2019-2020年中考英语复习讲义 第13章 非谓语动词.doc

2019-2020年中考英语复习讲义 第13章 非谓语动词 非谓语动词是指不能作谓语的动词形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分间和过去分词。非谓语动词是历年中考考查的重点之一，因为它们结构复杂，功能繁多，也是学生难以掌握的语法点。考查重点主要有动词不定式与动名词作宾语的固定拼配，现在分词与过去分词作形容词的区别，动词不定式的各种用法。学习过程中要多做练习，夯实基础。内容导视知识点1动词不定式知识点2动名词知识点3现在非常知识点4过去分词知识详单知识点1动词不定式不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。不定式可以带宾语状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。1.不定式的结构结构例句一般式主动:to doShe was invited by the school to speak to the new students.她受到学校的邀请为新生讲话。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.明天要开的会议很重要。被动:to be done进行时主动:to be doingHe pretended to be reading a book when Icame in.当我进来时，他假装在看书。完成时主动:to have doneWe seem to have met somewhere.我们仿佛在哪儿见过。This book is reported to have been translated into German.据报道，这本书已经被译成德语。被动:to have been done【知识拓展】不定式的完成时表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，“to have done”表示主动、完成，而“to have been done”表示被动，完成。完成进行时主动:to have been doing(表示动作在谓语动作发生之前一直在进行)John is said to have been working in that puter pany since then.据说约翰自从那时以来一直在那家电脑公司工作。【知识拓展】不定式的否定形式:在不定式符号to前加否定词not。例如:Try not to eat between meals.两餐之间尽量别吃东西。He pretended not to have heard about it.他假装没听说过这件事。2.不定式的句法功能成分说明例句主语动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.( =It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.)在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。 Its+adj+ of + sb. + to do sth.(常可改为sb.+be+adj+ to do sth. )其中的形容词主要是描述人的性格和品质方面的，如brave勇敢的;clever聪明的。Crazy疯狂的;cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，kind好心的，友善的等等。例如:Its extremely kind of you to e and meet me. ( = You are extremely kind to e and meet me.)您来接我.真是太好了。 Its +adj+ for + sb. + to do sth.其中的形容词用于描述不定式动作，如dangerous危险的;difficult困难的;easy容易的;hard困难的;important重要的;impossible不可能的;等等。例如:Its dangerous for you to drive sofast.你开车这么快是危险的。表语多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换为作主语Her job is to clean the hall.(=To clean the hall is her job.)她的工作就是打扫大厅。宾语只能作某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语Tom cant afford to buy a car at present.汤姆目前买不起汽车。He likes to play football.他喜欢踢足球。【知识拓展】常接动词不定式作宾语的动词，afford提供，买得起;agree同意;ask请求;decide决定，下决心 ; expect期望，预料;fail失致，未能做到;help帮助;hope希望;intend打算，想要;manage设法;offer提出，提供;promise允诺，许诺;refuse拒绝;plan计划;wish希望宾语补足语在make, let, see, hear, watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略toI saw him cross the road.我看到他穿过街道。She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class.她让我在英语课上不要讲汉语。【知识拓展】常接动词不定式作宾补的动词:advise建议;allow允许;ask要求，叫:expect期望;forbid禁止;force强迫;get使得;hate僧恨，厌恶; help帮助;intend打算，想要;invite邀请;order命令;permit允许;promise允诺，许诺;prefer宁愿; remind提n ; request要求，请求;tell告诉，吩咐;urge力劝，催促;want想要;warn誉告;wish希望定语不定式作定语一般放在被修饰词的后面He is looking for a room to live in.他在寻找一间居住的房子。On the farm everyone has lots of work to do.在农场，每个人都有很多活要干。j【知识拓展】，.1.不定式作后置定语，与被修饰的词是动宾关系，如果动词为不及物动词，后面须加上相应的介词;如果不定式修饰time, place, way等，可以省略介词。例如:There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。2.不定式修饰不定代词something, anything等时，放在它们的后面，如果不定代词也被形容词修饰，词序是“不定代词+形容词+不定式”。例如:I had something cold to drink.我有冷饮可以喝。状语表目的He worked day and night to earn money.为了挣钱，他日夜工作。表结果He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了，结果发现火车开走了。表原因They were very sad to hear the news听到这个消息他们非常伤心。【知识拓展】1.如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语(不定式)后里，放在宾语补足语后面。例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。2.不定式在介词but后面时，如果介词but之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to，例如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我别无选择只能待在这儿。I have nothing to do but stay here.我什么都做不了.只能待在这儿。3不定式作动词tell, show, understand, explain, teach , learn, advise, discuss等的宾语时，不定式前面常带疑问词，即:疑问词 ( how, when, where, what, who). . + to do。例如:He told us how to learn English.他告诉我们如何学英语。4.不定式符号to的保留问题:有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现在下列动词后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try以及be glad/happy, would like/love等后面。例如:I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to。我没去过香港，但我想去。知识点2动名词 既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能，由“动词原形+ ing”构成。1.动名词的结构结构例句一般式主动:doingThey are interested in collecting stamps.他们对集邮感兴趣。被动:being doneHe came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。完成式主动:having done(表示主动、完成)We remembered having seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。被动:having been done(表示被动、完成)He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州。【知识拓展】1.动名词的否定形式:在动名词之前加上否定词not(如“having done”的否定式为“not having done )。例如:He regrets not following my advice.他后悔没听从我的建议。2.动名词的复合结构:当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，可构成动名词的复合结构。作主语时，使用“物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词”;作宾语时，使用“物主代词(或人称代词宾格/名词所有格/名词的普通格)+动名词”。例如:He suggested our/us trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。2.动名词的句法功能成分说明例句主语谓语动词用单数Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。表语多数情况下，动名词作表语可转化成作主语His job is teaching English.(=Teaching English is his job.)他的工作是教英语。宾语作动词或介词的宾语，表示一般的习惯、抽象行为或经常性的动作They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。We are thinking of making a new plan.我们正考虑制订新计划。定语只表示它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等，置于修饰语之前He cant walk without a walking stick他没有拐杖不能走路。【知识拓展】1.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。例如:Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。2.动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用it作形式宾语。例如:We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。有些动词或短语只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有:be worth值得;be busy忙于;be used to(习惯于);consider考虑;enjoy享受，喜爱;cant help禁不住;feel like想;finish完成;give up放弃;have fun玩得开心;have difficulty/trouble (in)做某事有困难;keep on继续;mind介意; miss错过;practice练习;suggest建议。【巧学助记】可结合顺口溜来巧记接动名词作宾语的动词或短语:完成实践值得忙(finish, practise, be worth, be busy) ,继续习惯别放弃(keep on, be used to, give up) ,考虑建议不禁想(consider, suggest, cant help, feel like) ,喜欢思念要介意(enjoy, miss, mind) .【易错警示】有些动词后面接动名词和接不定式作宾语是有差别的。例如:forget to do sth.忘记要做某事，forget doing sth.忘记做过某事;go on to do sth.继续做某事(内容发生改变),go on doing sth.继续做某事(内容未变);mean to do sth.打算做某事;mean doing sth.意味着做某事;regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事，regret doing sth.后悔做过某事;stop to do sth.停下来做另外一件事，stop doing sth.停止做某事;try to do sth.尽力做某事;try doing sth.试着做某事。知识点3现在分词现在分词既具有代词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1.现在分词的结构结构例句一般式主动:doingThey went to the park，singing and talking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。The problem being discussed is veryimportant.正在讨论的问题很重要。被动:being done【知识拓展】一般式往往强调动作与谓语动作同时发生，doing常表示主动、进行，而“being done”常表示被动、进行。例如:Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.不知道该上哪所大学，那个女孩向老师征求建议。完成式主动:having doneHe felt ashamed of having done so little.他为自己干得太少而感到羞愧。Having eaten at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.之前在那个餐馆吃过，蒂娜不想再去那里吃东西了。被动:having been done【知识拓展】完成式往往强调动作发生在谓语动作之前， having done”常表示主动、完成，而“having been done”常表示被动、完成。例如:Having been scolded by his boss, he seemed unhappy.受到老板的贵备，他似乎很不高兴。2.现在分词的句法功能成分说明例句定语现在分词作定语，当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语作定语，则放在所修饰的名词后现在分词作定语，当分词单独作定语时，放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语作定语，则放在所修饰的名词后表语表示主语的性质、特征或者状态The film being shown in the cinema is wonderful.正在这家电影院上:演的电影很棒。【易错带示】动名词与现在分词作表语的区别:现在分词作表语主要表示主语的性质和特征;而动名词作表语时，则主要是对主语内容的进一步说明和解释。例如:My job is teaching.(句中的teaching为动名词，是对主语内容的进一步说明.且此处可与主语互换位置)我的工作是教书。My job is interesting.(句中的interesting为形容词化的现在分词，表示主语的特征，不可与主语互换位置)我的工作很有趣。宾语补足语常作感官动词或使役动词的宾语补足语，表动作正在进行或动作的持续Can you hear her singing a song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?【知识拓展】常接现在分词作宾补的动词:catch抓住，撞见;feel感觉到;find发现;get使得;have让，使;hear听见;keep使处于某种状态;leave使处于某种状态;listen t。听;look at看; notice注意到;observe观察;see看见;set使处于某种状态;smell闻到;watch观察，注视【易错苦示】现在分词作宾补和动词不定式作宾补的区别:现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行;不定式作宾补表示已经完成了的或经常性的动作。例如:I saw him going up the stairs.我看见他正在上楼。(“上楼”这个动作正在进行)I saw him go up the stairs.我看见他上楼了。(“上楼”这个动作已经完成)状语时间状语(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。原因状语Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。伴随状语He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他待在家里，又擦又洗。条件状语( If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。结果状语He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果杯子摔得粉碎。让步状语Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。知识点4过去分词 过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能成分说明例句定语当过去分词是单个单词时，一般用于名词前;如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词作定语常表被动、完成，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as mittee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会议。表语常具有形容词的特征，表示主语的特征、状态或感情等The window is broken.窗户破了I was surprised at hearing him say so.听到他这样说我很吃惊。宾语补足语表被动、完成I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。状语原因状语Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.由于受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。时间状语Seen from the tower，the city looks very beautiful.从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。条件状语Given more time，Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。让步状语Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个男孩。【易错警示】1.be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构;如果表示动作是被动语态。例如:The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the坷.(被动)2.有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的.不表示被动，只表示完成。这类过去分词有:gone, e, fallen；risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。例如:boiled water(开水), fallen leaves(落叶),newly arrived goods(新到的货),the risen sun(升起的太阳)考点突破考点1考查动词不定式的用法1 .(安顺中考)-What did Mr. Green say to his son.? -He told him_. A. didnt smoke B. dont smoke C. not to smoke D. not smoke【解析】选C, tell sb. not to do sth意为“告诉某人不要做某事“。故选C,2.(天津中考)When you leave, please turn off the light_ energy. A. save B. saving C. saved D. to save【解析】选D。不定式to save energy在此表示目的，其余几项没此用法。考点2 考查动名词的用法3.(毕节中考)Most students spend too much time_ puter games. A. playing B. play C. plays D.played【解析】选A, spend some time doing sth.是固定结构。故选A4.(随州中考)-What do you usually have for breakfast?-I used to_ dumplings, but these days Im used to_ bread and milk.A. eat; have B. rating; having C. eating; have D. eat; having解析】选D前一分句指过去的情况，第一空用动词原形。第二分句指现在习惯的情况.to为介词.后面用动词-ing形式。 考点3考查现在分词的用法5.(内江中考)Our English teacher often says to ，“_ English well is very important.” A. Learn B. Learning C. Learned D. To learning【解析】选B, learning是现在分词. 与English共同构成句子的主语。6.(白银中考)_ honest is the first thing people should learn. A. Being B. Look C. Be D. Because【解析】选A, Being honest 共同构成句子的主语，其他三项不是非谓语动词形式，不能做句子的主语。故选A