《研究生入学考试》PPT课件.ppt

研究生入学考试翻译真题讲解,印晓红,2011年,Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaver,”creatingourinnercharacterandoutercircumstances,thebookAsaManThinkingbyJamesAllenisanin-depthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.,2011年,(46)Allenscontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.Becausemostofusbelievethatmindisseparatefrommatter,wethinkthatthoughtscanbehiddenandmadepowerless;thisallowsustothinkonewayandactanother.However,Allenbelievedthattheunconsciousmindgeneratesasmuchactionastheconsciousmind,and(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”,2011年,Sincedesireandwillaredamagedbythepresenceofthoughtsthatdonotaccordwithdesire,Allenconcluded:“Wedonotattractwhatwewant,butwhatweare.”Achievementhappensbecauseyouasapersonembodytheexternalachievement;youdont“get”successbutbecomeit.Thereisnogapbetweenmindandmatter.,2011年,PartofthefameofAllensbookisitscontentionthat“Circumstancesdonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim.”(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.,2011年,This,however,wouldbeaknee-jerkreactiontoasubtleargument.Eachsetofcircumstances,howeverbad,offersauniqueopportunityforgrowth.Ifcircumstancesalwaysdeterminedthelifeandprospectsofpeople,thenhumanitywouldneverhaveprogressed.Infact,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,apersonsearlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.,2011年,ThesoberingaspectofAllensbookisthatwehavenooneelsetoblameforourpresentconditionexceptourselves.(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.,reference,(46)Allenscontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts-andrevealitserroneousnature.艾伦的贡献在于提出了我们大家都认同的假设我们不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思维并且指出了这个假设是错误的。我们每个人都认为：自己不是机器人，因此能够控制自己的思想；爱伦的贡献在于他研究了这一假说，并揭示其错误的本质。,reference,(47)whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”虽然我们错误地认为仅仅通过意识就能够保持控制，但实际上我们却一直面临着这样一个问题：“为什么我不能设法完成这样或那样的事情？”我们或许有仅仅通过意识就能维持这种控制的幻觉，但事实上，我们却总是面临一个问题：我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情或者实现那个目标呢？,reference,(48)Thisseemsajustificationforneglectofthoseinneed,andarationalizationofexploitation,ofthesuperiorityofthoseatthetopandtheinferiorityofthoseatthebottom.这种说法似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口，使剥削合理化，令上层人优越，底层人卑微。,reference,(49)circumstancesseemtobedesignedtobringoutthebestinusandifwefeelthatwehavebeen“wronged”thenweareunlikelytobeginaconsciousefforttoescapefromoursituation.环境似乎旨在激发我们的最大潜能，如果我们总感觉“上天不公”，那么不太可能会自觉地努力脱离现状。,reference,(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwebecomeauthoritiesofwhatispossible.积极的一面是，既然任何事情都取决于我们，那么我们就有了无限可能。以前，我们能够熟练应对种种局限；现在，我们把握着未来的无限可能。,2010年,Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.,2010,Whenoneofthesenon-economiccategoriesisthreatened,and,ifwehappentoloveit.Weinventexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcentury,songbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.,2010,Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceofabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.,2010,Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies”.,2010,Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomicmindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowlyorhaveasalevaletopayastimbercrops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.,2010,Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withoutthenon-economicpats.,reference,(46)Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大意是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。,reference,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceofabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.但我们至少几乎承认了这样一种观点：鸟类的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。,reference,(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverworkedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies”.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或没有价值的物种。,reference,(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,thenon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，而得到合理的保护。在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。,reference,(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.这一系统容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。,2009年,1)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在扩大和改进经验所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。,reference,2)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.这种制度的副产品仅仅是为人们所逐步注意到，而在实施这一制度时，认为这种影响是一个制约因素则仍然更为缓慢。,reference,3)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。,reference,4)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住会考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。,reference,5）Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation-thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.这就使我们得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接讲授或学校教育。,