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MainPointsofthisChapter,CalculatingUnitsofQuantityoftheGoods,MethodsofCalculatingWeight,Chapter6QuantityofCommodity,Introduction,Quantityclauseisoneoftheessentialtermsandconditionsfortheconclusionofatransactioninthecontract.Conventionrequiresthatthequantityofgoodsdeliveredshouldbeidenticaltothatcalledforinthecontract,otherwisethebuyerisentitledtorejecttheportionofgoodsexcessiveinquantity,andtoclaimagainstthesellerifthequantityisfoundtobelessthanthatcalledforinthecontract.,referstotheweight,number,length,volume,area,capacity,etc.whichareindicatedbydifferentmeasuringunits.,Becausedifferentcountrieshavedifferentsystemsoncalculatingunitssuchaslength,capacityandweight,theunitsofmeasurementvaryfromacountrytoanother.Furthermore,thesameunitofmeasurementmayrepresentdifferentquantities.,SectionOneCalculatingUnitsofQuantityoftheGoods,e.g.“ton”,ThecommonlyusedsystemsintheworldaretheMetricSystem,theBritishSystemandtheU.S.System.,长度换算,容积换算,1Weight（重量）,Itisusuallyusedformineralproducts,agriculturalandby-productssuchaswool,cotton,grainsandoreproducts.E.G.metrictonorkiloton,longtonorgrosston,shorttonornetton,gram(g),kilogram(kg),ounce(oz),pound(lb),gram,2Number（个数）,Constantlyusedformeasurementofindustrialproductsandgeneralproducts：ready-madeclothes,stationery,paper,toysandsoonE.G.:piece(pc),package(pkg),pair,set,dozen(doz),gross(gr),ream(rm),rollorcoil,etc.,3Length（长度）,Itismostlyusedfortextileproducts,metalcords,electricwires,ropesandsoon,suchasmeter(m),foot(ft),yard(yd),etc.,4Area（面积）,Itisoftenusedintradeofglass,textileproductssuchascarpets,etc.likesquaremeter,squarefoot,squareyardandthelike.Oftenweaddthicknessinthecontract.,5Volume（体积）,Itisgenerallyusedfortimber/wood,chemicalgases,etc.,itincludescubicmeter,cubicfoot,cubicyard,etc.,6Capacity（容积）,Itismostlyusedforgrain,petroleum/oil,etc.Thecommonlyusedcapacityunitsareliter,gallon,bushelandsoon.,7.Package(包件),Itisoftenusedinthepackingofcement,cotton,tinfoodandsoon,suchasbag,carton,case,bale,etc,Ininternationaltrade,goodsaremostoftenmeasuredintheunitsofweight.Themethodstomeasuretheweightofgoodsarestatedasfollows.,SectionTwoMethodsofCalculatingWeight（计算重量的方法）,WeightCalculation（按毛重计算）,ByNetWeight（按净重）,ConditionedWeight（公量）,TheoreticalWeight（理论重量）,LegalWeight（法定重量）,WeightCalculation（重量的计算）,Grossweightisthesumoftotalweightofthecommodityitselfandthetare(thepackageweight).,1)ByGrossWeight（按毛量）,2)ByNetWeight（按净重）,Netweightistheactualweightofcommoditywithouttheadditionofthetare.Ininternationaltradeifthegoodsaresoldbyweight,thenetweightisoftenused.,Itiscustomarytocalculatetheweightbynetweightifthecontractdoesnotstipulatedefinitelybygrossweightorbynetweight.,(1)Byactualtare:Theactualweightofpackagesofthewholecommodities.,(2)Byaveragetare:Inthisway,theweightofpackagesiscalculatedonthebasisoftheaveragetareofapartofthepackages.,FourWaystoCalculateTareWeight,(3)Bycustomarytare:Theweightofstandardizedpackagehasagenerallyrecognizedweightwhichcanbeusedtorepresenttheweightofsuchpackages.,(4)Bycomputedtare:Theweightofpackageiscalculatedaccordingtothetarepreviouslyagreeduponbythesellerandthebuyerinsteadofactualweight.Occasionally,theweightsofsomecommoditiesareusuallycalculatedbyconditionedweightandtheoreticalweight。,Thisreferstothekindofweightderivedfromtheprocess,withwhichthemoisturecontentofthecommodityisremovedandstandardizedmoistureaddedbothbyscientificmethods.Thiskindofcalculatingmethodissuitabletothosecargoes,whichareofhigheconomicvalueandwithunsteadymoisturecontent(whosewatercontentsarenotstable),suchaswool,rawsilk,etc.,3)ConditionedWeight（公量）,TheFormulaOfCalculatingConditionedWeight,ConditionedWeight,actualweight(1+standardregainingrateofwater),1+actualregainingrateofwater,DriedWeight+StandardMoisture,Theacceptedinternationalstandardregainingwatercontentofwoolandrawsilkis11%.,计算：,某厂出口生丝10公吨，双方约定标准回潮率是11%，用科学仪器抽出水分后，生丝净剩8公吨。,某厂出口生丝的公量是多少？,8,净剩的8公吨为干量，,公量=干量+标准含水量=8+8*11%=8.88（公吨）,4)TheoreticalWeight（理论重量）,Commoditiesthathaveregularspecificationsandfixedregularsize,suchasgalvanizediron,tinplateandarmorplateareoftensubjecttotheuseoftheoreticalweight.Solongasthespecificationsandthesizeofsuchcommoditiesarethesame,theirtheoreticalweightisconstructedbythenumberofthesheetsputtogether.,5)LegalWeight（法定重量）,Legalweightistheweightofthegoodsandtheimmediatepackageofthegoods.Suchkindsofgoodsincludecans,smallpaperboxes,smallbottles,etc.法定重量指货物和销售包装加在一起的重量，像罐、小纸盒、小瓶这样的商品常常采用法定重量计算方法。,QuantityTolerance（数量机动幅度条款）,QuantityLatitudereferstoaspecificnumberofthegoodsdeliveredbytheselleronthemoreorlesstermsagreeduponbybothparties.Inthecontracttherearethefollowingstipulations：1)moreorless2)approximate(aboutorcirca),e.g.：“20000metrictons,5%moreorless（“Plusorminus”orthesign“”）atsellersoption”.,ProportionWhohastherighttodecidethemoreorlesstermThepaymentfortheover-loadorunder-loadIfnot,thepaymentfortheover-loadorunder-loadwillbemadeaccordingtothecontractpriceoratthemarketpriceatthetimeofshipment.,Threepartsofmoreorlessclause,SectionThreeQuantityTermsintheContract,1)Bleachedcottonclothing25,000yds.with5%moreorlessatsellersoption.,2)Chinesenortheastsoybean:6,000M/Tgrossfornet,3%moreorlessatsellersoption.,3)Thesellerisallowedtoload3%moreorless,thepriceshallbecalculatedaccordingtotheunitpriceinthecontract.,4)Tobepackedindoublegunnybagscontainingabout100kgsandeachbagshallweigh1.15kgswithallowanceof0.1kgmoreorless.,Thewordsaboutorapproximatelyusedinconnectionwiththeamountofthecreditorthequantityortheunitpricestatedinthecreditaretobeconstructedasallowingatolerancenottoexceed10%moreor10%lessthantheamount,thequantityortheunitpricetowhichtheyrefer.,Approximate(aboutorcirca)大约,Atolerancenottoexceed5%moreor5%lessthanthequantityofthegoodsisallowed,providedthecreditdoesnotstatetheflexiblequantity.B.Evenwhenpartialshipmentsarenotallowed,atolerancenottoexceed5%lessthantheamountofthecreditisallowed.Thistolerancedoesnotapplywhenthecreditstipulatesaspecifictolerance.,Notes,CaseStudy,AnexportcompanyinChinaenteredintoatransactionwithaRussiancompany,stating:soybeannetweightof100kilogramsperbag,1000bags,atotalof100metrictons.However,afterthegoodsarrivedinRussia,thecustomsdiscoveredthesoybeannetweightof94kilogramsperbag,1000bags,atotalof94tons.Atthattime,themarketpricewasfalling.Sobythereasonofthediscrepanciesbetweenthedocumentandthecargo,theRussiancompanyaskedfor5%pricereduction,otherwisehewouldrejectthegoods.Question:AreRussiansidesrequestsreasonable?WhatmeasuresshouldtheChineseexportertakeforremedy?,Answer,Russiansidesrequestisreasonable.(1)Whenthereisnomoreorlessclause,deliveryshouldbestrictlyinaccordancewiththecontract.(2)Undertheletterofcredit,a5%expansionforquantityofgoodsisallowedwhiletheamountofvaluecantexceedtheamountstipulatedintheL/C.However,theproportionofourstretchingismorethan5%.Therefore,theChineseexporterhasbreachedthecontract.Asforthebuyersrequestsforpricereductions,thesellermayconsultwithclientstoconcludethetransactionwithinternationalmarketpricessoastoreducelosses.,Aforeigntradecompanyexported1000setsoftypewriters.TheL/Cstipulatedthatpartialshipmentwasprohibited.Butnonetheless,whentheconsignmentsweregatheringattheportforshipment,thesellerfoundthat45setsofgoodsgotprobleminpackingandquality.Sinceitwasanemergencyandinordertoassureofthequality,theexporterbelievedthataccordingtotheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentarycredits,evenifitdoesntallowthepartialshipment,thereisamore-or-lessclauseby5%.Eventually,thesellerloaded955setsvirtuallywhereasthegoodswererejectedbythenegotiatingbank.Question:Pleaseexplainthereasons.,CaseStudy,AccordingtoUCP600,unlessthequantityofcreditisspecifiedinL/C,evenifthepartialshipmentsarenotallowed,thequantityofgoodsallowed5%moreorlessinquantityinconditionthatthetotalamountpaiddoesnotexceedtheamountofcreditconditions.However,thisclausecannotapplytosituationwhenthequantityisprovidedbycountingthenumberofpackingunits.Inthiscase,typewriteriscountedbyset,belongingtotheexceptionsoftheaboveclause.5%moreorlessinquantityisnotallowed.Therefore,thebankrefusedtonegotiatethedocumentbecauseofdiscrepanciesfoundbyreviewingtheL/Candotherdocuments.,Answer,Anoreexportingcontractspecifiedthetermsasfollows:“25000M/T3%moreorlessatsellersoption.”Whenthesellerpreparedtotakedelivery,theinternationalmarketpricesoforewentupward.Question:(1)Howmuchareyougoingtodeliverasaseller?Why?(2)Standinginthepositionofthebuyer,whatshouldbepaidattentiontoduringnegotiationofthetermsofthecontract?,CaseStudy,Thesellermayloadlesscargothanstipulated,becauseinternationalmarketpriceofthegoodsraisedsharply,whichsubjectthesellertoalossifdeliveringthecargomorethanstipulated.Moredeliverymeansmorelosses.Accordingtothepresentconditions,thesellercandeliveronly22750tonsofcargo.Asabuyer,inordertoavoidthesellerstakingadvantageofthechangesinmarketpricesforadditionalprofits,itwouldstipulateinthecontract:thepriceofmoreorlesspartofthecargoloadedmaycomplywiththemarketpricesintimeofshipmentorcomplywiththecontractprice.,Answer,Packing,inbusinesspractice,isoneofthemostimportantproblemsthatconfrontthemerchantsengagedinforeigntrade.Itneedsmorecareinexporttradethandomestictrade.Therealartofpackingistogetthecontentsintonice,compactshapethatwillstayinperfectconditionwithnothingmissingduringtheroughestjourney.Everybuyerexpectsthathisgoodswillreachhiminprefectcondition.Nothingifmoreinfuriatingtoabuyerthantofindhisgoodsdamagedorpartmissingonarrival.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmuchas70%ofallcargolosscouldbepreventedbyproperpackagingandmarking.Hence,inthisrespect,suitablepackingisofgreatnecessityandimportance.,Chapter7Packing,
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