现代英语词汇学语义特征.ppt

ModernEnglishLexicology,Unit4词的语义特征,apple,banana,potato,fruit,vegetable,Healthfood,Concept,categorization,subcategorization,(王寅)范畴化是一种基于体验，以主客体互动为出发点，对外界事物进行主观概括和类属划分的心智过程，是一种赋予世界以一定结构，并使其从无序转向有序的理性活动，也是人类认识世界的一个重要手段。范畴化是人类认识世界的一种基本认知方式。对比和概括是范畴化过程的两个主要手段(有一定先天成分)。范畴化具有体验性，规则性，无意识性，创造力，想象力等特征。,第四章：词的语义特征,语义特征（semanticfeatures）是对人类抽象活动的一种概括。，属于元语言（metalanguage）。用来描写任何语言的语义。如：具有语义特征A，记作+A；不具有语特征A，记作-A。“Theanalysisofwordmeaningisoftenseenasaprocessofbreakingdownthesenseofawordintoitsminimalcomponents”(Leech1981:84)Themeaningofwordsaremadeupofcombinationsoftheirsensecomponents.Minimaldistinctivefeatureorproperties.Whatmakeupthesenseofwordandinturndefinetheword.,Averysimpleexampleofthisisprovidedbythewordsman,woman,boy,girl,andother,relatedwordsinEnglish.,Thesewordsallbelongtothesemanticfieldthehumanrace,andtherelationbetweenthemmaybeappropriatelyrepresentedbyatwo-dimensionalfielddiagram:,Thedimensionsofmeaningthemselveswillbetermedassemanticfeaturesandcomponents.,AnotherwaytorepresentthesesensesistowriteformulaeinwhichthedimensionsofmeaningareexpressedbyfeaturesymbolslikeHUMANandADULT.Themeaningsoftheindividualitemscanthenbeexpressedbycombinationsofthesefeatures:,TheseformulaearecalledtheCOMPONENTIALDEFINITIONSoftheitemsconcerned:theycanberegarded,infact,asformulateddictionarydefinitions.,TheseformulaearecalledtheCOMPONENTIALDEFINITIONSoftheitemsconcerned:theycanberegarded,infact,asformulateddictionarydefinitions.ThetermCOMPONENTIALANALYSIShasoftenbeenusedforthemethodofanalysisillustratedhere,thatofreducingawordsmeaningtoitsultimatecontrastiveelements.Itbearssomeresemblancetothemathematicalprocessoffactorizinganumber,e.g.10=125.,Themeaningofwordsisnotanun-analyzablewhole.Therearesmallerthanthemeaningorword.Wordisregardedasacomplexofdifferentsemanticfeaturesandcomponents.Componentialanalysisreferstoanapproachbylinguiststodescribemeaningofwordsandphrases.Aprocessaimingatbreakingdownthemeaningofawordintominimaldistinctivefeaturesorproperties.Theanalyzingprocessofwordmeaningbybreakingdownthesenseofwordintoitsminimalcomponents,orsensecomponents.,Aparticularcharacteristicofcomponentialanalysisisthatitattemptsasfaraspossibletotreatcomponentsintermsofbinaryopposites,(oneparticularfeatureinacontrastingpair)e.g.MALEandFEMALE.,6.subtle/delicateA.Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.Delicate:需要谨慎处理和对待becomingilleasily;notstrong容易生病的;不强壮的Subtle:有洞察、领悟事物细微差别和微妙关系的能力noteasytodetectordescribe;fine;delicate/organizedinacleverandcomplexway巧妙的/abletoseeanddescribefineanddelicatedifferences;sensitive敏锐的,6.subtle/delicateA.Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.,Subtle:adj.a.noteasytonotice,understand,orexplaindifficulttounderstand难理解微妙的e.g.subtledifferencesinmeaningb.cleverinarrangement,esp.soastodeceivepeople精妙的e.g.asubtleplanc.verycleverinnoticingandunderstandinge.g.asubtlemind,Delicate:adj.a.needingcarefulhandling,esp.becauseeasilybrokenordamagede.g.Becarefulwiththosewineglassestheyreverydelicate.b.needingcarefultreatmentinordertoavoidfailureortroublee.g.adelicatesituationThenegotiationsareataverydelicatestage.c.easilymadeille.g.adelicatechildd.finelymadeinawaythatshowsgreatskille.gadelicatepieceofworkmanshipe.(ofataste,smell,etc.)pleasingbutnotstrongandperhapsnoteasytorecognize.e.g.adelicateflavour/smell,Subtle:-understandableDelicate:+breakable,第四章：词的语义特征,描述如下：,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,-,+,+,-,-,-,-,+,-,+,+,+,+,+,-,+,+,+,+,-,-,+,+,-,+,+,-,-,+,+,+,+,+,+,Componentialanalysisenablesustohaveanexactknowledgeoftheconceptualmeaningofwords.Twowordsaresynonymousiftheycontainallthesamesensecomponents,e.g.bothfatherandmaleparentcanbegiventhesamedefinition+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE+MARRIEDeventhoughtheyclearlydifferinconnotation,theone(Whichone?Andwhatexactly?)havingconnotativemeaning,theotherevokingnoassociation.,SemanticfeaturesusuallyusedtodistinguishnounsincludeANIMATE,MALE,VEGETABLE,ADULT,ABSTRACT,COUNTALBE,etc.SemanticfeaturestodistinguishverbsincludeDYNAMIC,STATIVE,CAUSATIVE,VOLITIVE,COMPLETIVEDURATIVE,etc.,Fivetypesofdynamicverb:Activityverb:Abandon,ask,call,help,learn,listen,lookat,play,say,work,writeProcessverb:Change,deteriorate,grow,mature,slowdown,widenSenseverb:ache,feel,hurt,itchTransitionalverb:arrive,die,fall,land,leave,loseMomentaryverb:hit,jump,kick,knock,nod,tap,Twotypesofstativeverb:Senseandcognitionverb:abhor(痛恨），adore（崇拜），astonish,believe,desire,detest（厌恶）,feel,hate,like,love,realize,recall,knowRelationalverb:Applyto(everyone),be,belongto,concern,consistof,contain,cost,dependon,deserveequal,seem,belongto,consistof,Kill=causeXdieYdie=causeXdieXTheflowershavedied.Thefrostkilledtheflowers.Look=seeX+volitiveSee=seeX-volitiveJohnwaslookingintentlyatthepicturesonthewallanddidntseehim.Mydogwaswalking.Iwaswalkingmydog.,Dynamicvs.stative,Howtodistinguishdynamicandstativeverbs?Considerlearnandknow.1.Beabletobeusedinprogressiveaspectornot?(1)HeislearningEnglish.(dynamic)(2)*HeisknowingEnglish.(stative)2.Beabletobeusedinpseudo-cleftsentenceornot?(3)WhatIdidwastolearnEnglish.(dynamic)(4)*WhatIdidwastoknowEnglish.(stative),3.Beabletobeusedinembeddedsentenceornot?(5)IpersuadehertolearnEnglish.(dynamic)(6)*IpersuadehertoknowEnglish.(stative)4.Beabletobeusedinimperativesentenceornot?Kicktheball!*Ownthehouse.,Dynamicadjectivescanbeusedinimperativesentencesandprogressiveaspectsandembeddedsentences.Consider:(1)a.Becareful.(dynamic)b.*Betall.(stative)(2)a.Heisbeingcruel.(dynamic)b.*Heisbeingclever.(stative)(3)a.Itoldthegirltobehonest.b.*Itoldthegirltobeshort.,Aknowledgeofthesemanticfeaturesofwordshelpsustochoosetherightwordorcollocation.Somewordsrequireahumansubjectwhilesomedonot.Forexample,verbsofperceptionandcognitionusuallytakeahumansubjectasinJohnforgaveyourrudeness,butatreeoradoorcannotforgiveunlessusedmetaphorically.Question:Nowcouldyouexpresssuchsemanticfeatureofforgive?+HUMANSUBJECT-,AdvantagesofCA,1.Componentialanalysishelpstocharacterizesenserelations(suchassynonymy,antonymy,polysemy,andhyponymy)andthereforeenablesustohaveanexactknowledgeoftheconceptualmeaningofwords.Forexample,1)father/maleparent-(synonymsindenotation,containingallthesamesensecomponents)Human+Adult+Male+Married+OldergenerationCf.Hewasafathertothesepoorchildren.Thewishisfathertothethought.(愿望是思想之父。),2)“sh”(叔),“ji”(舅)and“uncle”“sh”+Human+Male+Oldergeneration+Differentlineality+Paternalside+Juniortofather“ji”+Human+Male+Oldergeneration+Differentlineality+Maternalside+Juniorseniortofather“uncle”+Human+Male+Oldergeneration+Differentlineality+Maternalorpaternalside+Juniororseniortofather3)man(asapolysemant)A.Human+Adult+Male(asin“Ihavealwaysregardedhimasamanofintegrity.”)B.Human+AdultMale(asin“Allmenmustdie.”)C.Human(asin“Manmustchangeinachangingworld.”),2.Componentialanalysishelpsinwordchoiceandcollocation.e.g.cost+Inanimatesubject;spend+Animatesubjectlook+Volitiveadverb;see-Volitiveadverbelapse+Subjectreferringtotime(e.g.Amonth/weekelapsed.*Abicycleelapsed.)frighten+Animateobject(e.g.Tomfrightenedme.*Tomfrightenedthelamp.),admire+Animatesubject(e.g.Olgaadmirestheteacher.*VirtueadmiresOlga.)stick+Momentary(e.g.Heputthekeyinhispocket.Hestuckthekeyinhispocket.*Hestuckthekeyslowly/carefullyinhispocket.)IndictionarieslikeLongmancodesaresuppliedtoshowusagebasedonsemanticanalysis.e.g.usu.sing.,usu.innegatives,nopass.,notinprogressiveforms,A,F,aftern.,nocomp.,etc.,SomedisadvantagesofCA,Componentialanalysisworkswellwithgroupsofwordsthatsharecertainfairlyobvioussemanticproperties,butitisimpossibletoextendcomponentialanalysistotheentirevocabularyforthefollowingreasons.1)Notallwordscanbeanalyzedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.e.g.friendship,love,kindness,beauty,happiness,hostility,etc.+Abstractonly?window,door,cloud,mountain,home,etc.+Physicalobject?,2)Sensecomponentsarenotenoughtodefineaword.e.g.manHuman+Adult+MalebiologicallyCf.man(asin“Beaman!”)?man(toakid:withbeard,acoarsevoice,inpants,etc.)?,3)Someruleshaveexceptions.e.g.angry+Animate?anangryscene(acceptable)sleepless+Animate?asleeplessnight(acceptable)impossible+Withinanimatenoun?YourethemostimpossiblepersonIveevermet,Thechiefdrawbackofcomponentialanalysisistheimpossibilityofmakingalistoftheinfinitenumberofsemanticfeatures.OnthebasisofsemanticoppositionNotfitintosuchsetsofcontrasts,Kindness,window,cloud.abstract,physicalobjectsTheanalysisofwordmeaningintoitssensecomponentsisnotenough.Beaman!Manywordsoftenusedfigurativelywithoutobservingthenormal“usagerules”.Threatenonesenemy.Threatenonessecurity.,4)Incapableofanalyzingthevariousassociativemeaningofwordse.g.threaten+AnimateobjectTheydidsoonlytothreatentheirenemy.(acceptable)?Whatyouvedonehasthreatenedmysecurity.(figurative)comb+HairHerarelycombshisair.?Theycombedtheislandforsignsofashipwreck.(figurative),MaintypesofWordmeaning,Onedifficultyinthestudyofmeaningisthatthewordmeaningitselfhasdifferentmeanings.Itisoftenacceptedthatwordmeaningcanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:GrammaticalmeaningLexicalmeaningDenotativemeaningAssociativemeaningContextualmeaning,1)Grammaticalmeaning,Grammaticalmeaningisthecomponentofmeaningidenticalinindividualformsofdifferentwords.Forinstance,thetensemeaninginthewordformsofverbs(worked,studied,taught,etc),orthepluralmeaning(girl,girls,child,children,etc).WordclassInflectionalparadigm,2)Lexicalmeaning:,Lexicalmeaningisthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.Forexample,Theword-forms:go,goes,went,gone,going,possessesdifferentgrammaticalmeaningsoftenses,persons,andsoon.Ineachoftheseformswefindthesamelexicalmeaningexpressingtheprocessofmovement.DenotativemeaningAssociativemeaning,Adenotativemeaning:theconceptualmeaning.Thecentralfactorinlinguisticcommunication.Thereferentialmeaninggiveninthedictionary,denotativemeaningisthesamemeaningforallspeakersofagivenlanguage.Thatistosay,itistheextensionalmeaningofaword.Thewordbook,forexample,canbeunderstoodbyanyonewhoisengagedinanyprofession.Sodenotativemeaningiscalledthedictionarymeaning.,Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletoinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experienceandreligion.Reflectedmeaning.First,reflectedmeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Onhearing,inachurchservice,thesynonymousexpressionsThecomforterandTheHolyGhost,bothreferringtothethirdpersonoftheTrinity,wemayhavedifferentreactionstotheseterms.Thecomfortersoundswarmandcomforting,whiletheholyghostsoundsawesome.,B.Associativemeaning/ReflectedMeaning,Inachurchservice,thesynonymousexpressionsTheComforterandTheHolyGhost,bothrefertotheThirdPersonoftheTrinity,butthereactionstothesetermscanbeconditionedbytheeverydaynon-religiousmeaningsofcomfortandghost.,aconnotativemeaning:theemotionalassociationwhichawordoraphrasessuggestsinonemind.,Connotativemeaningistheintentionalmeaningwhichawordsuggestsorimplies.Itincludesthestylisticreferenceandtheemotivechargepropertotheword.Wineglasses,gobletsaresimilarlyshapedlikedrinkingvessels,butthewordsdonotmeanthesamething.Thespeakerusesonewordratherthantheothertogiveadditional,connotationalmeaning.Inasimplerexample,march,stagger,stroll,bounce.Eachofthesewordscontainsthecontentofwalk.Buttheconnotativemeaningaddsextrameaning,IdontwantmydaughtertomarryaRed.Africancountriesaregoingred.Youmustbegreentobelievethat.Thepassengersturnedgreenwithsea-sickness.Hewasinthebluesbecauseofhisfailureintheexam.Ialwayssuspectedhewasyellow/yellow-bellied.,Associativemeaningof“Woman”Ifthewordwomanisdefinedconceptuallybythreefeature(+human,-male,+adult),thenthethreepropertieshuman,adult,andfemalemustprovideacriterionofthecorrectuseofthatword.,Butthereisamultitudeofadditional,non-criterialpropertiesthatwehavelearnttoexpectareferentofwomantopossess.,Theyincludenotonlyphysicalcharacteristics(biped,havingwomb),butalsopsychologicalandsocialproperties(gregarious,subjecttomaternalinstinct),andmayextendtofeatureswhicharemerelytypicalratherthaninvariableconcomitantsofwomanhood(capableofspeech,experiencedincookery,skirt-or-dress-wearing).,Stillfurther,connotativemeaningcanembracetheputative(推定的)propertiesofthereferent,duetotheviewpointadoptedbyanindividual,oragroupofpeopleorawholesociety.,Sointhepastwomanhasbeenburdenedwithsuchattributes(frail,pronetotears,cowardly,emotional,irrational,inconstant)asthedominantmalehasbeenpleasedtoimposeonher,aswellaswithmorebecomingqualitiessuchasgentle,compassionate,sensitive,hard-working.,beautyincarnate,b.stylisticmeaning,stylisticmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Commonwords,formalwords,informalwords.thesocialrelationshipbetweenthespeakersorcorrespondentsTheoccasionSubjectmatterThemodeofdiscouse,青楼艳妓Butterfield8灵欲春宵WhosAfraidofVirginiaWoolf,Wehaveascaleofstatususage,forinstance,descendingfromformalandliteraryEnglishatoneendtocolloquial,familiar,andeventualslangEnglishattheother.Wemaycontrastconceptualsynonymswithrespecttotheirvaryingstylisticovertones:CantcannotTiredfatiguedAdadvertisementJobpositionLeavedepart,Wemaycontrastconceptualsynonymswithrespecttotheirvaryingstylisticovertones:Steed(poetic)domicile(formal,official)Horse(general)residence(formal)Nag(slang)abode(poetic)Gee-gee(baby)home(general)Cast(literary)diminutive(veryformal)Throw(general)tiny(colloquial)Chuck(casual,slang)wee(colloquial,dialectal),父皇，父亲大人，父亲，爸，爸爸，爹，爹爹，大，大大，Daddy。Thestyledimensionofstatusisparticularlyimportantindistinguishingsynonymousexpressions.Hereisanexampleinwhichthedifferenceofstatusismaintainedthroughawholesentence,anditreflectedinsyntaxaswellasinvocabulary.,Affectivemeaningisoftenexplicitlyconveyedthroughtheconceptualorconnotativecontentofthewordsused.Someonewhoisaddressed:YouareavicioustyrantandIhateyou!”isleftinlittledoubtastothefeelingsofthespeakertowardshim.Affectivemeaningislargelyaparasiticcategoryinthesensethattoexpressouremotionswerelyuponthemediationofcategoriesofmeaning:conceptual,connotative,orstylistic.Emotionalexpressionthroughstylecomesabout.,c.AffectiveMeaning:concernedwiththeexpressionsoffeelingsandattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.,Itislargelyaparasiticcategoryinthesensethattoexpressouremotionswerelyuponthemediationofothercategoriesofmeaning:conceptual,connotative,orstylistic.,littleSmallfamousnotoriousslim/slenderskinnydeterminedpigheadedStatesmanpoliticianConfidencecomplacencyFarmerpeasantPublicitypropaganda,Appreciativepejorative,Fastidious,fussy,particularcritical,fault-finding,pickyfad,vogue,stylecunning,artful,slyclique,gang,groupencourageinstigatepromote,AffectiveMeaningcandependonthecontext:Heisbrightandambitious.Knowledgeofinequalityhasstimulatedenvy,ambitionandgreed.,Someonewhoisaddressed:Youareavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate,andIhateyouforit!isleftinlittledoubtastothefeelingsofthespeakertowardshim.,HayakawaS.I.(1978)在他所著的“LanguageinThoughtandAction”一书中描述了这样一个故事：一位著名的黑人社会学家外出旅行受到了一对白人夫妇的热情款待，为他提供食宿等便利条件。见GeoffreyLeech的著作Semantics:thestudyofmeaning.1981.SecondEdition.PenguinBooks.P44.,可是这对白人夫妇总是称他为“nigger”，使得这位黑人在感激这对夫妇的同时，又因被称为“nigger”内心又受到了伤害，因此在无法忍受的情况下，终于鼓足勇气要求白人夫妇不要使用“nigger”这一带有侮辱含义的词。下面是他们之间的部分对话：,“Whosinsultingyou,son?”saidtheman.“Youare,sir-thatnameyourealwayscallingme.”“Whatname?”“Uhyouknow.”“Iaintcallinyounonames,son.”“Imeanyourcallingmenigger.”“Well,whatsinsultinaboutthat?Youareanigger,aintyou?”,d.Collocativemeaning:,Itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco-occurs.Thetorchflashes.Thelanterngleams.Theheadlightsdazzles.Thestarstwinkle.Embersglow.Thesunshines.Thewetroadglistens.Thegunbarrelglints.,3)Contextualmeaning:,Thecontextgenerallyshowsinwhatsensethewordisused,initsprimarysenseoritsfigurativesense.Whenusedliterally,wordshavetheiroriginalmeaning,whenusedfiguratively,wordshavesymbolicmeaning.Themeaningofthewordisdefinedbythecontext.Thecontextdetermineswhichmeaningoutofallthepossiblemeaningistobeattachedtotheword.Thecountryisopposedtothewar.,Thematicmeaning,orwhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.,5)Thematicmeaning,Itisoftenfelt,forexample,thatanactivesentencesuch(1)hasadifferentmeaningfromitspassiveequivalent(2),althoughintermsofconceptualmeaning,theyseemtobethesame:Task4Seekingforthedifference(1)MrsBessieSmithdonatedthefirstprize.(2)ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrsBessieSmith,Certainly,thesehavedifferentcommunicativevaluesinthattheysuggestdifferentcontexts:theactivesentenceanswersanimplicitquestion“whatdidMrsBessieSmithdonate?”,whilethepassivesentenceanswersanimplicitquestion“whowasthefirstprizedonatedby?”or“Whodonatedthefirstprize?”Thatis(1)incontrastto(2)suggeststhatweknowwhoMrsBessieSmithis(perhapsthroughapreviousmention).Thesametruthcondition,however,applytoeach:“itwouldbeimpossibletofindasituationofwhich(1)wasanaccuratereportwhile(2)wasnot,orviceversa.,Thematicmeaningismainlyamatterofchoicebetweenalternativegrammaticalconstructions,asin:IlikeDanishcheesebestDanishcheeseIlikebestHalliday,functionalist,putsforwardcoherence,theme,rheme.Thememeanstheconcernofthemessage,given/knowninformation,themereferstonewinformation,whichthelistenersacceptedeasilyandareattractedeasily,whichismoreimportantcarriedthanthatintheme.,MrsSmithdonatedthefirstprizeThemerhemeHere,thegiven/knowninformationisMrsSmith,whowemaybefamiliarwith.Thenewinformationisdonatedthefirstprize,whichisthemostsignificantpart,ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrsSmithThemerhemeThegiven/knowninformationisThefirstprize,whichhasbeenalreadyknowntous.ThenewinformationisMrsSmith,whichisthemostsignificant.,Itisapparentthatintheprevioustwosentences,thethematicmeaningisdifferent.Moreexamples:IowemysuccesstomyteachersTomyteachersIowemysuccess.ThevillagesufferedfromtheearthquakeIthappenedatmidnightAtimewhenthevillagerswereasleep,第四章：词的语义特征,动词：一、动态动词：1.表活动的动词;Abandon,ask,call,help,learn,listen,lookat,play,say,work,write2.表过程的动词：Change,deteriorate,grow,mature,slowdown,widen,第四章：词的语义特征,动词：一、动态动词：3.表人体感觉的词：ache,feel,hurt,itch4.表过渡性经历的动词arrive,die,fall,land,leave,lose5.表短暂动作hit,jump,kick,knock,nod,tap,第四章：词的语义特征,二、静态动词：1.表示情性感觉和认知的动词abhor(痛恨），adore（崇拜），astonish,believe,desire,detest（厌恶）,feel,hate,like,love,realize,recall等。2.表示关系的动词Applyto(everyone),be,belongto,concern,consistof,contain,cost,dependon,deserve等,第四章：词的语义特征,根据次范畴化（subcastegorization)规则，可对动词进一步细分：及物和不及物。KilldieKill=causeXdieYDie=causeXdieX,第四章：词的语义特征,有些动词可根据语义特征Volitive加以区分。Look,see;listen,hearA.JohnlookedhighandlowforMary,buthedidnotseeher.B.Welistenedbutcouldhearnothing.Johnwaslookingintentlyatthepictureonthewall.Theyarelisteningattentivelytothelecture.,第四章：词的语义特征,及物与不及物volitiveThesoldiersmarched(home).Theymarchedthesoldiers(home)Mydogwaswalking.Iwaswalkingmydog.Joestood(againstthewall).TheystoodJoeagainstthewall.,第四章：词的语义特征,Furtherdiscussion:1.动态：Kick,persuade;静态：own,resemble动态动词可以用于命令句，而静态动词常不用。Kicktheball.Persuadehimtoleave.?Ownthehouse.?Resembleyourfather.,第四章：词的语义特征,2.动态动词可用进行体，而静态动词常不用。Thegirliskickingtheball.Thegirlispersuadinghimtoleave.?Thepatronisowningthehouse.?Thegirlisresemblingherfather.,第四章：词的语义特征,3.动态动词可用于内嵌句（embeddedsentence）而静态动词不可。Itoldthegirltokicktheball.Itoldthegirltopersuadehimtoleave.?Itoldthegirltoownthehouse.?Itoldthegirltoresembleherfather.,第四章：词的语义特征,4.在带有do代词形式的假似分裂句中只能用动态动词。WhatIdidwastolearnthelanguage.?WhatIdidwastoknowthelanguage.,第四章：词的语义特征,Discussion:Bepatient.?Betipsy.Theconductorisbeingpatient.Heisbeingpatient.?Heisbeingtipsy.Itoldthemantobepatient.?Itoldthemantobetipsy.WhatIdidwastobepatient.?WhatIdidwastobetipsy.,第四章：词的语义特征,ThankYou,Unit5词义的变化,第四章：词义的变化,一词多义（polysemy）：语境与一词多义：Hisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertake-off.Modernaircraftaresoheavythatthewing