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2019-2020年高考英语 基础知识练习 词汇辨析 形容词和副词辨析的讲解与训练 知识要点高考英语词汇辨析一般在于同义词、近义词的词义和用法辨析、反义词之间的意义差别、词组(短语)的用法异同点以及一些习惯用法和固定搭配等。常见的有形容词与副词辨析、名词及其用法辨析、动词及其短语辨析、代词及其用法辨析、介词和连词等用法辨析。 疑难突破1. 高中阶段易混形容词和副词辨析 1) 易混形容词和副词难点:(1)在具体语境中形容词和副词语义的辨析同源副词wide,widely;close, closely ;high,highly等,这两种副词形式不同,含义也略有差别,但是当它们被翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆,所以在具体语境中要注意辨别。这类词含义及用法上的主要特点是:不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状况有可测 量性和可见性;而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。试作如下比较:a.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞着?The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。 b.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很 大。c.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。-ed形容词与-ing形容词的区别。前者ed形式的形容词都是指人的心理活动;后者ing形式的形容词都是指事物的特征。如: interested“感兴趣的”;interesting “有趣的”;surprised“感到惊奇的”;surprising “令人惊奇的”;大家在具体的语境中要注意区别词意。例句:The story is very interesting.这故事很有趣。Tom is interested in the story.汤姆对这故事很感兴趣。The news is surprising.这消息是令人惊奇的。Im surprised at the news.我对此消息感到很惊奇。(2)so 和such 的用法。主要从其习惯搭配构成的句型结构上辨析:常用结构:so that (如此,以至于); 与such that (如此,以至于)的区别。 so + 形容词 / 副词 + that 如:He spoke so fast that we couldnt understand him. 他说得太快,我们都未能听懂他的话。This book is so interesting that I have read it three times. 这本书如此有趣,我已经看了三遍。so + 形容词 + a(n)+ 单数可数名词 + that 如:It was so hot a day that nobody wanted to do anything. 天气很热,谁都不想干活。so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that 如:There were so many people that we could hardly move on. 这么多人,我们简直无法继续往前走。such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that 如:She is such a pretty girl that everyone likes her. 她是个很可爱的小姑娘,大家都喜欢她。such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that It is such sweet milk that we all want to drink it. 这么香的牛奶,我们都想喝。such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that They are such delicious cakes that I want to eat another two. 这么可口的蛋糕,我还想再吃两块。注意:下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时,如: so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如:These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的:so a difficult problem, so difficult problems, so hot weather。so与such都有“如此、这么、那么”的意思,可进行同义改写,但用法不同。so是副词,修饰形容词和副词;而such是形容词,修饰名词。它们后面接单数可数名词时,词序不同。so的词序为:so+ adj. + a(an) + n.such的词序为:such +a(an) +adj. + n.它们可以表达同样的意思,因此它们可以进行同义改写。so nice a coat =such a nice coat 这么漂亮的一件外套so interesting a book = such an interesting book 那么有趣的一本书注意:后面接复数名词或不可数名词时,只能用such,而不能用so.如:such beautiful flowers 这么美丽的花such clever children 如此聪明的孩子但是,复数名词或不可数名词前有many,few,much,little修饰时,只能用so而不能用such,这是一种固定用法。如:so many books 这么多书so few people 这么少的人;so much money 那么多的钱;so little milk 那么少的牛奶(3)由as /so组成的形容词和副词短语辨析。so . as .一般用在否定句中,not so . as .表示“不如”;as . as .既可用于肯定句也可用于否定句。 so much as和so much as 都是指“和.一样 ;和同样程度;甚至,连也”;前者much后跟不可数名词;后者many后跟可数名词。如:He had not so much as his fare home.他甚至连回家的车费都没有。(没有那么多)As many as 500 workers work on the farm.在这个农厂干活的工人多达500人。(多达)My father loves me as much as my mother does.我父亲和我母亲一样爱我。(和同样程度)As many as thirty people have already departed. 有30多人已经离开了。(多至;达程度)Take as many as yon please. 你要取多少就取多少。(和一样,正如)as-as一种结构多种意义。as long as有两种意思(只要, 如果;和.一样长/久),要注意在具体语境中区别。如:As long as do not rain! 只要不下雨就行! This wall is as long as that one.这堵墙与那堵墙一样长。 as far as有两种意思(据, 就;远到.),要注意在具体语境中区别。如:As far as I know, he is a great writer.据我所知,他是一位了不起的作家。 Yesterday, Mary went hiking as far as the foot of Tai shan mountain. 昨天玛丽徒步走到泰山脚下。2)易混形容词和副词的易考点:近几年来一般在于形容词、副词词义辨析;原级、比较级、最高级的使用;倍数的表达方法;比较等级的修饰语;多个形容词的排列顺序;常见形容词、副词的惯用法等。关于形容词与副词这一考点,主要考查以下几个方面:考点1:在具体的语境中形容词与副词的语义辨析同义辩微:有些词意思都有相同或相近的意思;但是各自侧重的方面不同。在具体语境中要注意辨别。如:general与mon;这两个意思都有“一般的”意思;但是各自侧重的方面不同。General侧重 “普遍的,一般的”,与“高级”相对应。如: This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist. 这本书是为一般读者写的, 不是为专家写的。mon侧重于“共同的,共有的,普通的”。 如:We have a mon interest: playing basketball.我们有一个共同的兴趣:打篮球。Normal ,ordinary与 usual都含“正常的”、“正规的”的意思。 normal侧重指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”。 如: the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常体温。 ordinary侧重指“平常的,普通的”;强调“平常的、平淡无奇的” 如: an ordinary days work 日常工作。 His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。 usual侧重指“平常的,通常的,惯常的 = normal, happening often。如: Twelve oclock is the usual time to have lunch. 十二点通常是吃饭的时间。 同源副词hard,hardly;late,lately;most,mostly等,这两种副词形式和含义完全不同,所以,使用时不易引起混淆。Hard努力地,hardly几乎不;late晚,lately最近;most最,mostly大部分地。试比较:a.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。He hardly works at all.他很少干活。b.You have e too late.你来得太晚了。Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗?c.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.说得最多的人常常干得最少。d.The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。词性不同,意义相同。如 good与well都是“好”的意思;但是good指的是特征,一般修饰名词或代词;well指的是程度,一般修饰动词。例: You are a good teacher.你是位好老师。 She does it well.她做这事做得好。用法不同,意义相同。如too, as well, also与either四者意思都为“也”;但是前三个都是“也-”用于肯定句中(too和as well as也可用于疑问句)。后者是“也(不)-”用于否定句中。Too,as well和either用于句末,一般它的前面打上逗号“,”(Too,as well前也可以不打逗号);also用于句中,放在系动词或助动词后面,行为动词前面。例:I like you too as well. 我也喜欢你。Are they ing too as well? 他们也来吗? either(也)通常只用于否定句,且要放在句末。例:I dont know, either. 我也不知道。He hasnt finished it,either. 他也还没有做完。Mrs Green can also sing the song in Chinese格林夫人也能用汉语唱这首歌。考点2:考查形容词、副词的比较级、最高级及前面的修饰语形容词和副词比较级或最高级的选用:注意在两者或两方之间比较用比较级;表示“越来越”用比较级;在三者/方或多者/方之间比较用最高级。a.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快,但乔治走得更快 。b. The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢,最后停了下 来。c.Lets see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。 比较级前常可用still, even, much, far, a lot / little / few / bit, rather, any, a great deal, so far, by far, no等词修饰。(注意more不用于修饰比较级)。最高级可用序数词、much、 by far、 nearly、 almost等词修饰。例如:If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time.如果没有考试,我们玩得更快乐。This is by far the better.这就是好的多的那个。Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二个最大的州。The Pacific is by far the largest ocean.太平洋是最大的大洋。考点3:形容词作表语,形容词、副词作后置定语形容词用于系动词后作表语在最近几年高考试题中系动词加形容词作表语的情况出现过很多次。高考对此点的考查集中于区别到底是系动词还是一般动词并选择合适的形容词,而不是副词作表语。常见的联系动词有如下三类:表示感觉的系动词:sound, look, taste, appear, smell, feel, seem等表示变化的系动词:bee, fall, get, turn, grow, make, e, go等表示状态存在的系动词:remain, keep, stay, continue, prove, lie, stand等。例如:The music sounds beautiful.那音乐听起来很美。The news proved true later.那消息后来证明是真的。形容词、副词作后置定语常见的几种修饰语后置的情况有: 形容词修饰something, nothing, anything, everything等不定代词时要后置。present作“出席的”时只作后置定语。表语形容词如alive, asleep, awake, alone等只能作后置定语。副词修饰动词时, 放在动词之后。修饰形容词或副词时, 放在被修饰词之前。enough修饰形容词、副词时要后置,修饰名词时可放在名词的前后。形容词短语修饰名词作主语时要后置。用and或or连接的形容词作定语时要后置, 起强调作用。表数量的词作定语时要后置。副词修饰形容词的特殊词序, how, too + 形容词 + 单数可数名词”。如:There is something wrong with the car.那辆小车出问题了。The teacher present is my mother.在场的那位老师是我妈妈。The boy asleep is called John.那个在睡觉的男孩叫约翰。She came to her maths teacher slowly.她慢慢来到数学老师的身边。There are books enough(enough books)for us.有足够的书给我们。The suit is good enough.那套西装够好的了。What a fine day it is!今天天气多好啊!How clever a girl!多漂亮的女孩!考点4:倍数表达法三种常见倍数表达法:1)倍数 + as + 原级形容词 + as 。例如:This road is three times as long as that one.这条路是那条路的三倍长。2)倍数 + the size / length / width / depth / height of 。例如:The river is five times the width of that one.这条河是那条河的五倍宽。3)倍数 + 比较级 + than + 被比较对象。例如:The sun is a million times larger than the earth.太阳比地球大一百万倍。考点5:多个形容词作定语时的排序问题及语序不同意义不同的词组如果两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时,与被修饰的名词关系较密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多,则音节少的形容词在前,音节多的在后。例如:a small wonderful gift常用的顺序为:限定词+描绘性形容词(beautiful)+大小、长短、高低等形容性形容词+(large, long, high)+新旧(old)+颜色(red)+产地(Chinese)+材料(wood)+用途(writing)+被修饰名词(desk)记住以上规则是必要的,但还应多阅读、多体会,增强语感是关键。例如:all these last few days 最近的这些日子some beautiful little red flowers 一些美丽的小红花a beautiful white Japanese military jeep 一辆漂亮的白色日本军用吉普车其中限定词的排列顺序为:all / both / half / double / 倍数词 / 分数词 + 冠词 / 指示代词 / 物主代词 / 名词所有格 / some / any / no / every / each +基数词 / 序数词 / little / few / last / next / other / another / more,形容词的排列顺序为:大小、长短、高低、新旧、颜色、产地、材料、用途、类别等。要牢记排在最前边的限定词及排在最后边的形容词,如产地、材料、用途等,则能轻松突破此难点。考点6:考查形容词与副词区别, 易混词带有-ly的形容词、副词及复合形容词注意如下有无-ly的形容词和副词的意义区别:wide / high / deep(具体的意义)宽 / 高 / 深; widely / highly / deeply(抽象意义)广泛地 / 高度地 / 深深地 most十分、非常 / 最多(大)的;mostly主要地、绝大多数地、多半close靠近地;closely密切地、仔细地(以上易混形容词副词难点中已讲到)late迟的,迟到的;lately最近、近来direct直接(主要用于谈论路程和时间,和straight意思相同) directly直率地、立即注意合成形容词本质上是一个形容词,其合成部份中的名词不能变为复数形式。例如:He wrote a two-thousand-word report.他写了一篇两千字的报告。His uncle is 6 feet tall. He is a forty-year old man.他的叔叔有六英尺高。他是一个四十岁的人了。“名词+ ly”构成的是形容词,而不是副词。这类形容词有friendly友好的, lovely可爱的, weekly每周的, monthly每月的, daily每天的等。有些词既可以作形容词也可以作副词。例如:He got up late, so he was late for school again.他起床很晚,因此上学又迟到了。Can you see that straight road? 你能看到那条直路吗?Go straight along this road, youll find the supermarket at the end.顺着这条路笔直往前走,在路的尽头你能找到超市。This maths problem was hard. I thought hard and got the answer at last.这个数学问题很难,我使劲想终于想出了答案。 即学即练1.- Do you think its a good idea to make friends with your students?- , I do. I think its a great idea.A. Really B. ObviouslyC. Actually D. Generally2.I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times_.A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many3.As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of _ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.A. primary B. alternative C. instant D. unique4.The questionnaire takes _ ten to fifteen minutes to plete and can be used along with the assessment interview.A. mainly B. punctually C. approximately D. precisely5.I can be a teacher. Im not a very patient person.A. seldom B. ever C. neverD. always6.Frank put the medicine in the top drawer to make sure it would not be_ to the kids.A. accessible B. relative C. acceptable D. sensitive7.The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride .A. most B. more C. less D. little即学即练1.C。句意:-你认为与你的学生交朋友是个好主意吗?-事实上,我认为很不错。A. Really真正地; B. Obviously显而易见地; C. Actually事实上; D. Generally一般地;只有C合语境。2.A。本题考查倍数表示法和省略的用法,其后省略了as that one. 句意:我比较喜欢这件上衣,但是,他花去了我三倍于那件的价格。一种倍数表示法:1)倍数形容词/副词比较级than。故答案选A。3.【答案与解析】B。 考查形容词。句意:既然石油和煤都越来越少,人们只好使用一些其它可替代这些燃料的东西。alternative“可选择的,可替代的”符合句意。primary首要的,初期的;instant立即的,迅速的;unique独特的;三者均不合句意。4.C。 考查副词。句意:问卷大约需要10至15分钟完成;应选择approximately“大约地”。 mainly主要地;punctually准时地;precisely精确地;均不合句意。5.C。考查副词词义辨析。句意为:我绝不会成为一名教师。因为我不是一个很有耐心的人。seldom表示“很少”;ever表示“永远”用在肯定句中;never表示“绝不,从来没有”;always 表示“总是”。C合语境。6.A。考查形容词的辨析。句意:佛兰克把药放在顶上的一个抽屉里,以免孩子接近到。be accessible to 为能够接近; be relative to 和有关系; be acceptable to 为所接受 ; be sensitive to 对敏感, 易接受。据语境A合句意。7.A。考查形容词(immediate)、副词等(most、much too与too much的区别)。句意:孩子们喜爱白天旅行;最喜欢骑马活动。在众多活动中应用“最喜欢-”most是副词“最”修饰动词enjoy。
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