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第37讲 复合句,宾语从句,宾语从句即在复合句中作主句的宾语的句子。它属于名词性从句。它既可以作主句谓语动词宾语，也可作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。中考对宾语从句考查的重点是引导词、时态和语序。,高频考向一 宾语从句的引导词 宾语从句是陈述句，引导词用that，在口语中that可以省略。如： We believe (that) he is honest.我们相信他是诚实的。 如果宾语从句由一般疑问句转换而来，其引导词用if或whether。一般情况下，二者可以通用，但从句中有or not或从句充当介词的宾语时，只能用whether。如： I dont know if/whether she will come here.我不知道她是否将来这儿。 Sorry，I dont know whether he will come or not.对不起，我不知道他是否会来。 宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，引导词就是特殊疑问词。如： Could you tell me where the post office is？你能告诉我邮局在哪里吗？ The teacher asked the students what they were doing.老师问学生他们正在做什么。,高频考向二 宾语从句的时态 宾语从句中的谓语动词的时态是由主句中谓语动词的时态来决定的，一般有下面几种情况： 主句的时态为一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时，从句的谓语动词的时态要根据具体的情况用相应的任何时态。如： He says he will ask Mr. Hu to give Jim some work.他说他将让胡先生给吉姆一些工作。 主句的时态为过去时态时，从句的谓语动词的时态要用相应的过去的某一时态。如： She said she missed us very much.她说她非常想念我们。 从句表示的是客观真理、普遍真理、自然现象时，从句的时态一律使用一般现在时。如： He said that the sun is bigger than the earth.他说太阳比地球大。,高频考向三 宾语从句的语序 1在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句要使用陈述语序，即“引导词主语谓语其他”。如： I want to know when the train left.我想知道火车是什么时候离开的。 2do you think后接宾语从句时，特殊疑问词即引导词要前置，do you think作为插入语。如： Who do you think he is talking with？你认为他正在和谁交谈？ 【注意】由do，does，did构成的疑问句，在转换成宾语从句时，要去掉do，does，did，且从句中的谓语动词要根据主句时态作出相应的变化。如： “Does he sing well？”The music teacher asked him. The music teacher asked him if/whether he sang well.这个音乐老师想知道他唱得是否很好。,如果是will，be，have，can组成的疑问句，在变为宾语从句时，要把这些词还原到句中原来的谓语位置上，并根据主句的时态作相应的变化。如： “Will you be free tomorrow？”She asked me. She asked me if/whether I would be free tomorrow.她问我明天是否是空闲的。 当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, guess, believe等动词且接有否定的that宾语从句时，常将否定词提前到主句中。如： I dont think that Alice is an American.我认为艾丽丝不是美国人。,高频考向四 宾语从句的转化 当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且谓语动词是hope，wish，decide等时，从句可转化为不定式结构。如： I hope that I can see you again. I hope to see you again.我希望能再次见到你。 当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且谓语动词是know，remember，forget，learn等时，从句可转化为“疑问词不定式”结构。如： I dont know what I should say. I dont know what to say.我不知道该说什么。,当主句的谓语动词是ask，tell，show，teach等，且宾语从句的主语和主句的间接宾语一致时，从句可转化为“不定式结构”或“疑问词不定式”结构。如： Mr. Hu tells us that we shouldnt draw on the wall. Mr. Hu tells us not to draw on the wall.胡老师告诉我们不应该在墙上画画。 Will you please tell me where I can buy stamps? Will you please tell me where to buy stamps？你能告诉我在哪儿能买到邮票吗？,状语从句,状语从句即在复合句中作状语的句子。根据其用途可分为九类。中考对状语从句考查的重点是引导词和时态。,高频考向一 状语从句的种类,如： Ill let you know as soon as she comes.她一来，我就会让你知道。(时间状语从句) I wont go with you because I am busy doing my homework now.我不会跟你去，因为现在我正忙着做作业。(原因状语从句) If it rains tomorrow，well stay at home.如果明天下雨，我们会待在家里。(条件状语从句) Although he is not rich，he lives happily.尽管他不富有，但是他生活得很幸福。(让步状语从句) He got up very early this morning in order that he could catch the first bus.为了能赶上第一班公交车，他早上起得很早。(目的状语从句),It was such a cold day that nobody wanted to go out.天气那么冷，没人想出去。(结果状语从句) wherever he goes, he always brings his pet dog.无论他哪里，他总是带着他的宠物狗。(地点状语从句) Carol speaks English as well as you do.卡罗尔英语说得和你一样好。(比较状语从句) The child talked to us as if he were a grownup.那个孩子和我们谈起话来像个成年人似的。(方式状语从句) 【注意】so与because, though/although与but不能在句中同时出现。,高频考向二 状语从句与主句时态的一致性 1主句为祈使句、一般将来时态或由情态动词表示将来的动作时，if引导的条件状语从句、because引导的原因状语从句及when, as soon as, until等引导的时间状语从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如： Dont go and play football if you dont finish your homework.如果你不完成家庭作业，你就不要去踢足球。 He wont leave until you agree with him.直到你同意他，他才会离开。 2since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时态，主句则用现在完成时态(“It has been. since从句结构”)。如： Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened in 1995.自从1995年那家工厂开办以来，王叔叔便在那里工作了。 It is (has been) ten years since we left that city.我们离开那个城市已经十年了。,3主句为过去时态时，状语从句也应用过去时态的某一种形式。如： Yesterday Meimei didnt come to school because her mother was ill.昨天梅梅没来上学是因为她妈妈病了。 When I was a child, father had told me that story.我还是小孩子的时候爸爸便已给我讲过那个故事了。 4当主从句的动作均发生在过去时，注意含when, while引导的时间状语从句的主从句时态的一致性： 主从复合句中，主句谓语动词动作在从句谓语动词动作之前发生，且进行的时间较长时，主句用过去进行时，从句用一般过去时。如： Mother was cooking dinner when I got home yesterday.昨天我到家时妈妈正在做饭。,从句中谓语动作先于主句中谓语动词动作发生，且进行的时间较长时，从句用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时。如： When the students were having a meeting, the teacher came in.学生们正在开会时，老师进来了。 若主从句动作开始时间不存在先后关系(即同时发生)或无所谓先后时，主从句可同时使用过去进行时。如： While Han Meimei was sweeping the floor, Lucy was carrying water.韩梅梅在扫地，而露西在挑水。 主句动作和从句动作都已完成，则先发生的动作可用过去完成时态，后发生的动作用一般过去时态。如： When they got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes.他们到电影院时，电影已放映了五分钟。,定语从句,定语从句在句中作定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系代词who，whom，that，which，whose或关系副词when，where，why等引出。中考对定语从句考查的重点是定语从句的关系词。,高频考向一 定语从句的关系词 1who，whom，that代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you？他是想见你的那个人吗？ He is the man (who/whom/that) I saw yesterday.他是昨天我看到的那个人。 2which，that代替的先行词是指代事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如： Mary likes music that/which is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。 The coat (that/which) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的外套是蓝色的。 3whose用来指人或物，在句中只用作定语。如： Please pass me the book whose cover is green.请把封面是绿色的那本书递给我。,4关系副词有when，where，why，它们在句中作状语。如： Ill never forget the days when we studied together.我永远忘不了我们一起学习的那些日子。 This is the city where my father worked ten years ago.这是我爸十年前工作的城市。,高频考向二 关系词只能用that而不用which的情况 1当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我所看过的最激烈的一场足球赛。 2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： The first thing that you could do was to turn off the light.你首先要做的就是关灯。 3当先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，much，none等不定代词时(something后也可用which)。如： All that we have to do for our students is to tell them how to speak English in class.我们要为学生做的所有的事情就是告诉他们如何在课上说英语。 Im going to buy everything that I need.我要去买我所需要的一切东西。,4当先行词前面有only，just，very，any，no等词修饰时。如： Thats the only thing that we can do now.那是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 5当先行词指代的既含有人又含有物时。如： They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.他们正在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人或事。 高频考向三 关系词只能用who(whom)而不用that的情况 1当先行词为all，any或其合成词或a few且指人时。如： Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.任何违法的人都会受到惩罚。 2当先行词为that，this，those或these且指人时。如： Those who hadnt bought the tickets for the train crowded in the waiting hall.那些还没买着票的人挤在候车厅里。,3当先行词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中用who或whom引导均可，但如直接位于介词后作宾语时，只能用whom。如： The guest (who/whom) Ill first introduce to you is a little girl.我首先要介绍给你们的客人是一位小姑娘。 I met a few friends of mine，among whom was my old classmate.我遇见几位朋友，其中一位是我的老同学。,一、用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。(原创题) 1This morning my mother asked me where Julia _(go) last weekend. 2Will Tony go skiing with us this Saturday? Sorry, I dont know if he _(go). But I know he has no interest in sports. 3I dont know where she _(come) from. 4What are you doing under the desk? Im looking for the pen that I _(buy) yesterday. 5Qian Xuesen passed away on October 31, 2009, at the age of 98，but he is a man who still _(encourage) Chinese youth. 6The stories that _(write) by Mark Twain are often humorous.,went,will go,comes,bought,encourages,were written,二、用适当的连词填空。 7Id like to know _ we will go camping. Maybe in the forest. 8Excuse me, Miss Chen, could you tell me _the Belt and Road means? It is short for the Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. 9Mr. Green, do you know _our summer camp begins? July 10th. It will last a month. 10_ he had failed many times, he didnt give up and succeeded in the end.,where,what,when,Though/Although,11I will be very happy _you come to my party. 12Dad, when did you come back from the farmland yesterday? Well, I didnt come back _the rain stopped. 13Mike, what were your parents doing at 8：00 last night? My mother was reading _my father was playing computer games. 14The sky is dark and red _the sun is rising behind the cloud. 15They were too late，_ they got to the fashion show, it had been over.,if,until,while,when,when,三、用适当的关系代词填空。 16I want to visit a place _is famous for its scenery. 17Please show me the book _cover is red. 18This is the very book _tells many English stories. 19Confucius was a famous philosopher (哲学家) _has influenced the world greatly. 20Everyone _has been to Shanghai says it is a modern city.,which/that,whose,that,that/who,that/who,
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