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翻译技巧与方法,Tran. Based on Lexis (词法翻译),Technique 1: Replacement of Equivalent对等替换法 ： 一般适用于单词、词组、成语、谚语等相对较小的语篇单位，换言之，适用的维度主要是词汇学层面。 1）词：TV电视；small 小 2）词组或成语： 了如指掌： at ones finger tips Turn a deaf ear to: 充耳不闻,3）谚语： There is no smoke without fire: 无风不起浪 皇天不负有心人： Everything comes to him who waits. 4）句子实例： 此回战士们不再忍气吞声，他们个个摩拳擦掌，准备再打一个漂亮仗。 Instead of swallowing the insult, this time every soldier rolled up his sleeves for battle, ready to win another brilliant victory.,Technique 2: Concretization 具体化译法： 一般是指将较为抽象的事物或流程具体化为可以被感知的具体形象或动作，从而产生切实形象的感觉，便于读者接受。 1）词、短语与成语之例 Very timid: 非常胆小胆小如鼠 十分富有: have money to burn,2）句子之例 你人不错，但美中不足的就是有时反复无常，往往使事情棘手难办。 You are a nice guy, yet with one defect in your character, that is, occasionally blowing hot and cold, thus making things hot potatoes to handle.,Technique 3: Abstraction 抽象化译法： 把具体的直感形象或比喻形象抽象化，从而使译文更加通顺与忠实。 1）词、短语与成语之例 Eat ones heart out： 极度悲痛 失业现象: unemployment 同情心理： sympathy,2）句子之例 He played the fox with me at first. However, to keep body and soul together, he had to fall back upon me once again and was practically on his knees for a new face on our relation. 起始他曾对我耍滑头，但后来为了维持生活，他又需要我的帮助，不得不来苦苦哀求以使我们的关系有所改观。 Dont cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。（不必自寻烦恼） Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好欺负的吗？,Technique 4: Addition 增译法： 增译法又称增词法，是指在原文的基础上增添适当的词语或词组是译文在语法、语言形式以及认知审美上合符译文习惯与文化背景，使译文在内容、形式与精神上都接近原文。 例： 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang, the master mind. He came from New England. 他来自美国东北部的新英格兰地区。,要提倡顾全大局。 We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. 谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。 Every one knows that life on the Korean battlefield was rather hard.,Technique 5: Omission 减译法： 减译法又称省词法，是指处于译语语言与文化习惯视情况适当删减原文词语，以求译文的可接受性。例： 质子带正电、电子带负电，而中子既不带正电也不带负电。 A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither. 生业好，死也好，我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。 Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.,Technique 6: Combination 合译法： 西方语言使用中常用成对词，汉语中也常用同义词语，在翻译的时候可以合起来翻译。 例： I hate all this hustle and bustle. 我讨厌这种十分喧嚣的场面。 你怎能过河拆桥，忘恩负义呢？ How can you kick down the ladder?,Technique 7: Repetition 重译法： 翻译时，为了明确，为了强调，为了生动，要重复原文的信息。例： Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。 Victory or defeat, well fight to the last minute. 胜也罢，败也罢，我们会坚持到最后。,Technique 8: Conversion 转换法： 即根据语言习惯在译文中对原文的词类/词性或者语言表达形式进行转换。例如： 词类转换法： 我既不抽烟也不喝酒。 Im no drinker nor smoker. 形式转换译法： He was in New York in the first ten days of the March. 他三月上旬(而不是前十天)在纽约。,词语顺序转换法： 教育部高教司张司长 Director Zhang, Division of Higher Education, Ministry of Education 感情色彩转换法：一般说来感情色彩或意义褒贬的选择均要依据语言形式或词语本身的褒贬来判断，但有时也许根据语境进行转换。 The drunk driver died in the traffic accident. (死丧命),Technique 9: Negation 正反译： 即正说反译与反说正译，具体而言，就是原文中用肯定表达或肯定句式的话在译文中则改用否定表达或否定句式，反之亦然。例： 工作没经验，出点差错在所难免。 Slips are scarcely avoidable when you are new to your work. She refrained from laughing. 她忍住了，没有发笑。 他是外乡人。 He is not a native./He is a stranger here.,2. Tran. Based on Syntax (句法翻译),Technique 1: 分句法，也叫断句法，就是把复合句、复杂句中逻辑上包含主谓结构概念的语言部分分别翻译成句子或分句，因此也包含了转句译法。这类分句法广泛运用于复杂的长句与语篇的翻译上。 She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success. 她曾多次试着帮他们去租其他住处，/结果都无功而返。 她已试了好几次，/要帮他们另找一处出租的房子，/结果没成功。,我在学堂里坐着，心里也闷，/不如给他家放牛，倒快活些。（吴敬梓儒林外史） I feel sitting in school boring anyway. /Id rather look after our neighbors buffaloes. (注：汉译英时，句中语气发生了变化，或改换了主句，或意思有转折，即前半句说明一方面的情况，后半句说明另一方面的情况，英译时常常断句。）,Technique 2: 合句法，即把两个或两个以上的分句或小句整合成一个句子的翻译方法，包含了缩句法。 不想当军官的士兵不是好士兵。同样地，不想当士兵的军官也不是好军官。 Any soldier who doesnt want to be a commander isnt a good soldier and vice versa.,Technique 3: 转态法，即语态转换翻译法，也就是把主动语态转译成被动语态或把被动语态转换成主动语态，从而实现从译出语到译入语的切换与顺应。 Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt the atom can be split and its power can be used. 自从第一颗原子弹爆炸试验以来，全世界都知道原子可分裂，原子能可利用。,Technique 4: 换序法。语序，即句子成分的排列顺序，不仅起语法功能，而且能传达意义。同一概念意义的若干句子会因各自语序的不同而产生一定的语义差异。 He is not happy, though he is rich. 他虽富有，但不幸福。 It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算在一月访问中国，后来又不得不予以推迟，这使我深感失望。,Technique 5: 正反译法，是指句子或更大语篇层面上的正说反译或反说正译。 Her husband hates to see her stony face. 她丈夫不愿见到她那张毫无表情的脸。 法律面前，人人平等。 Law is no respecter of persons.,Technique 6: 整体创译法，在理解原文整体意义基础上的创造性译法。 三个人品字式坐了随便谈了几句。-子夜. Seated in a circle/ facing each other/ in the shape of the Chinese character “品”/ in a triangular pattern, the three men had casual chat.,你是萍凭什么打我的儿子!（曹禺雷雨） Why，you are mymighty with your fists? You are PingPinning down why you beat my son? You are mymight be crazy so as to beat my son!,
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