2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解（4）.doc

2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解（4）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A.B.C和D项中，选出最佳选项。 Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless. The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not pleting the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the ine levels of those who went on to plete their doctorates. Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of peting the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to plete the Ph. D. “The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation. Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, unpleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-pletion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent. As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields. As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of ine and in some cases their present job.1.The author states that many educators feel thatA steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.C the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.D The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.2.Research has shown thatA Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. s in financial attainment.the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.C The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.D about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not plete the work to earn the degree.3.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.A is the most frequent reason for dropping out.is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.C is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.D does not vary in difficulty among universities.4.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding thatA optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.C colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.D Ph. D. s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.5.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies inA salary for Ph. D. too low.academic requirement too high.C salary for dropouts too high.D 1000 positions.Vocabularydropout 辍学者，中途退学well-rounded 全面的attrition 缩/减员，磨损drain 枯竭bracket 一类人，（尤指按收入分类的）阶层lagging behind other fields 落后于其它领域glum 阴郁的难句译注Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s.【参考译文】教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学的高比率；这对迫切需要博士生的国家是一个人才方面的严重损失。It was base on 22,000questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.【结构分析】sent过去分词，修饰questionnaires。Who定语从句修饰students。【参考译文】这份全面调查报告是以22000份调查表分送给以前在24所大学就读的博士生为基础的。这份全面调查报告似乎说明过去许多担心害怕是没有根据的。Attrition at the Ph. D. lever is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity.【结构分析】被动句。To capacity满额，全力。【参考译文】博士水平的人员的缩减被认为是宝贵的教授时间的浪费和已经被使用到极限的大学资源的枯竭。This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.【结构分析】the fact的同位语that从句中的where是定语从句，修饰academic fields。【参考译文】这也可能表明这样一个事实：在博士能挣到最高工资的学术领域中，高工资仍然落后于其它领域。写作方法与文章大意 这是一篇论及“博士生辍学”的文章。采用对比和因果手法。文章一开始就提出教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学达50的问题。而调查报告证明，只有31。辍学造成不良后果，有人建议中途退学者回炉再念博士学位学业。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。答案详解1.A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习，特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话：“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”B. 辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。 C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。 D. 高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。2.D.约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句：“辍学率为31。大多数情况下，辍学人不能完成博士学位学业，就去从事生产性工作”。A. 辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段：“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明，统计图表说明2人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲，没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78，辍学者仅为50。” B. 在博士学习中刺激因素较小。 C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。 3.C. 博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示：“约75的退学者说，他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因，而处于学术原因的退学者提出：难以通过资格考试，难以完成研究，通不过外语考试”。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。A. 它是退学最频繁的原因。 B. 它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。 D. 它在大学中的难度并没有不同。4.A. 读完这篇文章，人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末：“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件（包括返回校园之意见）：缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。”最后一段：“至于返回校园的可能性，前景不乐观。至少有25的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读，条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平，有些还要保留他们目前的工作。”B. 博士生退学者，大体而论，并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。 C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。 D. 博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。B.、C.两项文内没提。D.不对，参见难句译注4。5.A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A.的译注和难句译注4。B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。 C. 辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。 D. 职位低。文内没有提。【阅读理解】Skeptics are a strange lot.Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the enviroment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them.Those people，say skeptics，spread nothing but bad news about the environment.The “ecoguilt”brought on by the discouraging news about our planet gives rise to the popularity of skeptics as people search for more forting worldviews.Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity.That book ，The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the world”as fine. Of course ，another explanation is the deep pockets of some big businesses with special interests. Indeed, Mr. Lomborgs views are similar to those of some industryfunded organizations, which start huge activities through the media to confuse the public about issues like global warming.So it was strange to see Mr. Lomborgs book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full of words of praise, even with the conclusion that “After Lomborg, the environmental movement will begin to die down.”Such onesided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review remarked that Mr. Lomborgs “preference for unexamined materials is incredible(不可信的)”A critical (批判的)eye is valuable, and the media should present information in such a way that could allow people to make informed decisions. Unfortunately, that is often inaccessible as blocked by the desire to be shocking or to defend some special interests. People might bee halfblind before a world partially exhibited by the media. Thats a shame, because matters concerning the health of the planet are far too important to be treated lightly.本文讲述了怀疑论者不承认人类活动对环境造成的危胁，认为地球状况是良好的，这迎合了一些追求利益的商业公司。但是关系地球健康的问题是相当重要的，人们一定要严肃对待。1. According to the passage, which of the following may be regarded as “skeptics”？A. People who agree on the popularity of “ecoguilt”B. People who disbelieve the serious situation of our planet.C. People who dislike the harmful effect of human activities.D. People who spread forting news to protect our environment.答案：B。细节理解题。根据短文第一段可知，怀疑论者不承认人类活动对环境的影响。短文第二段第二句话中提到，他们认为世界的真正状态是好的，由此可知B项正确。2. Which of the following can be a reason for the popularity of Lomborgs book?ASome big businesses intend to protect their own interests. BThe book challenges views about the fine state of the world.CThe author convinces people to seek forting worldviews.DIndustryfunded media present confusing information.答案：A。细节理解题。根据短文第二段最后一句话可知Lomborg的观点与一些由工业资助的组织的观点是相似的。因此可知这些大的组织为了自己的利益也不会注重环保。3. The author mentioned the review in Nature in order to _.A. voice a different opinionB. find fault with Lomborgs book C. challenge the authority of the mediaD. point out the value of scientific views答案：A。推理判断题。第三段提到加拿大的一家报纸对Lomborg的书大加赞扬，第四段又提到这片面的观点应当受到挑战，然后说“Nature”杂志上就有不同的评论。由此可知A项正确。4. What is the authors main purpose in writing the passage?A. To encourage the skeptics to have a critical eye.B. To warn the public of the danger of halfblindness with reviews.C. To blame the medias lack of responsibility in presenting information.D. To show the importance of presenting overall information by the media.答案：D。作者意图题。由短文最后一段第二句话可知，媒体应当提供全方位的信息，让人们在了解情况的前提下做出决定。由此可知D项正确。阅读理解。Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers desire to go green. However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns.Two thirds of customers say that environmental considerations inform their purchases to the same degree as they did a year ago, while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy.This may help to influence how shops store goods on their shelves. And the panies should still make efforts to bee more environmentally friendly. Two out of three people think it is important to buy from environmentally responsible panies, with about one in seven saying that they had even decided to take their custom elsewhere if they felt a panys environmental reputation was not good enough.Harry Morrison, chief executive（主管）of the Carbon Trust, sympathizes：“I understand this situation where survival is very important now. But from environmental considerations, the clock is tickingwe dont have much time. In addition, cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand.”Larger panies have an extra motivation to look at reducing their carbon footprint, as new rules next year will require businesses to buy carbon allowances to make up for their emissions（排放）. Those that have taken early action will have a head start. More than two thirds of consumers are not clear about which panies are environmentally responsible. This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers.The Carbon Trust believes that it can help by informing customers about the good work panies are doing. “When panies are granted（授予）the standard, they can use a logo（标识）in all their marketing which makes it clear that they are working towards cutting emissions,” Mr. Morrison said. ( ) 1. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Businesses are finding ways to send their message to the shoppers.B. panies will soon get information about cutting carbon emissions.C. Firms are making efforts to encourage customers to keep goods at home.D. Firms are urged to cut carbon emissions by shoppers environmental awareness.( ) 2. The underlined word “inform” in Paragraph 2 probably means“ ”.A. affect B. change C. disturb D. reject( ) 3. According to Harry Morrison, businesses .A. will benefit from cutting carbon emissionsB. should buy carbon allowances for shoppersC. are required to make up for their carbon emissionsD. have encouraged shoppers to take their custom elsewhere( ) 4. We can learn from the passage that businesses will .A. have a strong desire to reduce costsB. use the same logo in their marketingC. gain advantages by taking early actionD. attract more shoppers by storing goods【语篇解读】本篇文章为说明文。现在顾客购物已经开始考虑环保的问题。面临顾客环保的心理需求，企业只有主动采取措施，减少排放，才会更好地赢得顾客的信赖，进而获得更好的收益1、答案 D。【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句“However, shoppers are still laying stress on environmental concerns”及最后一段第一句可知，企业因购买者的环保意识而去减排。故选D项。2、答案 A。【解析】词义猜测题。由本段中“while more than a quarter say that they are now even better aware of the environmental effect on what they buy”可知，现在三分之二的顾客在购物时对环境的考虑比一年前程度加深了。因此A项符合句子意思3、答案 A。解析】推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“cutting carbon has an immediate effect as costs drop and a medium-term benefit for the brand”可以推断出：商业会受益于减排。因此A项符合文章。4、答案 C。【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句“This suggests that firms that are able to relay clearly their message to the public will be in a pole position to attract shoppers”可知，早采取行动减排的企业可以更好地吸引顾客。因此可以推断出C项。