2019-2020年高中英语必修8Module4WhichEnglish-GrammarandUsage.doc

2019-2020年高中英语必修8Module4WhichEnglish-GrammarandUsageGoalsTo review adverbial and adverbial clauses.To discover and learn to use some useful words and expressionsTo discover and learn to use some useful structuresGrammar (1) Review of adverbialStep 1: Uses of adverbial英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English very well. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree2.不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I e specially to see you.3.介词短语My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian.He lived in Australia.The boy was praised for his bravery. 4.从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.You wont pass the exam unless you study hard.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5.分词作状语Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.Step 2: Exercises on the students books1. Activity 1For referencea: 1,3,5,7; b: 2,6; c: 7; d: 4; e: 8.2. Activity 2For reference1. result adverbial 2. manner adverbial 3. degree adverbial 4.place adverbial. 5. cause adverbial 6. time adverbial 7. frequency adverbial3. Activity 3For reference1. today 2.an area of central England 3. very 4. between north and south 5.of the region 6. During the 13th and 14th centuries 7. because of the new opportunities the city offered 8. often.Grammar (2) Review of adverbial clauseStep 1: Uses of adverbial clause状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较等状语从句。1.时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词有after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when 等，以及名词短语the moment, the instant, every time等。如：I saw him when/ while he was going out of the room. 在他走出房间时我碰见了他。Edisons mother had been a teacher before she got married. 爱迪生的妈妈结婚前是位老师。Once you get used to it, youll like it. 你一旦习惯了它，就会喜欢上它。I recognized you the moment I saw you.我一看见你就认出了你。注意：no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when 这三个结构意为“一就”，相当于as soon as，均可引导时间状语从句，但只能用于过去时，即主谓语用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。No sooner, hardly, scarcely置于句首时，主句要部分倒装。如：我一到家，天就下起雨来了。 可译为：As soon as I came home, it began to rain.I had no sooner e home than it began to rain.I had hardly /scarcely e home when it began to rain.No sooner had I e home than it began to rain.Hardly /scarcely had I e home when it began to rain.2. 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 等引导。如：He lived where he liked. 他住在他喜欢的地方。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。（谚语）Wherever they went, they were warmly weled. 他们所到之处都受到热烈欢迎。3. 原因状语从句原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, now that等引导。如：He didnt attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.他因为要干的活太多没来参加会议。Since he cant answer the question, youd better ask someone else.既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。As I havent seen the film, I cant tell you what I think of it.由于我没看过这部电影，所以谈不出对它有什么看法。Now that you have e, you may stay. 你既然来了，就留下吧。注意：for也可表“原因”，语气较弱，有时可与because换用，但它是并列连词，它连接的句子并不总是原因，有时可能对前面的分句提出推断的理由，不能回答why 引导的疑问句，它连接的分句只能后置，且前面有逗号。 The ground is wet, for it rained last night.地面很湿，因为昨天晚上下雨了。（表原因，可用because代替）It rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨天晚上下雨了，因为地面很湿。（提出判断的理由，“地湿”不是“下雨”的原因，不可用because代替）4. 目的状语从句目的状语从句常由so that, in order that, so, that, incase（以防、以免），lest（以防），for fear that（以防、以免）等引导。如：I am saving money in order that / so that I can buy a house. 我正在攒钱，以便买一所房子。In order that there should be no misunderstanding, we propose to hold a meeting.为了不出现误解，我们建议开一个会。Bring it closer so/ that/so that I may see it better. 把它拿近点，我好看清些。Shut the window for fear (that) it should rain. 关上窗户，以防下雨。Ill explain it to him lest he (should) doubt me. 我向他解释了这件事，以免他怀疑我。Take your raincoat in case it rains / (should) rain. 带上雨衣以防下雨。注意：1) so that, in order that, so that 引导的目的状语从句常含情态动词can, could, may, might, will, would, should等。如：He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. 他早早起床，以便能赶上早班车。2) lest for fear that in case “should+动词原形”型虚拟语气。should可省略。如：Shut the window for fear (that) it should rain. 关上窗户，以防下雨。Ill explain it to him lest he (should) doubt me. 我向他解释了这件事，以免他怀疑我。Take your raincoat in case it rains / (should) rain. 带上雨衣以防下雨。5. 结果状语从句结果状语从句常由sothat, such that, so that, that等引导。如：The question is of great importance that it cant be neglected. 这个问题很重要，不能忽视。It was very cold, so that the river froze. 天很冷，河水结冰了。He was so brilliant that he made a lot of inventions. 他很有才华，搞了许多发明。He showed such great courage that everybody respected him.他表现出那么大的勇气, 大家都尊敬他。比较：He got up early so that he caught the early bus. 他早早就起床，结果赶上了早班车。He got up early so that he could catch the early bus. 他早早起床，以便能赶上早班车。6. 条件状语从句条件状语从句常由if, unless, as / so long as（只要），in case（如果，万一），suppose / supposing (that)（假如，倘若），on condition (that)（如果，只要）等引导。如；If I make a promise, Ill keep it. 如果我许下诺言，我就遵守。Ill lend you the money, as/ so long as you take my advice.只要你接受我的劝告，我就借钱给你。Ill e on condition (that) Mary is invited, too. 假如也邀请玛丽，我就来。Suppose / Supposing (that) all the doors are locked, how will you get into the house?假如所有的门都锁上了，你怎么进这所房子？In case I forget, please remind me of it. 一旦我忘了，请提醒我这件事 。注意：条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如：If it rains tomorrow, the sports meet wont take place.如果明天下雨，运动会将不举行。He said he wouldnt e unless he was invited. 他说如果不被邀请，他不来。7. 让步状语从句让步状语从句常由although, though, as, even if, even though, whoever, whatever, whenever, however, wherever, no matter who (what, when, where, how), whether等引导。如：Although/ Though he was a Spanish, he spent most of his life in Germany.他虽然是西班牙人，但他的大半生是在德国度过的。Even if/ though you dont like music, you must have heard of him. 即使你不喜欢音乐，你也一定听说过他。Ill do it whether you like it or not. 不论你是否喜欢，我都要做。Whatever/ No matter what happens, you must be calm. 不论发生什么情况，你必须镇静。Ill find the person who did it, whoever / no matter who he is.我要找到干这事的人，不论他是谁。Ill discuss it with you whenever/ no matter when you like to e.你什么时候喜欢来，我都愿意和你讨论这个问题。Wherever/ No matter where he is, he will be thinking of you.不论在哪里，他都会想到你。注意：Although, though, as三者均可引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”，“尽管”。although和though引导的让步状语从句放在主句前后均可，as引导的让步状语从句一般放在句首；although引导的让步状语从句不倒装， though引导的可倒可不倒，as引导的必须倒装，且如果从句中单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，倒装时不再用冠词; although和though引导的让步状语从句可用虚拟语气，as而则不可。如：He often helps me with my English although / though he is quite busy. 尽管他相当忙，但还常常帮我学英语。Tom, though (he was) young, did it very well. 汤姆虽然很年轻，但事情做得很出色。Although he is young, yet he is fit for the job.Though he is young, yet he is fit for the job.Young though he is, yet he is fit for the job.Young as he is, yet he is fit for the job.以上四句意思均为：尽管他很年轻，可他还胜任这项工作。Youngest as he is in our class, he speaks English the best.虽然他是我们班年龄最小的，但英语说的最好。Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但懂得不少事情。He will never do such a thing though / although he (should) be forced to. 即使强迫他，他也决不会干这样的事。（虚拟语气）8.方式状语从句方式状语从句常由as (象、如、照）和as if / though（好象、似乎）等引导。如：You ought to do as your teacher tells you. 你应按老师说的去做。I have changed the plan as you suggested. 我已根据你的建议改变了这个计划。He talks as if / though he knows all about it. 他谈起来似乎对此了如指掌。注意：as if和as though 的意义和用法基本相同，它们引导的从句多用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气。如：He waked as if / as though he were (was) drunk. 他走起来好像喝醉了。His father loves me as if / as though I were his son. 他父亲很喜欢我，好像我是他的儿子。9比较状语从句比较状语从句常由as as, not as / so as, than等引导。如：She is as tall as Tom. 她与汤姆一样高。She is not as / so tall as Tom. 她不如汤姆高。He doesnt get up as / so early as his brother. 他起床不如他兄弟早。Tom was less old than Mary. 汤姆没有玛丽大。No one can be more fit for his office than he is. 没人比他更称职。Step 2: Exercises on the students books.1. Activity 1For reference1. when 2.as as 3. as 4. as long as 5.sothat2. Activity 2For referencea (2), b (1), c (3), d (5), e (4).3. Activity 3For reference1 (a), 2 (b), 3 (a), 4 (b), 5 (b), 6 (a), 7 (c).Step 3: 巩固练习1. If we work with a strong will, we can overe any difficulty, _ great it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever 2. After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. that D. when3. Why are you want a new job _ youve got such a good one already/ A. that B. where C. which D. when4. _youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as5. You should make it a rule to leave things _you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there6. The WTO cant live up to its name _it does not include a country that is home go one fifth of mankind. A. as long as B. while C. if D. even though7. _ I have never seen anyone whos capable as John.A. As long as I have traveled B. Now that I have traveledC. Much as I have traveled D. As I have traveled so much.8. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes, I gave it to her_ I saw her. A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once9. The men will have to wait all day_ the doctor works faster. A. if B. unless C. whether D. that10. I always take something to read when I go to the doctors _ I have to wait. A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if11. The scientist_ the lab until he finished doing the experiment. A. left B. didnt stop to work in C. stopped working in D. didnt leave12. I was reading a detective story attentively _ there came a sharp scream. A. as B. while C. when D. since13. _ he broke the law, he had to be punished for his crime. A. Because B. Since C. As D. For 14. We League members are ready to go_ we are most needed. A. there B. when C. where D. as15. He was wandering through the street, looking around _ he walked. A. as B. since C. when D. while16. He is _ man that we all believe what he says. A. such a honest B. so honest a C. such honest a D. so an hones t17. No matter _ he agrees or not, Ill point out his shortings. A. what B. how C. whether D. when18. Though he was born in America, _ he can speak Chinese fluently. A. but B. yet C. however D. and19. No sooner had I got the ball_ he kicked it off. A. when B. before C. than D. then20._ she is, she can work out arithmetic problems as quickly as a calculator. A. Young B. A child C. Child as D. Child likeKeys: 1-5 CBDAB 6-10 DCDBA 11-15 DCBCA 16-20 BCBCC 高考链接1. _ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. (xx全国I) A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although2. We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, _, in fact, there were 40. (xx全国II) A. while B. whether C. what D. which3. _ youve tried it, you cant imagine how pleasant it is. (xx北京) A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When4. He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail. (xx北京) A. and B. for C. but D. or5. The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, _ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. (xx天津) A. since B. when C. as D. while6. If you are travelling _ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. (xx天津) A. in which B. what C. when D. where7. In time of serious accidents, _ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives. (xx重庆) A. whether B. until C. if D. unless8. -Mom, what did your doctor say? (xx四川) -He advised me to live _ the air is fresher. A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where9. Start out right away, _ youll miss the first train. (xx四川) A. and B. but C. or D. while10. -Why didnt you tell him about the meeting? (xx四川) -He rushed out of the room _ I could say a word. A. before B. until C. when D. after11. Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _ this was a memory she especially treasured. (xx广东) A. when B. where C. as D. if12. Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost. _, their political influence should be very great. (xx广东) A. Even so B. As a result C. So far D. As usual13. “You cant have this football back _ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly. (xx广东) A. until B. when C. since D. because14. A dozen ideas were considered _ the chief architect decided on the design of the building. (xx上海) A. because B. before C. whether D. unless15. My parents were quarrelling about me _ I could not quite tell why. (xx上海) A. since B. though C. if D. until16. _ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem(生态系统) to recover. (xx江苏) A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once17. -How long do you think it will be _ China sends a manned spaceship to the moon? -Perhaps two or three years. (xx福建) A. when B. until C. that D. before18. Im certain Davids told you his business troubles. _, its no secret that he owes a lot of money to the bank. (xx湖北) A. However B. Anyway C. Therefore D. Though19. A man cannot smile like a child, _ a child smiles with his eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone. (xx湖南) A. so B. but C. and D. for20. I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _ I heard the steps. (xx湖南) A. while B. when C. since D. after21. The hurricane damaged many houses and business buildings; _, it caused 20 deaths. (xx江西) A. or else B. therefore C. after all D. besides22. In peace, too, the Red Cross is expected to send help _ there is human suffering. (xx江西) A. whoever B. however C. whatever D. wherever23. He was about halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came his ears. (xx辽宁) A. why B. where C. when D. while24. I grew up in Africa, _ at least I should say that I spent much of the first ten years of my life there. (xx辽宁) A. and B. or C. so D. but25. How can you expect to learn anything _ you never listen? (xx山东) A. in case B. even if C. unless D. when26. We wont keep winning games _ we keep playing well. (xx浙江) A. because B. unless C. when D. while27. Progress so far has been very good. _, we are sure that the project will be pleted on time. (xx浙江) A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. BesidesKeys: 1-5 DAABD 6-10 DCDCA 11-15 CAABB 16-20 DDBDB 21-25 DDCBD 26-27 BC