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111Module4 Great Scientists The Analysis of the Difficult SentencesSection 2 The Analysis of the Difficult SentencesHe thought there was only one way to do thisby crossing different species of rice plant, 他认为唯一的办法就是，对不同品种的水稻进行杂交注意” dash 破折号”后面的内容是对”only one way to do this”的补充说明。2. This was the breakthrough. 这是突破！“breakthrough”是合成词。合成名词构造法主要有下列八种： 名词+名词，如 daybreak, sunrise, house-keeper, shoe-maker, headache, night-club, pocket-knife, arm-chair, wine-glass, ink-stand, man-servant, maid-servant, steamboat, goldsmith, newspaper, lawsuit等。 形容词+名词，如 blackboard, commonwealth, highway, stronghold, sweetheart, easy-chair, grandson, blueprint, deadline, high-brow, lazy-bones等。 动词+名词，如 drawbridge, grindstone, playground, pickpocket, breakfast, cut-throat, makeshift, sing-song, turn-coat, washbasin 等。 副词虚词+名词，如 afterthought, offshoot, outbreak, byway, bylaw, outpost, overcoat, underclothes, outgrowth, downpour, upkeep, bystander等。 副词虚词+动词，如 income, outlet, outlook, onset, outfit, upstart, inlet, offspring, outburst, offset等。 动词+副词，如 die-hard, breakdown, drawback, set-up, break-up, farewell, standstill, feedback等。 名词+动名词，如 book-keeping, town-planning, letter-writing, word-building, tiger-hunting, paper-manufacturing, bill-collecting, car-repairing, television-advertising, window-shopping, day-dreaming, photocopying, handwriting等。 其他，如 man-of-war, forget-me-not, son-in-law, mother-in-law, commander-in-chief, editor-in-chief, merry-go-round, hide-and-seek, stay-at-home, jack-in-the-box等。 3. As a result of Yuan Longpings discoveries Chinese rice production rose by 47.5 percent in the 1990s. 袁隆平的发现使得20世纪90年代的中国水稻产量提高了47.5%。介词by的用法在高考中曾多次出现，本文中主要涉及了两种用法:1) by+动词ing的形式.意为：“通过，靠，凭”。如：by waiting/practicing/begging/working/imitating等。He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers. (NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly, our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。2) 表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/3/two feet等。With production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (全国2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year. (全国2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。Their wages were increased by 12%. 他们的工资增长12%。The output of steel went up by 20 percent. 钢产量增长20。 The price of cotton was reduced by 20 percent. 棉花的价格下降了20。 The loss of water has been reduced to less than 30 percent. 水的损耗减少到30以下。高考链接1. Luckily, the bullet narrowly missed the captain _ an inch. （2002上海）A. by B. at C. to D. from2. The number of the employees has grown from 1,000 to 1,200. This means it has risen _ 20 percent. （99上海）A. by B. at C. to D. with3. The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station _ 5:40 at the latest. (97NMET)A. until B. after C. by D. around4. You are so lucky. （2002春）-What do you mean _ that?A. for B. in C. of D. by5. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. (2000全国)A. As B. For C. With D. Through6. In _ review of 44 studies, American researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of _ heart disease by 76%. (2006湖南) A. a; the B. the; a C. a; / D. /; a答案：1-6 AACDCC解析：1.介词by可以和表示数量的词构成短语，表示尺寸、距离等。 2. 如果表示增加了或减少了多少,用介词by。如果表示增加或减少(reduce)到多少，用介词to。3. by到为止，表示“在5: 40前我必须到达车站”。4. 介词by表示方式，经；由。What do you mean by that? 的意思是“你说那个是什么意思？”。 5. with因为，由于。由于生产上升了60%，（注意“上升了百分之几”用介词by表示）这家公司又过了一个好年。6.“cut the risk of heart disease by 76%”中的“by”表示“下降了百分之几”。111
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