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2016高考导航适用于全国卷,专题1 名词、冠词和代词,专题1 名词、冠词和代词,专题1 名词、冠词和代词,考点一 名词的单复数,1(2014高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the_(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.,changes,2(2015南昌十所重点中学二模)In keeping a diary in English，we certainly run up against many_ (difficult) 3(2014高考全国卷，短文改错，节选)Since thenfor all these yearwe have been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please._,difficulties,yearyears,名词的单复数 1可数名词的数 (1)可数名词单数变复数的规则变化 可数名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾后加s或es，规 则的复数构成形式如下：,在词尾直接加s,tabletables parkparks,在词尾加es,busbuses boxboxes wishwishes watchwatches,将y变为i再加es,familyfamilies butterflybutterflies dictionarydictionaries,在词尾直接加s,daydays holidayholidays monkeymonkeys,一般在词尾加s,photophotos radioradios zoozoos,有些在词尾加es,potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes heroheroes,一般变f或fe为 v，再加es,knifeknives wifewives lifelives leafleaves,少数直接加s,roofroofs beliefbeliefs,(2)有些名词复数形式不是以加s或es构成，它们的不规则构 成形式如下：,manmen womanwomen foot feet mousemice goosegeese toothteeth,oxoxen childchildren,fish，sheep，deer，means(方式；方法)， series，Chinese，Swiss,2.不可数名词的数 一般地说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数 形式,一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数名词的名 词有：milk，homework，housework，weather，news， information，bread，advice，progress，equipment，meat, fun，luggage，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room (空间)，man(人类)等。,特别注意 1word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人 类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。 Word came that the meeting will be held on Friday. 有消息称会议将于周五召开。 2名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的 man/woman和中心词都要变成复数形式。 man doctormen doctors男医生 woman waiterwomen waiters女服务生,名师指津 1不定冠词a、an后用名词单数形式。 2有some、many、all、both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。 3名词前有one of时，名词用复数形式。 4谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时确定名词为复数。,.单句语法填空 1(2015太原模拟)The little boy ate so many_ (potato) and so much meat that he threw up at dawn. 2(2015山东临沂二模)The ALS makes peoples muscles become hard.It is hard for the patients to move.Stephen Hocking is one of the_(suffer) 3(2016江西重点中学盟校第一次联考)So I hope there will be more and more charity shops in ther_(place),potatoes,suffers,places,.单句改错 1(2015石家庄二模)Plant had to be on land before animals arrived._ 2(2015江西赣州高三摸底考试)When my uncle arrived with a smile，I threw my arm around him to give him a warm hug. _ 3(2015济宁模拟)I feel terrible，I didnt do well in the math test. Dont take it too hard.youre already making progresses and will surely learn it well._,PlantPlants,armarms,progressesprogress,考点二 词性的转换 1. (2015高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their_(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.,ability,2(2015河南洛阳高三第二次统一考试)How do learning habits influence learning results？Its useful and necessary to discuss learning habits.There is a famous_ (say) “Good habits lead to good endings”，which shows the importance of habits. 3(2015山东日照二模)Be sure to be with a strong _(aware) that you are what you eat!,saying,awareness,一、形容词变名词的后缀,shortshortage 不足；短缺,efficientefficiency 效率；功效 fluentfluency 流利；流畅 accurateaccuracy 准确性 privateprivacy 隐私，私密,freefreedom 自由；自主 wisewisdom 明智；智慧,differentdifference 差异 silentsilence 沉默,weakweakness 虚弱；弱点 kindkindness 仁慈；好意 carelesscarelessness 粗心大意,strongstrength 力气；强项 warmwarmth 温暖；热情,difficultdifficulty 困难 cruelcruelty 残酷；残暴 safesafety 安全 responsibleresponsibility 责任,二、动词变名词的后缀,approveapproval 赞成；批准 arrivearrival 到来；到达 survivesurvival 幸存 proposeproposal 提议；建议,appearappearance 出现；外貌 guideguidance 指引；指导 performperformance 表演；节目 existexistence 存在；生存 preferpreference 偏爱 referreference 参考；查阅,attractattraction 吸引 inviteinvitation 邀请；请柬 graduategraduation 毕业 expectexpectation 期待；期望 competecompetition 比赛；竞争 explainexplanation 解释,discussdiscussion 讨论；辩论 decidedecision 决定 admitadmission 接纳；准许入学,hearhearing 听力；听觉 startstarting 开始,achieveachievement 功绩；成就 argueargument 辩论；论据 treattreatment 对待；治疗,failfailure 失败；没做到 presspressure 压力 mixmixture 混合；混合物 departdeparture 离开；出发,recoverrecovery 恢复；痊愈 discoverdiscovery 发现,choosechoice 选择 varyvariety 多样化；种类 tendtendency 趋向；趋势,名师指津 1根据题干的语法结构，特别是设空前的限定词判断词性:冠词、代词、数词、量词、形容词和介词后应接名词形式。 2根据句法结构判断词性：如果所填词在句中作主语、宾 语、同位语时，一般用所给词的名词形式。 3确定词性为名词后，根据常用的前后缀将所给词转换成 适当的形式。,1(2015济南一模)The_(protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and economic development throughout the world. 2(2015济南模拟)Just imagine how terribly shy I was the moment I thought of that with so many eyes fixed upon me. I had no other_(choose)，though.,protection,choice,3(2015洛阳统一考试)The customer thought for a moment，but didnt respond because he didnt want to start an_(argue) 4(2015郑州第三次诊断)British families started going on holiday to the seaside around the middle of the 19thcentury. The_(invent) of the railways made this possible.,argument,invention,考点三 冠词的基本用法,1(2015高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of American Southwest are admired by even_most modern of architects and engineers. 2(2015江西南昌调研)Some inventions happen in strange ways.The potato chip is one of them.Moons Lake House was_restaurant in New York in the 1850s.,the,a,3(2015河南省高考适应性测试)We can broaden our horizons and know more about the world by watching _latest news and reports. 4(2014高考辽宁卷，短文改错，节选)Besides，Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day._ 5(2015南昌二模)Lionel Messi，_player from the South American country of Argentina，is the greatest soccer player alive today.,the,a,第一个aan,一、不定冠词的基本用法 1用在第一次提到的人或物的名词前，表泛指。 At that time，I was working in a factory.The factory produces car parts.那时，我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车零部件。 2表示数量“一”或“任何一个”。 What would you like? 你想喝点什么？ I would like a coffee and two beers. 我想喝一杯咖啡和两瓶啤酒。,3用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。 He missed the gold in the high jump，but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。 二、定冠词的基本用法 1特指前面已提及的人或物，或双方都知道的人或物。 Take your timeits just a short distance from here to the restaurant. 不着急从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离。 2.用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前,表“一类人或物”。 The explosion saw people rush to help the injured. 爆炸发生后，人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。,3用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only，very，same等之前。 Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。 4用于被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前。 (2015高考重庆卷，单项填空，改编)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚听说多拉工作的银行被一个戴面具的持枪人抢劫了。,三、零冠词的基本用法 1用于表示泛指的不可数或复数名词前。 Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which youll make great progress. 记日记是一个可以让你取得进步的好习惯。 2用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。 Are you going there by plane or by ship? 你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？ 3用于系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。 After years of hard work，Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一个好经理。,.单句语法填空 1(2015河南普通毕业班适应性练习)English is now_ international language.It is used in many aspects. 2(2015北京石景山一模)The villagers have been searching for_buried people without stop since the accident happened. 3The experiment turned out to be _ complete failure, which wasnt what they wanted.,an,the,a,.单句改错 1(2015太原二模)Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school. _ 2(2016河南六市第一次联考)Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for more than three hours. _ 3(2015济宁模拟)Hiking is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take exercise at the same time. _,第二个aan,athe,去掉第一个the,考点四 冠词用于固定搭配中 1(2015山东烟台模拟)If you dont have_good knowledge of English，its out of question for you to use it flexibly and fluently. 2(2015河北保定联考)It is_waste of time，at times the food is not fresh and does not taste delicious.,a,a,3(2015日照模拟)Would you mind giving me advice on how to improve my record? If you make_most of your potential，there will be a rise in your achievement. 4(2015南昌一模)In_eyes of children，playing on the Internet can only bring them great fun.,the,the,一、常用固定结构 1用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示 “按计算”。 Its said John will be in a job paying over $60，000 a year. 据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。 Right，he will also get paid by the week. 是的，他的工资将按周支付。 2用于“the比较级the比较级”(越越)结构中。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you will make.你越小心，就会越少犯错误。,二、冠词用在固定短语中 1不定冠词用于固定搭配中 at a loss不知所措，困惑 all of a sudden 突然 in a hurry 匆忙的 as a rule 通常 be on a visit 参观；拜访 as a matter of fact 事实上 as a result 因此 be on a diet 节食 have a gift for 在某方面有天赋 have/catch a cold 感冒 make a living 谋生,have/take a rest 休息 in a way 从某种意义上说 give sb.a lift 让某人搭便车 2定冠词用于固定短语中 at the moment 此刻；目前 at the same time 同时 not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary 相反 on the whole 总的来说 to tell the truth 说实话 in the distance 在远处 on the other hand 另一方面,to the point 中肯；切题 make the most/best of 充分利用 by the way 顺便说一下 go to the cinema/theater 去看电影/戏剧 in the middle of 在中间 3零冠词用于固定短语中 on purpose 故意地 by chance 碰巧 catch/on fire 着火 at dawn/dusk 在黎明/黄昏 make room for 让位 out of date 过时的 by sea 乘船,单句语法填空 1(2015临沂模拟)With the development of society，our country is badly in need of those with_better command of computer skills. 2(2015河南罗山高中二模)I said，“You tell your sweet nephew that there are still nice people left who wanted to give them_hand in this world.”,a,a,3(2015山东济南二模)And the headmaster had_ hard time with all the homework! 4(2015石家庄二中一模)The tour will provide_unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in _hope that you will better understand the life there.,a,a,the,(1)判断设空后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数。 (2)根据语境或语法结构确定是泛指还是特指。复数名词或不可数名词表泛指不加任何冠词，单数可数 名词表泛指时其前需要加不定冠词；表特指须用定冠词the。,(2014高考陕西卷，语法和词汇知识，改编) _village where I was born has grown into_ town. 【解析】句意为：我出生的那个小村庄已经发展成了一个小 镇。分析句子结构可知，village后有定语从句where I was born修饰，故第一空为特指，用定冠词the；由句意可知,小 村庄已经发展成了一个小镇，故第二空为泛指，用不定冠词 a，表示“一个”。,The,a,考点五 代 词,1(2015高考全国卷，语法填空,节选)A few hours before, Id been at home in Hong Kong，with_(it) choking smog. 2(2015河南顶级名校5月模拟)Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded area and the welfare department brought_(they) food，clothes and shelter.,its,them,3(2014高考全国卷，语法填空，节选)Then the driver stood up and asked，“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？”A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh，dear！Its_(I)” 4(2015江西上饶三模)Third，ants think about summer all winter.During the winter，they remind_(they), “This wont last long and well soon be out of here.”On the first warm day，the ants are out. 5(2015河南三门峡考前适应性练习)Jane was walking round the department store.She remembered how difficult_was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.,me/mine,themselves,it,一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词及疑问代词的用法,I,you,he， she，it,we,you,they,me,you,him，her，it,us,you,them,my,your,his，her，its,our,your,their,mine,yours,his， hers， its,ours,yours,theirs,myself,yourself,himself， herself， itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves,who，whom，whose，which，what,My thanks should go to those inspiring me to go ahead and giving me support as well. 我感谢那些鼓励我前进并给予我支持的人。 What I want to say is this：you should grasp every minute to finish your work.我想说的是，你应该抓住每一分钟的时间完成你的工作。 Such is the power of the TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. 这就是电视的力量，它可以使人一夜成名。,二、不定代词的用法,other泛指“其余的，另外的”,只作定语。other复数名词others。,In some countries， people eat with chopsticks, while in others/other countries，knives and forks.,the other特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。the other可数名词复数the others。,(2015高考陕西卷，语法和词汇知识，改编)To warm himself，the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.,三、指示代词this，that，these，those，such，so的用法,指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物。,指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that可指上文提到过的人或物。,指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数。,代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此,这样”。在believe，think，expect，suppose，imagine，guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。,(2015高考天津卷，单项填空，改编)The quality of education in this small school is better than that in some larger schools.这所小学校的教育质量比一些更大的学校的(教育质量)好。 (2015山东潍坊模拟)People living in colder regions are generally larger than those living in hotter ones. 生活在寒冷地区的人通常比生活在炎热地区的人身材高大些。,四、it的用法 1用作人称代词，用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。 The Smiths bought a new house but it will need a lot of work before they can move in.史密斯一家买了一套房子，但 是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。 2it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放 在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式 充当。 No matter where he is，he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管在哪里，他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。,3常用于固定搭配中。 make it成功；hate/like/enjoy it that.讨厌/喜欢；I cant help it我没有办法；if I can help it如果我有办法；when it comes to.当涉及时；rely on/depend on/count on it that.相信；as sb.puts it.正如某人所说；I would appreciate it if.如果，我将不胜感激。 I would appreciate it if you take my suggestion into consideration.如果你考虑我的建议我将不胜感激。,1(2015南昌模拟)There are also two different trips，both quite reasonably priced._is a climbing trip to the top of Mount Puimonen.The other is a 5km cross country skiing trip. 2(2015河南三门峡考前适应性练习)She did not hesitate for long：although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while，she knew that this was a present which was bound to please_,One,him,3(2015青岛高三统一质量检测)Both teams were in hard training；_was willing to lose the game. 4(2015河北五个一名校联盟监测二)I dont think _is necessary for you to buy the fastest one.It would be a waste of money.,neither,it,技法1 通过句子成分确定填什么代词 分析句子成分，如果句中缺主语，则可能填人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；如果缺宾语，则可能填人称代词宾格；如果宾语与主语是指同一人，则应用反身代词。,(2015日照模拟)On my desk is a photo that my father took of_(I) when I was a baby. 【解析】设空处作介词of的宾语，应用人称代词宾格；再结 合句意“我的桌子上有张我小时候父亲为我拍的照片”可知 填me。,me,技法2 通过句式结构判断是否填it 根据句式结构，判断句子是否为it的特殊句式，it作形式主 语、形式宾语或在强调句式中。 (2015山西四校联考)Id appreciate_ if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will come. 【解析】句意：如果你能提前告知我你是否会来的话，我将 感激不尽。Id appreciate it if.为固定句型，意为“如 果，我将感激不尽”。it在该句型中作形式宾语，指代 下文if从句的内容。,it,
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