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English Poetry,A Brief Introduction,Differences between verse and poetry,Thirty days hath September, April, June and November. All the rest are thirty-one, Excepting February alone. To which we twenty-eight assign, Till leap year makes it twenty-nine.,a a b b c c,short lines rhyme meters,imagery sounds figures of speech,verse,poetry,All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. -William Wordsworth The best words in the best order. -Samuel T. Coleridge Poetry the musical thought. -Thomas Carlyle Poetry is the inclusion of the infinite into the finite. -Robert Browning,Basic Concepts,syllable音节: a unit of speech sounds consisting of a vowel or a vowel with one or more than one consonant. foot 音步: the basic unit of rhythm, a group of stressed and unstressed syllables forming a metrical unit. rhythm节奏: the movement or sense of movement communicated by the regular arrangement of feet.,Rhythm: numbers of foot + types of foot,monometer dimeter trimeter tetrameter pentameter hexameter heptameter octameter,1. numbers of foot,iambic (抑扬格): the sea anapestic (抑抑扬格): on the sea trochaic (扬抑格): pretty dactylic (扬抑抑格): beautiful,2. types of foot,Scansion The monarch hears. My lady sweet arise. When I do count the clock that tells the time.,variation: spondaic,Tips for scansion 1. Pay attention to the first two or three lines and see how the stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. 2. Determine the metrical pattern upon which the poem produces a musical effect, and notice if there are any variations. Use the marks to divide each line of the poem into metrical feet. 4. Give the name of the metrical pattern. 5. Mark off the variations and give their names.,Till a the seas gang dry, my Dear, And the rocks melt wi the sun, O I will luve thee still, my Dear, While the sands o life shall run. Robert Burns, A Red, Red Rose Till a/ the seas/ gang dry,/ my Dear,/ And the rocks/ melt/ wi the sun,/ O/ I will luve/ thee still,/ my Dear,/ While the sands/ o life/ shall run./,Tell me not in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream! For the soul is dead that slumbers And things are not what they seem. -Henry W. Longfellow, A Psalm of Life,Tell me/ not in/ mournful /numbers/, Life is /but an /empty /dream /! For the /soul is /dead that/ slumbers/ And things /are not /what they /seem /.,She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies, And all thats best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes, Thus mellowd to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. Byron, She Walks in Beauty,a b a b a b,1. alliteration 头韵 e.g. greatgrew Spring, the sweet spring The light that lies in womens eyes.,2. full rhyme and half rhyme,Rhyme,full rhyme全韵 1. stressed syllable 2. same vowel 3. same consonant, if any, after the vowel 4. different consonant before the vowel,e.g. why-sigh; today-away hate-late; fight-delight powers-flowers; ending-bending.,half rhyme 半韵 consonance 谐辅韵 e.g. black-block; creak- croak; reader-rider; despise-dispose. assonance谐元韵 e.g. lake-fate; time-mind.,3. eye rhyme 眼韵 e.g. blood-hood; there-here; gone-alone; daughter-laughter.,end rhyme尾韵 internal rhyme 行内韵 e.g. Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king; Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, middle rhyme 行中韵 The light that lies in womens eyes.,masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme e.g. late- fate; hill-fill; enjoy-destroy. Lighting- fighting; motion-ocean. I am coming, little maiden, With the pleasant sunshine laden; With the honey for the bee, With the blossom for the tree.,rhymed verse blank verse 无韵诗;白体诗 free verse 自由诗,Rhymed Verse Rhyme scheme: patterns of end rhymes,1. heroic couplet 英雄双行体 aa bb cc iambic pentameter Chaucer, Pope,2. terza rima 三行体 aba bcb cdc (Dante, The Devine Comedy) aaa bbb ccc iambic pentameter,3. quatrain 四行体 abab xaxa (x: non-rhyme) iambic pentameter ballad,4. seven-line stanza ab ab bcc iambic pentameter Chaucer,5. ottava rima 八行体 ab ab ab cc iambic pentameter Byron, Yeats,6. Spencerran Stanza (9 lines) 斯宾塞体 abab bcbc c 8 iambic pentameter + 1 iambic hexameter Spencer,7. sonnet 十四行诗 Spencerran form abab bcbc cdcd ee iambic pentameter Petrachan form (or Miltonian form) 1 octet+ 1 sestet (abba abba + cdd cee) (abba abba + cde cde) Shakespearian form 3 quatrains + 1 heroic couplet abab cdcd efef gg,Imagery,By image we generally mean a word or a sequence of words that refer to any sensory experience. In a Station of Metro Ezra Pound The apparition of these faces in the crowd, Petals on a wet, black bough.,Five types of imagery,visual imagery auditory imagery tactile imagery odor and taste bodily sensation: thirst, pain,How to set about reading a poem?,To begin with, read the poem once straight through, with no particular expectations. On the second reading, read for the exact sense of all the words, dwell on any difficult parts as long as you need to. Read the poem aloud, or let someone else read it, you may discover meanings you didnt find in it before. Paraphrase a poem as a whole.,
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