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.计算机英语（第 4 版）练习参考答案Unit One: Computer and Computer ScienceUnit One/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturization; chipII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial intelligence 人工智能2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器3. optical computer 光计算机4. neural network 神经网络5. instruction set 指令集6. parallel processing 并行处理7. difference engine 差分机8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件9. silicon substrate 硅衬底10. vacuum tube 真空管11. 数据的存储与处理 the storage and handling of data12. 超大规模集成电路 very large-scale integrated circuit13. 中央处理器 central processing unit14. 个人计算机 personal computer.15. 模拟计算机 analogue computer16. 数字计算机 digital computer17. 通用计算机 general-purpose computer18. 处理器芯片 processor chip19. 操作指令 operating instructions20. 输入设备 input deviceIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, andproduces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital .They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers , workstations, or microcomputers.All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides someindication of the compu ter spseed, size, cost, and abilities.Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generationcomputers of historic significance , such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机 ), introduced in theearly 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in theearly 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generationcomputers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generationcomputers such as microcomputers , which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scaleintegration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip . Fifth-generationcomputers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approachesto computing , including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.IV . Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算， 以及使用遗传基本单位 DNA（脱氧核糖核酸） 存储数据和执行运算的计算。这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。Unit One/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. experimentation2. interfacing3. interdisciplinary4. microprocessorII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. artificial neural network 人工神经网络2. computer architecture 计算机体系结构3. robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序4. human-computer interface 人机接口5. knowledge representation 知识表示6. 数值分析 numerical analysis7. 程序设计环境 programming environment8. 数据结构 data structure9. 存储和检索信息 store and retrieve information10. 虚拟现实 virtual realityUnit One/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. output2. supercomputer3. microcontroller4. handheld; convergenceII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. Web page （万维）网页2. touch screen 触摸屏，触屏3. blade server 刀片服务器4. removable storage device 移动（式）存储设备5. 声卡 sound card6. 存储服务器 storage server7. 便携式媒体播放器 portable media player8. 硬盘 hard diskUnit Two: Computer ArchitectureUnit Two/Section AI Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. input; output; storage2. Basic Input/Output System3. flatbed; hand-held4. LCD-based5. dot-matrix; inkjet6. disk; memory7. volatile8. serial; parallelII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. function key 功能键，操作键，函数键2. voice recognition module 语音识别模块3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区4. address bus 地址总线5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）7. parallel connection 并行连接8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管9. video game 电子游戏10. audio signal 音频信号11. 操作系统 operating system12. 液晶显示（器） LCD (liquid crystal display)13. 喷墨打印机 inkjet printer14. 数据总线 data bus15. 串行连接 serial connection16. 易失性存储器 volatile memory17. 激光打印机 laser printer18. 磁盘驱动器 disk drive19. 基本输入输出系统 BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)20. 视频显示器 video displayIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks,which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On aCD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的 ) areas (called“pits ”) on its bottsoumrface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam oflight on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1or a 0.Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD- ROM is a “rea-donly ”disc.Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user haveaccessonly to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes (兆字节 ) of data. That is equivalent to451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or accessthe information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is theiraccess rate.IV . Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列 1 和 0 表示。模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。Unit Two/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. graphical2. file; scheduler3. virtual4. sliceII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. interrupt handler 中断处理程序2. virtual memory 虚拟存储（器），虚存，虚拟内存3. context switch 上下文转换，语境转换4. main memory 主存（储器）5. bit pattern 位模式6. 外围设备 peripheral device7. 进程表 process table8. 时间片 time slice9. 图形用户界面 graphical user interface10. 海量存储器 mass storageUnit Two/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. repository2. central; sub-systems3. network4. layered 或 abstract machineII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. code generator 代码生成程序，代码发生器2. abstract machine 抽象机3. program editor 程序编辑程序，程序编辑器4. configuration item 配置项5. 计算机辅助设计 CAD (computer-aided design)6. 数据冗余 data redundancy7. 指挥与控制系统 command and control system8. 视频压缩与解压缩 video compression and decompressionUnit Three: Computer Language and ProgrammingUnit Three/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. artificial; instructions2. low-level; high-level3. machine4. machine5. functional; logic6. statement7. module8. digitalII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. storage register 存储寄存器2. function statement 函数语句3. program statement 程序语句4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言5. assembly language 汇编语言6. intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言7. relational language 关系（型）语言8. artificial language 人工语言9. data declaration 数据声明10. Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言11. 可执行程序 executable program12. 程序模块 program module13. 条件语句 conditional statement14. 赋值语句 assignment statement15. 逻辑语言 logic language16. 机器语言 machine language17. 函数式语言 functional language18. 程序设计语言 programming language19. 运行计算机程序 run a computer program20. 计算机程序员 computer programmerIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It letsthe programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard tomachine-specific details.The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to thedevelopment of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符 )for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a programknown as an assembler (汇编程序，汇编器 ) into the binary encoding used by the computer.Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序 ) combine pieces ofassembled code and load them into the machine msain memory unit, where they are thenready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since itallowed “libraries pro”graomf s to be built up to carry out common tasks a first step towardthe increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to besufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) wereinvented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming ; along with them came the need forcompilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. Asprogramming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers thatcreate high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became aninteresting computer science problem in itself.IV . Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:面向对象程序设计语言，如 C+和 Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作， 带来了更多 “可复用的” 计算机代码。可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。Unit Three/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. objects2. platform-independent3. multithreading4. runtimeII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. native code 本机（代）码2. header file 头标文件；页眉文件3. multithreaded program 多线程程序4. Java-enabled browser 支持 Java的浏览器5. malicious code 恶意代码6. 机器码 machine code7. 汇编码 assembly code8. 特洛伊木马程序 Trojan horse9. 软件包 software package10. 类层次 class hierarchyUnit Three/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. subscript; index2. fixed3. histogram4. two-dimensionalII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. bar chart 条形图2. frequency array 频率数组3. graphical representation 图形表示4. multidimensional array 多维数组5. 用户视图 user(s) view6. 下标形式 subscript form7. 一维数组 one-dimensional array8. 编程结构 programming constructUnit Four: Software DevelopmentUnit Four/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. application; operating2. assemblers3. compiler4. interpreter5. debugger6. loop7. driver8. John von NeumannII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. inference engine 推理机2. system call 系统调用3. compiled language 编译执行的语言4. parallel computing 并行计算5. pattern matching 模式匹配6. memory location 存储单元7. interpreter program 解释程序8. library routine 库程序，程序库例行程序9. intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序10. source file 源文件11. 解释执行的语言 interpreted language12. 设备驱动程序 device driver13. 源程序 source program14. 调试程序 debugging program15. 目标代码 object code16. 应用程序 application program17. 实用程序 utility program18. 逻辑程序 logic program19. 墨盒 ink cartridge20. 程序的存储与执行 program storage and executionIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code intoobject code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languagesthat people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need acompiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of sourcecode to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer smachine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can runthe program immediately after the compiler produces its translation . If the object code is notin machine language, other programs such as assemblers, binders ( 联编程序 ), linkers, andloaders (加载程序 )finish the translation.Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types ofcomputers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personalcomputers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produceversions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary betweenmanufacturers.IV . Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。较严重的错误会导致程序“中止” （对命令停止反应） ，可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。Unit Four/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. entity2. duration3. data; process或 process; data4. implementedII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. check box 复选框，选择框，校验框2. structured design 结构化设计3. building block 积木块，构建模块，构件4. database schema 数据库模式5. radio button 单选（按）钮6. 系统建模技术 system modeling technique7. 模型驱动开发 model-driven development8. 数据流程图 data flow diagram9. 下拉式菜单 drop-down ( 或 pull-down) menu10. 滚动条 scroll barUnit Four/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. heterogeneous2. asynchronous3. bridges4. opennessII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. procedure call 过程调用2. fault tolerance 容错3. homogeneous system 同构系统4. autonomous agent 自主主体5. 路由算法 routing algorithm6. 异构型环境 heterogeneous environment7. 多址通信协议 multicast protocol8. 通信链路 communication(s) linkUnit Five: Software ProcessUnit Five/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. off-the-shelf2. exclusive3. cascade4. requirements; integration5. throwaway6. immediate; stable7. reuse-oriented; framework8. software; compromisesII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. system specification 系统规格说明2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）4. system validation testing 系统验证测试5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程6. linear model 线性模型7. program unit 程序单元8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型9. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化10. system evolution 系统演变11. 系统设计范例 system design paradigm12. 需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition13. 探索式编程方法 exploratory programming approach14. 系统文件编制 system documentation15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model16. 系统集成 system integration17. 商用现成软件 commercial off-the-shelf ( 或 COTS) software18. 基于组件的软件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE)19. 软件维护工具 software maintenance tool20. 软件复用 software reuseIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance torepair software faults . Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors aremore expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirementserrors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may benecessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operatingenvironment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system senvironment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support softwarechanges. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmentalchanges. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system fusnctionality .This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response toorganizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is oftenmuch greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice , there isn at clear-cutdistinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a newenvironment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features.Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.IV . Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。Unit Five/Section BI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. acceptance2. code3. automation; coverage4. regressionII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. black box testing 黑盒测试（法）2. acceptance testing 验收测试3. code execution path 代码执行路径4. test harness 测试框架5. equivalence partitioning 等价（类）划分6. 捕获回放工具 capture/playback tool7. 视频分辨率 video resolution8. 白盒测试 white box testing9. 测试脚本 test script10. 用例 use caseUnit Five/Section CI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. problem2. consequences3. design4. specific; generalII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. procedural language 过程语言2. common design structure 通用设计结构3. class and object interaction 类与对象交互4. design constraint 设计约束5. 设计模式 design pattern6. 可复用软件 reusable software7. 面向对象的系统 object-oriented system8. 继承层次 inheritance hierarchyUnit Six: DatabaseUnit Six/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. flat2. data3. application; administrators4. conceptual5. tables6. fragmented; replicated7. structured8. entity-relationship; attributesII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. end user 最终用户，终端用户2. atomic operation 原子操作3. database administrator 数据库管理员4. relational database model 关系数据库模型5. local data 本地数据6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库7. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统8. entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型9. distributed database 分布式数据库10. flat file 平面文件11. 二维表 two-dimensional table12. 数据属性 data attribute13. 数据库对象 database object14. 存储设备 storage device15. 数据类型 data type16. 数据插入与删除 data insertion and deletion17. 层次数据库模型 hierarchical database model18. 数据库体系结构 database architecture19. 关系数据库管理系统 relational database management system (RDBMS)20. 全局控制总线 global control busIII. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, makingchanges if necessary:A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory anddesigned for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, orencoded graphics. Small databases were first developed or
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