeleavesfromatree.,媒体中常用的习语总结,2.Moneyistherootofallevil.Thisisoftensaidwhensomethingbadhashappenedbecauseofmoney.Forexample,TomandAndrewarebestfriends.AndrewlentTommoneysothatTomcouldbuyacar.AndrewnowwantshismoneybackbutTomhasntgotit.AfightstartsbetweenthetwofriendsandTomisbadlyhurt.Anewspaperjournalistreportingtheincidentendshisstorybysaying“Moneyistherootofallevil.”Itwasbecauseoftheloanofmoneythatthefightstarted.,媒体中常用的习语总结,3.Moneycantbuyyoulove.Nomatterhowmuchyouearn,therearethingsthatyoucantbuy.Aschoolboyreallylikesagirlinhisclass.Hebuysherflowers,jewelryandotherbeautifulthings.Butwhenheasksheroutonadateshesays“no”-moneycantbuyyoulove.,媒体中常用的习语总结,4.Iwouldntdothatforlovenormoney.Thissayingmeansthatthereisnowayyouwoulddoacertainthing.Forexample,youhearontheradiothatamanisgoingtowalktheentirelengthoftheGreatWallwithabookonhishead.Idneverdothat,youthink,soyousay:“Iwouldntdothatforlovenormoney.”,媒体中常用的习语总结,5.Afoolandhismoneyaresoonparted.Thismeansthatastupidpersonspendshismoneyquicklyandtooeasily.Forexample,afriendofmineboughtanextremelyexpensivepairoftrousers.WhenshetoldmeIthoughttomyself:“Afoolandhismoneyaresoonparted.”,Waystotalkabouttime,1.Timewaitsfornoone.2.Timeflieswhenyouarehavingfun.3.Ihavetimeonmyhands.4.Takeyourtime.5.Thetimepassedatasnailspace.Thishastheoppositemeaningto“timeflies,”meaningthattimewentbyasslowlyasasnailcrawls.,Waystotalkabouttime,6.Ihaventseenyoufordonkeysears.Itmeans“Ihaventseenyouinaverylongtime,”andisapunon“donkeysears,”sincedonkeyshaveverylongears.7.Wehaveallthetimeintheworld.Thissimplymeansthatwehavealotoftime.8.Sincetheyeardot.Sincetheverybeginningoftime.,Expressionsforspeakinglikeanative,1.beundertheweather:nottobefeelingwell,besick2.berun-down:tobetiredandinpoorphysicalcondition3.feeloutofit:tofeelstrange,nottobeinnormalconditionalso:notfeeloneself(today)edownwith:todevelopanillness;also:catchacold,catchtheflu,Expressionsforspeakinglikeanative,5.runafever:tohaveahighertemperaturethanusual6.goaround:tospreadfrompersontopersone.g.Coldsandflustendtogoaroundmoreduringthewintermonths,Expressionsforspeakinglikeanative,7.runitscourse:tocontinuefortheexpectedperiodoftimee.g.Thedoctorsaidtherewasnothingwecoulddobutletthefluvirusrunitscourse.8.getacheckup:tovisitthedoctorforaphysicalexaminatione.g.Itisagoodideaforolderpeopletogetacheckuponayearlybasis.,Expressionsforspeakinglikeanative,9.belaidup:tobeforcedtorestortobeinactiveduetoillnessorinjurye.g.Judywaslaidupinbedwiththefluontheholidayweekendthatsheexpectedtogoskiingwithherfriends.10.getover:torecoverfromanillnesse.g.IttookJarekovertwoweekstogetoverhisdeepchestcold.,