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Lesson2,IstheAerospaceIndustryReadyforMars?,CATALOGUE,AbouttheAuthor,Warm-upActivities,BackgroundInformation,LanguagePoints,Keys,text,AbouttheAuthor,纽约时报（TheNewYorkTimes）是一份在美国纽约出版的报纸，在全世界发行，有相当的影响力。它有时也被戏称为“灰色女士”（TheGrayLady）或简称为“时报”（TheTimes）。它最初的名字是“纽约每日时报”（TheNew-YorkDailyTimes），创始人是亨利J雷蒙德和乔治琼斯。他们当时打算发行一份比较严肃的报纸，来打破当时在纽约盛行的花花绿绿的新闻报道方式。,AbouttheAuthor,1851September18WepublishtodaythefirstissueoftheNew-YorkDailyTimes,andweintendtoissueiteverymorning(Sundaysexcepted)foranindefinitenumberofyearstocome.ThefoundersareHenryJarvisRaymondandGeorgeJones.,在1851年9月18日它的首刊中该报写到：“今天我们发行纽约每日时报的首刊，我们打算在今后无限期内每天早晨（周日除外）发行一刊。”,AbouttheAuthor,纽约时报享有可靠的新闻来源的声誉。它的社论一般被认为是比较开通的。不过实际上它的社论是由许多不同的作者撰写的，而他们的观点则从左到右各不相同。,许多年后该报也在周日发行。今天周日版是纽约时报每周篇幅最大的一版，除新闻报道外其中还包括许多专栏如食品、旅游、艺术和其它文化专题。,许多保守派人物认为纽约时报的新闻报道，尤其是它的社论，太自由开放。甚至有许多人就纽约时报对美国政治界的影响著书。与纽约时报相比在纽约出版的另两份重要报纸纽约邮报和华尔街日报至少在其社论方面比较保守。,Warm-upActivities,Isitnecessaryandsensibleforustospendahugeamountofmoneytoexploretheouterspace?,2.WhatdoyouknowaboutMars?Inyouropinion,isitpossiblethattherelifeonMars?,BackgroundInformation,Experimentalspaceexplorationdatesbacktoasearlyas1912whentheEuropeansdiscoveredcosmicraysthroughballoonflight.Inthe1940sUSAfirstobservedtheSunsUVspectrumandsolarxrays.TheformerUSSRsentSputnik-1,thefirstartificialsatellite,intospacein1957whichmarkedtheadventofmansspaceexplorationera.,Sputnik-1,1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey,BackgroundInformation,In1958USAsentPioneer0intoLunarOrbiter.Apollo11wasthefirstmannedlunarlanding,whichtookplaceonJuly20,1969.NeilAArmstrongandEdwardEAldrincollected21.7kilogramsofsoilandrocksamplesanddeployedexperiments.USAlaunchedseveralmannedlunarexplorationsinthelate1960sandearly1970s.Apollo17carriedEugeneACernan,HarrisonHSchmitt,andRonaldBEvansontothemoononDecember12,1972.Theybecamethelastpersonsonthemoon.,CrewApollo11,1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey,1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey,FormerUSSRsattemptstoexploreMarsintheearlier1960sfailed.USAbeganitsMarsexplorationin1964.SincethenUSAhasbeenattemptingtoknowmoreaboutMarsandconsideringsendingmanontoit.,LikeEarth,Marshaspolaricecapsandcloudsinitsatmosphere,seasonalweatherpatterns,volcanoes,canyonsandotherrecognizablefeatures.However,conditionsonMarsvarywildlyfromwhatweknowonourownplanet.,BackgroundInformation,Mars,1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey,Overthepastthreedecades,spacecrafthaveshownusthatMarsisrocky,cold,andsterilebeneathitshazy,pinksky.WevediscoveredthattodaysMartianwastelandhintsataformerlyvolatileworldwherevolcanoesonceraged,meteorsploweddeepcraters,andflashfloodsrushedovertheland.AndMarscontinuestothrowoutnewenticementswitheachlandingororbitalpassmadebyspacecrafts.,BackgroundInformation,VolcanoonMars,AmongourdiscoveriesaboutMars,onestandsoutaboveallothers:thepossiblepresenceofliquidwateronMars,eitherinitsancientpastorpreservedinthesubsurfacetoday.WateriskeybecausealmosteverywherewefindwateronEarth,wefindlife.IfMarsoncehadliquidwater,orstilldoestoday,itscompellingtoaskwhetheranymicroscopiclifeformscouldhavedevelopedonitssurface.Isthereanyevidenceoflifeintheplanetspast?Ifso,couldanyofthesetinylivingcreaturesstillexisttoday?Imaginehowexcitingitwouldbetoanswer,“Yes!”,BackgroundInformation,1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey,EvenifMarsisdevoidofpastorpresentlife,however,theresstillmuchexcitementonthehorizon.Weourselvesmightbecomethe“lifeonMars”shouldhumanschoosetotravelthereoneday.Meanwhile,westillhavealottolearnaboutthisamazingplanetanditsextremeenvironments.,BackgroundInformation,1.SpaceExplorationandMarsSurvey,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,NASAstwinrobotgeologists,theMarsExplorationRovers,launchedtowardMarsonJune10andJuly7,2003,insearchofanswersaboutthehistoryofwateronMars.TheylandedonMarsJanuary3andJanuary24PST(January4andJanuary25UTC).,TheMarsExplorationRovermissionispartofNASAsMarsExplorationProgram,along-termeffortofroboticexplorationoftheredplanet.,PrimaryamongthemissionsscientificgoalsistosearchforandcharacterizeawiderangeofrocksandsoilsthatholdcluestopastwateractivityonMars.ThespacecraftaretargetedtositesonoppositesidesofMarsthatappeartohavebeenaffectedbyliquidwaterinthepast.ThelandingsitesareatGusevCrater,apossibleformerlakeinagiantimpactcrater,andMeridianiPlanum,wheremineraldeposits(hematite)suggestMarshadawetpast.,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,Aftertheairbag-protectedlandingcraftsettleontothesurfaceandopen,theroverswillrollouttotakepanoramicimages.ThesewillgivescientiststheinformationtheyneedtoselectpromisinggeologicaltargetsthatwilltellpartofthestoryofwaterinMarspast.Then,theroverswilldrivetothoselocationstoperformon-sitescientificinvestigationsoverthecourseoftheir90-dayprimemission.,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,Thesearetheprimaryscienceinstrumentstobecarriedbytherovers:,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,PanoramicCamera(Pancam):fordeterminingthemineralogy,texture,andstructureofthelocalterrain.,MiniatureThermalEmissionSpectrometer(Mini-TES):foridentifyingpromisingrocksandsoilsforcloserexaminationandfordeterminingtheprocessesthatformedMartianrocks.TheinstrumentwillalsolookskywardtoprovidetemperatureprofilesoftheMartianatmosphere.,MssbauerSpectrometer(MB):forclose-upinvestigationsofthemineralogyofiron-bearingrocksandsoils.,AlphaParticleX-RaySpectrometer(APXS):forclose-upanalysisoftheabundancesofelementsthatmakeuprocksandsoils.,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,Magnets:forcollectingmagneticdustparticles.TheMssbauerSpectrometerandtheAlphaParticleX-raySpectrometerwillanalyzetheparticlescollectedandhelpdeterminetheratioofmagneticparticlestonon-magneticparticles.TheywillalsoanalyzethecompositionofmagneticmineralsinairbornedustandrocksthathavebeengroundbytheRockAbrasionTool.,MicroscopicImager(MI):forobtainingclose-up,high-resolutionimagesofrocksandsoils.,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,RockAbrasionTool(RAT):forremovingdustyandweatheredrocksurfacesandexposingfreshmaterialforexaminationbyinstrumentsonboard.,Beforelanding,thegoalforeachroverwastodriveupto40meters(about44yards)inasingleday,foratotalofuptoone1kilometer(aboutthree-quartersofamile).Bothgoalshevebeenfarexceeded!,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,Movingfromplacetoplace,theroverswillperformon-sitegeologicalinvestigations.EachroverissortofthemechanicalequivalentofageologistwalkingthesurfaceofMars.,Themast-mountedcamerasaremounted1.5meters(5feet)highandwillprovide360-degree,stereoscopic,humanlikeviewsoftheterrain.Theroboticarmwillbecapableofmovementinmuchthesamewayasahumanarmwithanelbowandwrist,andwillplaceinstrumentsdirectlyupagainstrockandsoiltargetsofinterest.Inthemechanicalfistofthearmisamicroscopiccamerathatwillservethesamepurposeasageologistshandheldmagnifyinglens.TheRockAbrasionToolservesthepurposeofageologistsrockhammertoexposetheinsidesofrocks.,BackgroundInformation,2.MarsExplorationRoverMission,3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedy,BackgroundInformation,NASAsShuttleprogramwasbeguninthe1970s,tocreatereusablecraftfortransportingcargointospace.Previousspacecraftcouldonlybeusedonce,thenwerediscarded.Thefirstshuttle,Columbiawaslaunchedin1981.Oneyearlater,theSpaceShuttleChallengerrolledofftheassemblylineasthesecondshuttleoftheUSfleet.TheywerefollowedbyDiscoveryin1983andAtlantisin1985.,TheSpaceShuttleChallengerflewninesuccessfulmissionsbeforethatfatefuldayofthedisasterin1986.,ExplosionofSpaceShuttleChallenger,ChallengerCrew,Shuttlemission51Lwasmuchlikemostothermissions.TheChallengerwasscheduledtocarrysomecargo,theTrackingDataRelaySatellite-2(TDRS-2),aswellasflytheShuttle-PointedToolforAstronomy(SPARTAN-203)/HalleysCometExperimentDeployable,afree-flyingmoduledesignedtoobservetailandcomaofHalleyscometwithtwoultravioletspectrometersandtwocameras.,BackgroundInformation,3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedy,Onethingmadethismissionunique.ItwasscheduledtobethefirstflightofanewprogramcalledTISP,theTeacherInSpaceProgram.TheChallengerwasscheduledtocarrySharonChristaMcAuliffe,thefirstteachertoflyinspace.,BackgroundInformation,3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedy,Selectedfromamongmorethan11,000applicantsfromtheeducationprofessionforentranceintotheastronautranks,McAuliffewasveryexcitedabouttheopportunitytoparticipateinthespaceprogram.IwatchedtheSpaceAgebeingbornandIwouldliketoparticipate.,BesidesMcAuliffe,theChallengercrewconsistedofmissioncommanderFrancisR.Scobee;pilotMichaelJ.Smith;missionspecialistsRonaldE.McNair,EllisonS.Onizuka,andJudithA.Resnik;andpayloadspecialistsGregoryB.Jarvis.Christawasalsolistedasapayloadspecialist.,BackgroundInformation,3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedy,Fromthebeginning,though,ShuttleMission51Lwasplaguedbyproblems.Liftoffwasinitallyscheduledfromat3:43p.m.ESTonJanuary22,1986.ItslippedtoJan.23,thenJan.24,duetodelaysinmission61-CandfinallyresetforJan.25becauseofbadweatherattransoceanicabortlanding(TAL)siteinDakar,Senegal.Thelaunchwasagainpostponedforonedaywhenlaunchprocessingwasunabletomeetnewmorningliftofftime.PredictedbadweatheratKennedySpaceCenter(KSC)causedthelaunchtoberescheduledfor9:37a.m.EST,Jan.27,butitwasdelayedanother24hourswhengroundservicingequipmenthatchclosingfixturecouldnotberemovedfromorbiterhatch.,BackgroundInformation,3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedy,Thefixturewassawedoffandanattachingboltdrilledoutbeforecloseoutcompleted.Duringthisdelay,thecrosswindsexceededlimitsatKSCsShuttleLandingFacility.Thereasafinaldelayoftwohourswhenahardwareinterfacemoduleinthelaunchprocessingsystem,whichmonitorsfiredetectionsystem,failedduringliquidhydrogentankingprocedures.TheChallengerfinallyliftedoffat11:38:00a.m.EST.,BackgroundInformation,3.SpaceShuttleChallengerDisaster-ANASATragedy,Seventythreesecondsintothemission,theChallengerexploded,killingtheentirecrew.,LanguagePoints,1.beuptosth.(line3,para.2),bewellenoughtodosth.胜任的,那译员的英语实在不能胜任那工作。,TheinterpretersEnglishwasnotreallyuptothetask.,LanguagePoints,*beuptoaparticularstandard,beofagoodenoughqualitytoreachthatstandard达到，接近于；及得上,那球队今天发挥得不是最理想的。,Theteamdidnotplayuptoitsbesttoday.,这工作没有达到我要求的标准。,TheworkisntuptothestandardIrequire.,LanguagePoints,*be/feeluptodoingsth,bewellenoughornottootiredtodosth适应的,你身体怎样，可干点活吗？,Areyouuptodoingsomework?,我觉得自己身体吃不消。,IdontthinkIfeeluptoit.,LanguagePoints,*beuptosb.todosth,itissbsresponsibilitytodosth.是的职责,教师理应拒受劣等作业。,Itisuptotheteachernottoacceptshoddywork.,这事全由你定，是吗？,Itsuptoyou,isntit?,LanguagePoints,*beuptosth,bedoingsth.secretlythatsomeoneshouldnotbedoing（偷偷地）忙于的；密谋的,你骗不了我我知道你要干什么。,YoucantfoolmeIseewhatyouareupto.,让我们去瞧瞧他在搞什么名堂。,Letsgoandseewhathesupto.,LanguagePoints,2.takeupanofferorachallenge(line2,para.3),acceptit接受建议或挑战,你应按保险公司担保的条件找他们交涉。,Youshouldtaketheinsurancecompanyupontheirguarantee.,由于运动员们一个又一个地接受赛跑中领先者的挑战，万米赛跑的格局在不断变化。,Asoneathleteafteranothertookupthechallengeofthefrontrunners,thepatternofthe10,000metersracewasconstantlychanging.,LanguagePoints,*takeupanattitudeorbelief,adoptitandmakeityourown,asastandardforwhatyousayanddo采取；接受,他对任何问题都采取积极进取的态度。,Hetakesupanactiveandaggressiveattitudetoanyproblem.,LanguagePoints,*takeupaparticularamountoftime,space,oreffort,usethatamount占用（时间，空间）；花费（精力）,Muchofthedaywastakenupwithclassesorstudy.,这天的大部分时间用来上课或学习。,LanguagePoints,*takeupapoint,anidea,orsuggestionthathasbeenraised,discussitfurther,eitheragreeingordisagreeingwithwhathasalreadybeensaid（进一步）讨论,进一步谈论一下那个问题，我觉得你说得很有道理，但你谈得还不够透彻。,Idliketotakethatup.Ithinktheresalotoftruthinwhatyousay,butyoudontgofarenough.,LanguagePoints,*takeupsth.suchasataskorastory,beginagaindoingsth.thathasbeeninterruptedorthatwasbegunbysb.else继续,老师从他昨天停下的课程接着往下讲。,Theteachertookupthelessonwhereheleftoffyesterday.,LanguagePoints,3.braindrain(line2,para.5),emigration;themovementofalargenumberofscientists,engineers,academics,etc.awayfromtheirowncountrytoothercountrieswheretheconditionsandsalariesarebetter人才外流,人才外流使我们冒者大批人才流失海外的危险。,Weriskamajorlossoftalenttooverseasjobsviaabraindrain.,LanguagePoints,*braindrain,anactivityrequiringgreatmentalconcentrationresultinginfatigueandexhaustion绞尽脑汁,那次的数学测验，我真是绞尽了脑汁。,ThatmathsexamItookwasaregularbraindrain.,LanguagePoints,*braindrained,emigrated（作为人才）移居,大约在10年前他移居到美国。,HeisanEnglish-manbrain-drainedtotheU.S.some10yearsago.,LanguagePoints,4.begreetedwith(line2,para.6),meet对作出反应,他们将感到震惊和以外。,Theywillbegreetedwithshockandsurprise.,他（他的演讲）受到欢呼（一片嘘声）。,He(Hisspeech)wasgreetedwithcheers(catcalls).,LanguagePoints,5.gooutofbusiness,failinbusiness;simplystoptradingoroperating停业，歇业(line3,para.13),自从超级市场出现后，许多小副食店已关闭。,Alotofsmallgrocershavegoneoutofbusinesssincetheadventofthesupermarkets.,LanguagePoints,*gointobusiness,setupinbusiness从事商业,他毕业后将去经商。,Hewillgointobusinesswhenheleavesschool.,LanguagePoints,6.layoff(line16,para.16),sack（因无活可干而被）解雇,他们不得不削减产量，解雇工人。,Theyvehadtocutbackproductionandlayoffworkers.,*layoff,LanguagePoints,*layoffdoingsth,giveuporstopdoingit放弃；停止（工作）,医生叫他戒烟。,Hisdoctortoldhimtolayoffcigarettes.,他从来不肯闲者。,Heneverlaysoff.,LanguagePoints,*layoff,leavesb.alone;stoptouchingsth停止打扰；不要触碰,请别打扰我，好吗？,Laymeoff,willyou?,别碰那本书那是我的。,Layoffthatbookitsmine!,LanguagePoints,7.besubjecttosth.(line2,para.20),beaffectedbysth.orbemadetoexperiencesth.受影响的；有待于的；需要的,这样一种工作极易招致行贿受贿。,Suchajobwasparticularlysubjecttobribery.,你们的工资要纳税。,Yourwagesaresubjecttotax.,*besubjecttosth.,LanguagePoints,beliabletosth.;bepronetosth.易受的；常遭的；易患的,那些一看见东西就想买的人易受巧妙的广告的诱惑。,Thosewhocantresistbuyingthingsaresubjecttothetemptationofcleveradvertisements.,这个地区常遭旱灾，水灾和地震。,Theareaissubjecttodroughtandfloodsandearthquakes.,*besubjecttosth.,他神经高度紧张，所以很容易发心脏病。,Heishighlystrungand,therefore,subjecttoheartattacks.,LanguagePoints,*besubjecttosb/sth.,beboundbysb/sth；beunderthecontrolorauthorityofsb/sth.隶属的；服从的；受制约的,这样一个民族不再受外国的统治。,Suchapeopleisnolongersubjecttoforeignrule.,如同我们这些老百姓一样，警方人员也应遵纪守法。,Thepoliceareliketherestofussubjecttothelaw.,LanguagePoints,8.bycomparison,incomparison;bycontrast:比较起来；对比之下(line,para.20),我们通过比较来判断一个人的能力。,Wejudgeonesabilitybycomparison.,与占主要地位的相似点比较起来，这些差别是次要的。,Suchdifferencesaresecondarybycomparisonwiththeoverridingsimilarities.,*bycomparisonwith,comparedwith跟比较,LanguagePoints,9.viefor,competefor竞争；抢先；争优胜(line5,para.22),当其他艺术家争抢主要场地时，他选了一个死角。,Whileotherartistsviedfortheprimesites,hechoseadeadcorner.,刘翔要和世界的一些顶尖好手竞争一番，争夺第一名，就得尽最大努力去跑。,Liuxiangwillhavetorunhisbest,ashewillbevyingwithsomeofthebestrunnersintheworldforthefirstplace.,*viein,competein参加比赛；竞争,有多少选手参加这项赛跑？,Howmanyrunnersarevyinginthisrace?,Keys,.READINGCOMPREHENSION,A.A2.A3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.C9.A10.A,B.1.Newsreportsarecharacterizedbyaconciseopeningparagraph,thenewslead.Inmanycases,thenewsleadcanbeaquestionwhichcomesstraighttothepoint.Thequestionmayarousethereadersinterestandguidethereaderstofindtheanswertothequestion.Theauthorsciteotherpeoplesideasinsteadofansweringthequestionthemselves.,Keys,2.Theauthorswritethisreportobjectivelybygivingdifferentideasfromdifferentpeopleratherthanarguingforthemselvesormerelyshowingtheirownopinions.,3.Probablynot.Theauthorsdonotexpresstheirownopinionsdirectlyinthereport.Theypresentargumentsfrombothsides.Soitshardforustocometotheconclusionthattheyarefororagainstspaceexploration.,4.Theuniverseissuchawonderthatwecannothelpexploringit.,Keys,.VOCABULARY,A.1.C2.B3.D4.A5.D6.A7.D8.A9.A10.B,B.1.besubjectto2.is.upto3.viefor4.wasgreetedwith5.gooutofbusiness6.braindrain7.tookup8.laidoff9.bycomparison10.narrowminded,.CLOZE1.stay2.lunar3.conducted4.mission5.steppedoff6.chairs7.exploration8.takepartin9.returning10.concentratingon,Keys,一次大规模的航天工业企业的合并过程使得波音公司成为美国国家航空航天局最大的承包商。但是，正是这一合并的过程大大地削弱了竞争。评论人士说，这样一来，那些有助于产生巨大技术飞跃的创造性的思想碰撞也就同时被削弱了。,2.其不确定性近来更趋明显。布什第一次宣布这一消息后，部分公众对此表示怀疑，而此后他一直在很大程度上对此事保持沉默，甚至在他的国情咨文中也未涉及。,.TRANSLATION,Keys,3.而且他们的专业技术后备力量得不到充实。优秀的工科学生现在大多会进入像国际互联网和生物技术这样的领域。行业协会说航天业对于技术工作者一度是一个首选的行业，现在却在可能进入该行业的工作人员中树立了一个负面的形象，一项对500名美国航天工作者的调查发现8成的人不愿让他们的子女步他们的后尘进入航天业。,4.合并也会造成伤害。根据2002年赖斯大学詹姆士阿贝克尔三世公众政策研究所的一项研究，把同行冤家都放到一个大家庭里对于公司管理来说是创造了一个“更加舒适的气氛”。但长此以往，创新活力的源泉行业中的竞争氛围将会耗尽，并会不可避免地导致停滞的局面。,Keys,5.约翰M劳格斯顿说，月球和火星计划的巨大挑战也许正是给那些项目带来新鲜活力的契机。“这一前景不仅能给我们国家航空航天局的振兴提供一个突破点，还能为包括工业基地和学术环境在内的美国民用航天能力的复兴提供一个工作重心。”,PressherewatchaCNNprogramaboutChallengerexplosion,Thankyou!,
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