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William Shakespeare (1564-1616),154 sonnets十四行诗,2 long poems,37 plays,Tragedies,Comedies,History plays,Tragi-comedies,Shakespeares Works,HIS TRAGEDIES,among the most powerful studies of human nature in all literature appropriately as the greatest achievements of his dramatic artistry his unforgettable tragic characters, such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth,Four Great Tragedies,Hamlet(1601) 哈姆雷特 Othello(1604) 奥赛罗 King Lear(1605) 李尔王 Macbeth(1606) 麦克白,HIS COMEDIES,His comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly（stupid） . By means that are sometimes humiliating（degrade）, even painful, characters learn greater wisdom and emerge with a clearer view of reality. Tragedies begin happily and end in misery. Comedies, on the other hand, begin in misery and end happily.,Well-known Comedies,The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之梦 Twelfth Night 第十二夜 As You Like It 皆大欢喜 Alls Well That Ends Well 终成眷属 Much Ado about Nothing 无事生非,Histories,2 Henry VI 3 Henry VI 1 Henry VI Richard III Richard II,King John 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV Henry V Henry VIII,His History Plays,History plays（sometimes known as chronicle plays ）-a highly popular form of drama in Shakespeares time.,Shakespeares Poetry,Poetry Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece Sonnets,A Lovers Complaint The Passionate Pilgrim The Phoenix and The Turtle,Shakespeare wrote in “Early Modern English.” EME was not very different from “Modern English,”,Shakespeares Language,A mix of old and very new Rural and urban words/images Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest noble,Shakespeares Language,Thou=you(主格）,Thy=your（物主代词）,Thee=you（宾格）,Warming-up,Match the meaning with the quotation and the play.,“Words, words, only words, no matter from the heart”,Meaning: Empty words, not real thoughts or ideas from the heart.,Troilus and Cressida,空话,空话,只是空话,没有一点发自内心.,Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo ? Deny your father, and refuse your name,罗密欧,罗密欧,你为什么是罗密欧?否定你的父亲放弃你的姓氏.,Romeo and Juliet,Version In modern English,“Neither a borrower nor a lender be”,Meaning: It is best not to lend (money) to others and not to borrow from others. When we lend sth, we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with the other person.,Hamlet,别借债,莫放债.,Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.,Meaning: A person who has great responsibility, such as a king, is constantly worried and therefore doesnt sleep soundly.,头戴王冠,寝食不安.,“To be or not to be: that is the question”,Meaning: That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing.,Hamlet,生存还是毁灭,这是个问题.,William Shakespeare All the worlds a Stage (from As You Like It) ),All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. 全世界是个舞台，男男女女只是演员而已，他们都有其退场和登场，人生在世扮演着多种角色，它的表演有七个时期。,“Lifes but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And is heard of no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.” - Macbeth Act V; s.5,人生不过是一个行走的影子，一个在舞台上指手划脚的笨拙的怜人，登场片刻，便在无声无息中悄然退去，这是一个愚人所讲的故事，充满了喧哗和骚动，却一无所指。麦克白,Influence,Shakespeares work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. His writing is widely regarded as one of the three main sources of the English literature, while the other two are Greek and Roman myths and the Bible. In Shakespeares day, English grammar and spelling were less standardised than they are now, and his use of language helped shape modern English.,Ben Jonson dedicated（devoted） a poem in praise of Shakespeare,我的莎士比亚，起来吧。我不想把你 安置在乔叟、斯宾塞的身旁，或者叫波蒙特 躺过去一点，给你让出些地方。 即使没有墓，你也是一块丰碑， 你仍然活着，只要你的书还在， 只要我们会读书，我们会说出赞词。 自豪吧，我的不列颠，你拿的出一个人， 欧洲所有剧坛都向他致敬。 他不只属于一个时代，而是属于永远。,The Cost of a Show,1 shilling to stand 2 shillings to sit in the balcony 1 shilling was 10% of their weekly income,Actors,Only men and boys Young boys whose voices had not changed play womens roles Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage Costumes were often the companys most valuable asset Costumes were made by the company, bought in London, or donated by courtiers,The Globe Theater,The evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet (30 m) in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators.,The Globe Theatre Shakespeares Most Successful Financial Venture,Called the “Wooden O” because of its eight sided shape.,Stayed in business because of the favor of the royalty of the time,- Soft you now! The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy (your) orisons Be all my sins rememberd. -Hamlet,且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。,Hamlet,The Prince of Denmark, the title character, and the protagonist. About thirty years old at the start of the play, the son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, the nephew of the present king, Claudius.,Hamlets soliloquy,For such a figure as Hamlet, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context.,How many soliloquies does Hamlet deliver?,Hamlet has seven major soliloquies: “O that this too too sullied flesh would melt“ (1.2.129-159) “O all you host of heaven! O earth! what else?“ (1.5.92-111) “O what a rogue and peasant slave am I!“ (2.2.549-607) “To be, or not to be, that is the question“ (3.1.56-89) “Tis now the very witching time of night“ (3.3.380-392) “Now might I do it pat, now a is a-praying“ (3.3.73-96) “How all occasions do inform against me“ (4.4.32-66),To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?To die,to sleep, No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to,tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd. To die,to sleep;,Hamlets soliloquy,生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。,To sleep: perchance to dream:ay, theres the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause: theres the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressors wrong, the proud mans contumely, The pangs of despisd love, the laws delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin?.,睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生。,With a bare bodkin? who would these fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscoverd country, from whose bourn No traveller returns,puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? 谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？,Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied oer with the pale cast of thought; And enterprises of great pith and moment, With this regard, their currents turn awry, And lose the name of action.,这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。,Hamlets soliloquy,Main Idea: This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existence, and whether it is ones right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy（lawfulness ） of suicide in an unbearably painful world.,To be, or not to be: that is the question:,the key sentence dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and death,suffer the life passively,to end ones sufferings actively?,To be,To live and not to take action,Not to be,To take action and die,Which is nobler ?,To be-to live suffer the life passively the whips and scorns of time the oppressors wrong pangs of despisd love the laws delay insolence of office ,Not to be -to die seek to end ones sufferings actively bring himself peace with a knife easy! But-Unknown dreams in the death-sleep Nobody comes back from the unknown land to tell about their afterlife,“the dread of something after death” makes people submit to the suffering of their lives rather than go to another state of existence which might be even more miserable.,Pains already known,Hamlets theme,Treachery（betrayal ）,revenge,incest,moral corruption,Hamlets character,melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncles scheming and disgust for his mothers sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts.,Romeo and Juliet,Romeo and Juliet,Though a tragedy, there is no tinge (hint) of pessimism in the play. It is a song of youth and true love.,Setting of Romeo and Juliet,The play is mainly set in the thirteenth or fourteenth century in Italy in Verona. Much of the action takes place in Juliets house. The Capulets and the Montagues, the main families of the play, are from noble lineage（家族） and wealth; they dress well, live in fancy surroundings, and are served by many attendants. The plays basic setting, therefore, is rich and elegant.,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Whats in a name? That which we call a rose By any other word would smell as sweet. (2.2.45-6), Juliet O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? (2.2.35), Juliet,Good night, good night. Parting is such sweet sorrow, That I shall say good night till it be morrow. (2.2.197-8), Juliet See how she leans her cheek upon her hand! O that I were a glove upon that hand, That I might touch that cheek! (2.2.23-5), Romeo,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Give me my Romeo, and, when he shall die, Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night, And pay no worship to the garish(dazzling) sun. (3.2.21-5), Juliet,Quotes from Romeo and Juliet,Shakespeares Juliet is a headstrong and intelligent character in spite of her young age,She is considered by many to be the true hero of the play, acting as a balance against the impulsive Romeo.,The play takes place over a time span of four days. Within these few days, Juliet is thrust into adulthood quicklywhere she must deal with issues of life, love, passion, and even death. She experiences a timeline of emotions.,
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