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Unit2Cloning,知识归纳,1._vt.扔;投;掷2._vt.打扰vi.操心n.烦扰3._vt.(forbade,forbad;forbidden)禁止;不准4._vt.崇拜;爱慕;喜爱5._vi.退休;离开6._adj.不能的,不会的7._vt.孵化,cast,bother,forbid,adore,retire,unable,hatch,(一)基本单词,知识清单,8._adj.道德(上)的,伦理的9._n.程序;步骤;手续10._n.装饰11._adv.仅;只;不过12._n.突破13._n.规则;规章;法规14._n.假定;设想15._vi.获得;赢得16._vt.承担,moral,procedure,decoration,merely,breakthrough,regulation,assumption,obtain,accumulate,undertake,18._n.双胞胎之一;孪生儿之一adj.成对的;成双的19._adj.简单的;直接的;坦率的20._adv.总共;完全地21._adj.任意的22._n.(plmedia)媒介;手段;工具23._vt.获得;到达(水平、年龄、状况等)24._adj.保守的;守旧的,twin,straightforward,altogether,arbitrary,medium,attain,conservative,25._n.宪法;章程26._adj.必须做的;义务的;强迫的;强制的27._vt.欠(账、钱、人情等);归功于28._adv.立刻;不久29._vt.徒劳的,constitution,pulsory,owe,shortly,strike,vain,1._vi.相异;不同_adj.不同的2._adj.精确的;准确的_adv.准确地3._adj.商业的;贸易的_n.贸易4._n.改正;纠正;修正_adj.正确的;得体的v.改正;纠正,differ,different,exact,exactly,mercial,merce,correction,correct,(二)派生单词,5._vi.反对;不赞成_n.不赞成;反对;异议6._adj.最初的;开始的_adv.最初7._vt.抵抗;对抗_n.抵抗;抵触;反对;阻力8._adj.合情理的;讲道理的;公道的_(反义)adj.不合理的;过度的;不切实际的,object,objection,initial,initially,resist,resistance,reasonable,unreasonable,1._得到好结果;取得成功;偿清2._沮丧;不愉快3._大众传播媒体(如电视、报纸等)4._赞成;支持5._旁路;支线;岔道6._一定或注定(做),payoff,castdown,themedia,infavourof,sideroad,(be)boundto(do),(三)短语,7._使刻骨铭心8._不时;偶尔9._使复生;使复活10._白费力气;枉费心机11._状况很好(坏);情况很好(坏),strikeintoonesheart,fromtimetotime,bringbacktolife,invain,ingood/poorcondition,TheinitialrequirementisthatyouneedperfectDNAwhichgivesinformationforhowcellsaretogrow.,结构分析:虽然句子不长,但却从句套从句,共有三个从句。,(四)句式,1.undertakevt.(undertook;undertaken)着手;从事;承担课文原句:Itisadifficulttasktoundertake.这是一项很难完成的任务。【归纳】undertakesth.承担某事undertaketodosth.许诺做某事;同意做某事undertakethat保证,核心要点,(一)单词,【运用】He_themoneybackinsixmonths.他保证6个月内还钱。,undertooktopay/undertookthathe,wouldpay,2.objectvi.反对;不赞成(常接介词to)objectionn.反对,异议课文原句:Ontheotherhand,Dollysappearanceraisedastormofobjectionsandhadagreatimpactonthemediaandpublicimagination.另一方面,多莉羊的出现引起了一阵强烈的反对,对媒体和公众的想象力也产生了极大的影响。,【归纳】objecttosb./sth.=objecttodoingsth./tosb.doingsth.不同意;不赞成;反对raiseanobjectiontosth.对提出异议have/makeanobjectionto(doing)sth.对表示反对objectiveadj.客观的,就事论事的,【运用】用object的适当形式填空。1)Hedidntmean_tomyproposal,butdidit.2)Hisideaisreasonableand_.,toobject,objective,3.obtainvt.获得;赢得,课文原句:Althoughatpresenthumaneggcellsandembryosneededforcloningresearcharedifficulttoobtain,尽管目前供克隆研究的人类卵细胞很难获得,【归纳】obtainsth.from.从获得obtainsth.through.通过(某种方式或手段)获得obtain还有“买到,借到”之意。e.g.WherecanIobtainthedictionary.我在哪儿能买到这本字典?,【运用】用适当的介词填空。1)Surfingoninternetisoneofmyhobbies;Icanobtainmuchknowledge_it.2)Allpeoplearedriventopursuehappinessinlife,butthevehicles_weobtainhappinessaredifferent.,from,throughwhich,4.forbidvt.禁止;不准课文原句:Somebegantoreformtheirlegalsystemsandforbaderesearchintohumancloning,.有些政府开始改革法律制度,明令禁止进行克隆人类的研究,【点拨】forbid后不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语,但可直接跟v.-ing作宾语,也可用forbidsb.todosth.形式。allow/permit/advise/remend(建议)也这样用。e.g.Hewasforbiddentoleavethebaseasapunishment.作为惩罚,他被禁止离开基地。Thenewlawforbidssmokinginoffices.新法律禁止在办公室内抽烟。,5.owevt.欠(账、钱、人情等);归功于课文原句:Youowetheladyanapology.你欠这位女士一个道歉。【归纳】owesb.sth.;owesth.tosb.欠(债)owesb.sth.;owesth.tosb./sth.归因于,归功于,起源于owingto因为,由于,【运用】根据汉语意思完成句子。1)Hestill_(欠我80美元)formywork.2)_(因为下雨),wecouldnte.3)多亏有了你我才能活下来。Iowe_youthatIamstillalive.4)我的成功应该归功于我的老师。I_myteachers.,owesme$80,Owingtotherain,owemysuccessto,itto,6.bothervt./vi./n.课文原句:However,theproblemthatshelaterdevelopedaseriouslungdiseasebotheredscientists.然而,她不久之后就染上了很严重的肺病,这个问题困扰了科学家。,【归纳】bother作动词使烦恼,给造成麻烦。常用结构:bothersb.that.;bothersb.with/aboutsth.;itbotherssb.todosth.。如:UsuallyIdontbothermyfriendswithmylittleaffairs.Imnotbotheredaboutwhathethinks.Doesitbotheryouthatyourwifeearnsmoremoneythanyou?Itbothersmetothinkofheraloneinthatbighouse.,花费时间或精力(做某事),常用于否定句或疑问句。常用结构:botherwith/aboutsth.;bothertodosth.;botherdoingsth.。如:Itsnotworthbotheringwithanumbrellathecarsjustoutside.Hedoesntbothermuchabouthisappearance.Youneedntbothertotravelsuchalongdistance.Whybotheraskingifyourenotreallyinterested?,打扰,搭话烦扰。如:Sorrytobotheryou,buttheresacallforyouonlinetwo.bother作名词,意为“麻烦,困难;令人烦恼的人或事”。如:Suchismyfatherwhodoesntwanttoputanyonetoanybother.Imsorrytobeabother,butcouldIhavethatnumberagain?,bother干扰别人正常工作和生活,可能是故意的。disturb使人失去正常秩序而一时不得安宁,语气比bother弱。trouble指在心情上失去平衡而感到忧虑、苦恼或行动上带来不便,也常用于礼貌请求:MayItroubleyoufor?,bother/disturb/trouble,【运用】完成下列句子。1)他老是打电话给我,使我厌烦得很。Hisphoningmeallthetime_.2)什么事令你忧虑不安经济问题吗?Whats_moneyproblems?3)她轻轻地开门,以免惊扰了睡着的孩子。Sheopenedthedoorquietlysoasnotto_thesleepingchild.,troublingyou,alot,disturb,bothersme,7.strikevt.划(火柴)n.罢工课文原句:ThepopularityoffilmssuchasJurassicPark,inwhichascientistclonesseveralkindsofextinctdinosaurs,proveshowtheideastruckamixtureoffearandexcitementintopeopleshearts.在侏罗纪公园这部影片中,有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的绝种恐龙。类似这样的电影很受欢迎,证明了这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧。,观察句子,写出划线部分的含义。Theclockhasjuststruck10.()Itstruckmethatnoonewasathome.()Hestruckthetableaheavyblowangrily.()Thegirlstruckamatchandlitacandle.()Shewasstruckbyhiskindness.()Theyhavebeenonstrikeforseveraldays.()Abigearthquakestruckthearealastweek.(),报时,突然想起,打,击,划(火柴),打动,罢工,袭击,【归纳】strikewith用敲打strikeagainst撞到Itstrikessb.that.某人突然意识到bestruckby被打动;深受感动beonstrike在罢工,【运用】根据汉语意思完成句子。1)Hewassoangrythathe_hisfist.他气得用拳头砸桌子。2)Thevisitors_thebeautyofthetouristarea.游客被旅游区的美景迷住了。3)_thatwecoulduseaputertodothejob.突然想到我们可以用电脑去做这项工作。,werestruckby,struckthetablewith,Itsuddenlystruckme,8.vainadj.虚荣的;自负的;徒劳的课文原句:Alleffortsofcloningananimalwillbeinvainifthereisnotenoughdiversityinthegrouptoovereillness.如果某个动物群体没有足够的多样性以战胜疾病,那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的。,【归纳】invain白费力气;枉费心机,【运用】根据汉语意思完成句子。1)Sheclosedhereyestightly_toholdbackthetears.她紧闭双眼,却无法忍住眼泪。2)我们所有的努力都付诸东流了。Alloureffortswere_.,invain,inavainattempt,9.resistv.课文原句:Theadvantageisthatifthereisanewillnesssomeoftheseanimalsmaydie,butotherswillsurviveandpassontheabilitytoresistthatdiseasetothenextgeneration.其优点是,如果发生了某种新的疾病,这类动物中的一些可能会死去,而另一些却能存活下来,并且把这种抗疫力传给下一代。,【归纳】抵抗,回击,反抗。如:Shewaschargedwithresistingarrest.Thesoldiersresisted(theenemyattacks)fortwodays.抵制,阻挡。其后接动词作宾语时,要用动词-ing形式。如:Thebankstronglyresistedcuttinginterestrates.,忍住,抵挡。其后接动词作宾语时,要用动词-ing形式。如:Johncouldntresistshowingoffhisnewcar.不受(某事物)的损害或影响,抗,耐。如:Ahealthydietshouldhelpyourbodyresistinfection.Weneedakindofglassthatresistsheat.【拓展】resistancen.抵抗,反抗,电阻,抵抗力resistantadj.抵抗的,有抵抗力的,课文原句:Butatlastthedeterminationandpatienceofthescientistspaidoffin1996withabreakthroughthecloningofDollythesheep.但是,科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报,这就是1996年具有突破性的克隆“多莉”的诞生。,1.payoff得到好结果;取得成功;偿清,(二)短语,【归纳】paysb.forsth.=paysth.tosb.forsth.付钱给某人作为的费用payforsth.为某事吃苦头或受惩罚;花钱买某物payback还钱;报复payattentionto注意payavisitto访问payout(为某事)付出大笔款项,【运用】根据汉语意思完成句子。Sometimeswehavehadto_deadly_mistakes.有时候我们不得不为错误付出沉重的代价。He_bynoting.他以不来的方式报复了我。Withthehelpofalotofpeople,ourplan_(成功了).,payfor,paidmeback,paidoff,2.infavourof支持,赞成课文原句:Isitinfavourofcloningoragainstit?它是赞成克隆行为还是反对?【拓展】与infavourof同义或反义的常用短语:approveof赞同,赞许befor赞成,主张ononesside在某人一边beagainst反对objectto不赞成,反对,3.ingood/poorcondition状况很好(坏);情况很好(坏)课文原句:ThedodobecameextinctfairlyrecentlysoitsDNAisstillingoodcondition.渡渡鸟灭绝时间相当近,因此它的DNA仍然状况良好。,【归纳】outofcondition健康状况欠佳working/living/studyingcondition工作/生活/学习环境oncondition(that)在条件下;倘若onnocondition决不;一点也不(放在句首,句子用部分倒装),【运用】Travellersareadvisednottoflybecauseof_.因为天气情况恶劣,旅行者们被劝告不要乘飞机。Theemployeesagreedtospeaktous_theywouldntbenamed.那几位雇员同意与我们谈谈,条件是不要说出他们的名字。,poorweatherconditions,onconditionthat,(三)句式,Cloninghasalwaysbeenwithusandisheretostay.克隆一直与我们同在,而今它还要持续下去。“beheretostay”是习语,意思是“beacceptedandusedbymostpeople(被普遍接受;成为风尚)”。e.g.Itlooksasiftelevisedtrialsareheretostay.看来电视直播审判已为大多数人所接受。,【考例】1.IsittruethatMikerefusedanofferfromYaleUniversityyesterday?Yeah,butIhavenoidea_hedidit;thatsoneofhisfavoriteuniversities.A.whenB.whyC.thatD.how引导同位语从句,对idea作进一步的解释。由thatsoneofhisfavoriteuniversities可知,不知道他拒绝那所大学的原因。,同位语从句点拨,语法,2.Theonlywaytosucceedatthehighestlevelistohavetotalbelief_youarebetterthananyoneelseonthesportsfield.A.howB.thatC.whichD.whether引导同位语从句,对belief作进一步的解释,又因从句意义完整且不缺任何成分。,3.Thenoticecamearoundtwointheafternoon_themeetingwouldbepostponed.A.whenB.thatC.whetherD.how引导同位语从句,对notice作进一步的解释,又因从句意义完整且不缺任何成分。,【拓展】同位语从句与定语从句的区别:1.同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是说明名词的内容;定语从句是形容词性的,其功能通常是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,说明其性质、特征等。,2.引导同位语从句的that是连接词,在从句中没有含义、不作成分,一般不能省略;引导定语从句的that是关系代词,可作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。如:Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchisencouraging.(同位语从句)Thenews(that)weheardontheradioyesterdaywastrue.(定语从句),【运用】用适当连接词/关系词完成短文。Workingparentsoftenputtheirkidsindaycarecenter.Whilemostparentsinterviewedsaytheyaresatisfiedwiththedaycare1._theyuse,expertshavethebelief2._onlyabout12percentofchildrenreceivehighqualitycare.Manyparentsreallyhavenoidea3._goodtheirdaycareserviceis.,that/which,that,how,Whenchoosingadaycarecenter,ofcourseparentswanttoknowhowmuchitcosts.Buttherearemanyotherquestions4._parentsshouldask.Parentsneedtoknowifthecaregiverislovingandrespondstothechildsneeds.Doesthecaregiverhugthechild,talktothechild,playwiththechild?However,expertsmakethesuggestion5._parentsshouldnotputtheirbabiesinchildcarecenterforthefirstfourmonths.Duringthistime,itisimportantforbabiestoformanattachmenttotheirmothers.,that/which,that,【写作任务】最近有一名美国留学生在你校英文论坛发帖称,家庭作业不仅占用了他大量的业余时间,而且毫无必要。请你写一篇英语短文回复他的帖子,列举理由(至少三点)来反驳他的观点。注意:词数100左右。,如何写观点论证型议论文,写作,【写作指导】一、审题定调该习作要求反驳对方“家庭作业毫无必要”的观点,是一篇观点论证型议论文。因此写作时首先应该根据提示阐明自己的观点,然后围绕这一观点进行论证,论证过程要做到层次分明、有理有据。人称以第一人称为主,时态以一般现在时为主。,二、谋篇布局就本篇习作而言,我们可以把全文分为三部分:第一部分:引出话题,阐明观点(就对方观点提出反对意见);第二部分:分层论述(家庭作业能够帮助学生复习和预习、培养学生的自学能力、向老师反馈学生对知识的掌握情况);第三部分:总结全文,重申态度(适量合理的家庭作业对学生的学习有促进作用)。,三、组织语言就本篇习作而言,每个部分可围绕以下内容组织语言。1.第一部分:引出话题,阐明观点。,2.第二部分:分层论述。,3.第三部分:总结全文,重申态度。,【范文展示】普通范文ImsorrytohearthatyourhomeworktakesuptoomuchofyoursparetimebutIdontagreethathomeworkisunnecessary.Firstly,bydoinghomework,wecanpracticewhatwehavelearnedandprepareforthenewlessons.Secondly,homeworkhelpsusdevelopabilitiestostudyindependently.Forexample,somehomeworkneedsinvestigating,summarizing,analyzingandevaluating.Theseareallimportantskills.Thirdly,homeworkallowsourteacherstofindoutwhetherweunderstandthesubjectornot.Ifweperformbadly,ourteacherswilltrytohelpus.Therefore,Ithinkproperamountsofhomeworkinproperformscanhelpusalot.,高级范文Hearingyourhomeworktakesuptoomuchofyoursparetime,Ifeelsympathetictowardsyou.However,inmyopinion,homeworkisanessentialpartoflearningprocess.Firstly,homeworkensuresreviewandpreview.Inaddition,homeworkisbeneficialtothedevelopmentofself-studyabilities.Forexample,someassignmentsinvolveinvestigating,summarizing,analyzingandevaluating,which,areallimportantskills.Finally,homeworkprovidesfeedbacktoourteachers.Ifwedoapoorjob,ourteacherswilltakemeasurestohelpus.Inconclusion,properamountsofhomeworkinproperformsareofgreatbenefittous.,1.Ijustneedtomakeafew_(correct),andthenwecansendittotheprinter.2.Wemayaskherafewquestionstomakesureweknow_(exact)whatshewants.3.Youcouldpresstheflowersthatwereusedattheeventandthenusethemasthe_(decorate).,I.用括号内单词的正确形式填空。,exactly,巩固练习,corrections,decoration,4.Imsurethereisaperfectly_(reason)explanationforhisabsence.5.Theonly_(object)Ihaveisthatitmaycostmorethanexpected.6.Yourargumentisbasedonapletelyfalse_(assume).,objection,assumption,reasonable,II.把下列句子改写为含同位语(从句)的复合句,并使句意基本保持不变。,1.Anewkindofcarrierrockethassuccessfullyfinisheditsfirstflightandthenewsisveryexciting.Thenewsthatanewkindofcarrierrockethassuccessfullyfinisheditsfirstflightisveryexciting.2.Thesickelephant,theoneinthethirdcage,attackeditstrainer.Thesickelephantthatwasinthethirdcageattackeditstrainer.,3.AnnthinksmoneyisthemostimportantthinginlifeandIdontagreewithheropinion.IdontagreewithAnnsopinionthatmoneyisthemostimportantthinginlife.4.BillandEricareourneighborsandtheyaregoingtoDisneylandtomorrow.BillandEric,ourneighbors,aregoingtoDisneylandtomorrow.5.Therearesomethingswecantcontrolandwemustfacethefact.Wemustfacethefactthattherearesomethingswecantcontrol.,6.Isuggestedthatweshouldsharethecostbuttheydidntlikethat.Theydidntlikemysuggestionthatweshouldsharethecost.7.TheCaliforniacoastlineisthelongestofallthestatesanditisanationaltreasureoftheUSA.TheCaliforniacoastline,thelongestofallthestates,isanationaltreasureoftheUSA.,III.阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。,Istheideaofprintingbodypartsscience-fiction?Research1._(be)underwayforyearsandisstartingtopay2._.Theprincipleofthetypeofprinterisalmostthesameasanormalprinterbutinsteadofinkitusesamixtureofgelatin(明胶)andlivingcells3._(build)biologicalstructures.Ifthe“ink”contains,tobuild,hasbeen,off,humanembryonicstemcells(hESCs),the3-Dtissuecouldthendevelopintoahumanorgansuchasakidneyorheart.hESCs4._(obtain)fromhumanembryos.Theydiffer5._othercellsinthattheycandevelopintoanycelltypeinanadultperson.Theyareidealforuseinreplacing,repairing,orregeneratingcells,tissue,ororgans6._areinpoorcondition.Theycanbeplacedinasolution,that/which,areobtained,from,thatcontainsbiological7._(instruct)thattellthemtodevelopintotissuetypes.Theprocessstartswiththecells8._(form)embryoidbodies.Bio-printerscanproduceembryoidbodiesofthe9._(desire)sizeandshape.Bio-printerscould10._(short)beusedtomake3-Dtissuefortestingnewdrugs,growingorgansorevenprintingcellsinsidethebody.,shortly,instructions,forming,desired,
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