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SummaryWriting,DefinitionandfeaturesofasummaryUsesofsummaryProceduresofwritingasummary,WhatisSummary?,Asummaryisashortenedversion,inyourownwords,ofsomethingyouhaveread.Itreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible.,一个总结是用你自己的话概括压缩你读的东西。是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。,.Asummarydoesnotincludeyourownopinionsaboutwhatyouread.Allonehastodoistogiveabriefaccountoftheauthorsexactmeaning.一个总结不包括你自己对你所读的东西的看法。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。,FeaturesofSummary,Brevity简洁Objectivity客观Completeness全面,Usesofsummarywriting,Summarywritingisaverygoodexerciseforimprovingreadingcomprehension.Somestudentsreadcarelessly,andgainonlyavagueideaofwhattheyhaveread.Summarywritingcanforcethemtotrytounderstandwhattheyread,becausesummarizingrequiresonetoreadwiththemind,aswellaswiththeeye,onthepage.,Usesofsummarywriting,Summarywritingisalsohelpfultocompositionwriting.Whenwritingasummary,onehastoworkwithinstrictlimits.Onemustexpressacertainmeaninginafixednumberofwords.Soitisimportanttochoosewordscarefully,tomakesentenceswithaccuracyandbrevity,andtowritewithsummaryinlogicalorder.,Usesofsummarywriting,Summarywritinghaspracticaluses.Theabilitytograspquicklyandaccuratelywhatisread,orheard,andtoreproduceitinaclearandconcise简明的wayisofgreatvaluetopeopleofmanyprofessions.,Proceduresofwritingasummary,a.Readingb.Writingc.Revision,Reading,认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。,给缩写起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。找出每一个主要段落的主题句。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。把文章划分出几个大的部分，总结每一部分的论点。并确定出文章的中心思想。简要地记下主要观点主题、标题、例证等你认为对概括缩写重要的东西,Reading,现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。,Reading,Writing,缩写应该只有原文的十分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以10，得到一个数字。缩写的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。,Writing,缩写应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子（可以用单词或短语）。,Writing,应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。,Writing,缩写必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。,Writing,缩写时可以采用下列几种小技巧：,Writingskill,1.删除细节。只保留主要观点。,Writingskill,2.选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。,Writingskill,3.把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。,Writingskill,避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在缩写中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。,Writingskill,4.压缩长的句子。如下列两例：,Writingskill,“Hiscourageinbattlemightwithoutexaggerationbecalledlion-like.”可以概括为：”Hewasbraveinbattle.”“Hewashardupformoneyandwasbeingpressedbyhiscreditor.”可以概括为：“HehasMoneyproblems.”,Writingskill,5.你可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：,Writingskill,“BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,LushanMountain,andMountHuang,werevisitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,newhotelsonthesemountains,andbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthemwithinreachofmanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.”可以概括为：MountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyafewpeople,buttodaybymany,duetobetterwages,paidholidays,andbetterservices.”,Writingskill,6.使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：,Writingskill,“ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation.”可以概括为：”Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadinvacation.”,Writingskill,7.使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but,then,thus,yet,though，不能使用atthesametime,inthefirstplace,ontheotherhand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。,Writingskill,8.文章中的第一人称说的话通常在缩写中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：,Writingskill,KatelookedatPauldisapprovingly:Youusemuchtoomuchsaltonyourfood,Paulitsnotgoodforyou!”Paulputdownhisknifeandfrowned:”Whyonearthnot!Ifyoudidnthavesaltonyourfooditwouldtasteawfullikeeatingcardboard硬纸板orsandjustimaginebreadwithoutsaltinit,orpotatoesorpasta面团cookedwithoutsalt!”Katewaspatient.ShedidntwanttoquarrelwithPaul.Shewantedtopersuadehim.Shesaidfirmly:”Buttoomuchsaltisbadforyou.Itcausehighbloodpressureandlatteron,heart-attacks.Italsodisguises掩盖thetasteoffood,therealtasteswhicharemuchmoresubtle微妙的thansalt,andwhichwehavelostthesensitivitytoappreciateanymore.”(136words),可以用第三人称概括为：Katequarreled/disagreedwithPauloverhowmuchsalttheyshouldeat.Shewantedless,buthewantedmore.(18words),Revision,草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，缩写中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果缩写中出现了不必要的细节、词汇、短语或长句子，删除或概括它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。,
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