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非谓语动词是指在句中不能充当谓语，而是充当其它语法功能的动词。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式，动名词和分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化，但是有语态和时态的变化。,PeriodFourGrammar,非谓语动词,一、非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成,二、非谓语动词作宾语,三、非谓语动词作定语,四、非谓语动词作宾补,五、非谓语动词作主语和作表语的比较,【翻译句子】这些窗户需要修理了。_保卫国家是每个人的义务。_由于去过北京多次，他被要求做向导。_这部电影很有趣，孩子们很感兴趣。_听到这个消息，他禁不住笑了。_,答案Thesewindowsneedtoberepaired(repairing)Todefendthecountryistheobligationofeveryone.HavingbeentoBeijingmanytimes，hewasaskedtobetheguide.Thisfilmissointerestingthatchildrenareinterestedinit.Hearingthenews，hecanthelplaughing.,根据下列提示写一篇短文来介绍清明上河图(AlongtheRiverduringChingMingFestival)：1作者：张择端(宋朝)；2形式：手卷(handscroll)；3内容：宋代首都汴京(现开封)的人们的日常生活；4主题：庆祝清明节，所有社会阶层(包括平民和富人)的不同生活；5被各个时期的艺术家模仿。注意：词数120150,作品描述,【写作分析】第一步：认真审题这种类型的作文实际上就是描述一幅作品，并加以适当品论。写作方法大致如下：1认真读图，弄清大意：总体介绍该作品的历史地位以及作者、时间等；2详细描写作品的具体内容，列出要点时要注意分清主次，不能看到图中有什么就认为什么要写，应充分展开想像使图画活起来，运用想象适度发挥，紧扣图画的内容，进行适当叙述，连贯通顺即可；3写作时常用一般时态、第三人称等；4最后适当加以评价。,第二步：提炼要点1beknownas2focuseson3aswellas第三步：扩点成句1AlongtheRiverduringChingMingFestival，knowninChineseasQingMingShangHeTu，isamasterpiecepaintedbyZhangZeduanintheSongDynasty.2ThethemefocusesonthecelebrationofChingMingFestival(QingmingFestival),3Asanartisticcreation，thepiecehasbeenwellpreservedevenovercenturies，courtartistsofsubsequentdynastieshavereproducedseveralversions.【品味佳作】AlongtheRiverduringChingMingFestival，knowninChineseasQingMingShangHeTu，isamasterpiecepaintedbyZhangZeduanintheSongDynasty.ThepaintingportraysthedailylivesofpeopleinBianjing(todaysKaifeng)，thecapitaloftheSongDynasty.ThethemefocusesonthecelebrationofChing,MingFestival(QingmingFestival)Theentirepieceispaintedinhandscrollformatandthecontentrevealsthelifestyleofpeoplefromallclasses(includingthepoorandtherich)aswellasdifferenteconomicactivitiesinruralareasandthecity.Itoffersaglimpseofthecostumesandarchitectureduringtheperiod.Asanartisticcreation，thepiecehasbeenwellpreservedevenovercenturies，courtartistsofsubsequentdynastieshavereproducedseveralversions.,【名师点津】1这篇书面表达比较全面地概述了清明上河图的基本情况，作者充分把握住了这种文体的写作特点。2本文主次分明，重点突出，运用了一些复杂句式结构和高级词汇。最后作者的评价使文章增色不少。3亮点句式：AlongtheRiverduringChingMingFestival，knowninChineseasQingMingShangHeTu，isamasterpiecepaintedbyZhangZeduanintheSongDynasty.Theentirepieceispaintedinhandscrollformatandthecontentrevealsthelifestyleofpeoplefromallclasses(includingthepoorandtherich)aswellasdifferenteconomicactivitiesinruralareasandthecity.,【写作模板】_(介绍的作品)，knownas_(作品的名称)，isamasterpiecepaintedby_(作者及朝代)Thepaintingportrays_(作品概述)Thethemefocuseson_(主题)Theentirepieceispainted_(作品细节一)andthecontentreveals_(作品细节二)aswellas_(作品细节三)Itoffersaglimpseofthecostumesandarchitectureduringtheperiod.Asanartisticcreation，thepiecehasbeenwellpreserved_(评价),引导限制性定语从句在主句中常有thesame，so或such与as相呼应，(thesame.as；thesameas;such.as.；so.as)as在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、主语补足语等。as引出的定语从句带有比较意义，从句常常只写出比较部分，但as本身不可省略。例如：Heusedsuchexpressionsashecouldfindinthetexts.Theystayedforthenightinthesameroomastheyhadoncerented.,as作关系代词引导的定语从句,一、,Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.Dontdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.比较：(1)Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)Itissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)(2)Heissuchapersonaseverybodylikes.Heissuchapersonthateverybodylikeshim.,(3)ThisissotouchingastoryasIhavereadthreetimes.ThisissotouchingastorythatIhavereaditthreetimes.注意：在thesame.后也可用that引导定语从句，但含义有所不同。that引出的从句，指的是与先行词同一的事物，而as引导的从句指的是与先行词同类的事物。例如：ThisisthesamebagasIlostyesterday.ThisisthesamebagthatIlostyesterday.Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.Imwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.,引导非限制性定语从句指主句的全部或部分内容。常译为“正如”“就像”等，定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后。as后常接expect，know，report，expect，pointout,say，see等动词的主、被动语态。Asweallknow，smokingisharmfultooneshealth.(as作宾语)Asisknowntoall，smokingisharmfultooneshealth.(as作主语)Itsknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultooneshealth.(主语从句),二、,或：Smokingisharmfultooneshealth，asweallknow.(as作宾语)或：Smoking，asweallknow，isharmfultoonehealth.Hewasaforeigner，asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语，先行词是前面整个句子)Asisknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Hewasntunconscious，ascouldbejudgedfromhiseyes.注意：as，which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：(1)都可以代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。(2)as从句可放在句首，而which从句不能。,(3)as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；如果为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。例如：Itrainedhardyesterday，whichpreventedmefromgoingtothepark.,
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