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英语基础知识一、词类:英语的词通常分为十大类:1、名词(n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。2、代词(pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。3、形容词(adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。4、数词(num.)是表示多少和第几的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。5、动词(v)表示动作和状态,如write(写),walk(行走),think(想)。6、副词(adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词,如quickly(快),often(经常),very(很)。7、冠词(art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词,如a,an(一个),the(这,那)。8、介词(prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系,如from(从),in(在内),between(在之间)。9、连词(conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词,如and(和),because(因为),if(假如)。10、感叹词(int.)表示感情,如。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(嘘)。注一属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义,叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义,叫做虚词(form word)。注二不少词可以属于几个词类,如work(工作;动词和名词),fast(快;形容词和副词),since(自从;连词和介词)等。二、句子成分(主谓宾表定状补)1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。He likes apples.2、谓语(一般一个句子只有一个谓语)谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。一般可分为两类:1),简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成,可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。He likes apples.2),复合谓语:情态动词+动词/不定式I can speak English. He asks me to write a letter.3、表语表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词(相当于谓语)如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当,相当于宾语。I am a teacher.例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是个男孩)/主语为Tom,系词为be动词的第三人称单数is,表语为a boy 4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后。能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。We all like play basketball.有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。He gave me a gift.例:The boy needs a pen.(主语the boy,谓语needs(need的第三人称单数形式),宾语a pen. )5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。A、形容词作定语: 定语置前The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 B、数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 C、代词或名词所有格作定语:定语置前 His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。 There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 D、名词作定语: 定语置前The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 E、介词短语作定语: 定语置后The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。 F、副词作定语: 定语置后The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。 G、不定式作定语: 定语置后The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。 (注意:副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。The bike in the room is mine.)H、分词(短语)作定语:定语置后 The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩的钢笔。 (副词,动词不定式,介词短语、分词等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。The bike in the room is mine.)6、状语状语修饰动词(谓语)、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。副词、介词短语、分词、不定式作状语。 状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。 有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成男孩喊教室里的女孩(此时in the classroom为girl的定语),也可以理解为男孩在教室里喊女孩(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作 In the classroom, the boy calls the girl.副词(短语)作状语:状语置后The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。(程度状语) The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。(宾语较长则状语前置) The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。(不确定程度状语置于动词之前) The boy needs a pen now./Now, the boy needs a pen./The boy, now, needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。(时间状语) 介词短语作状语:强调状语置前In the classroom, the boy needs a pen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。(地点状语) Before his mother, Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语) 分词(短语)作状语:状语置后 He sits there, asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态) Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语,强调置前) Frightened, he sits there soundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语) 不定式作状语: The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语置前) To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. (目的状语强调时置前)名词作状语: 状语置后Come this way!/走这条路!(方向状语)7、补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作。作补语的词或词组为:形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等。因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整,如:make(使.),ask(请)等等。我们不能说:我们使我们的祖国;应该说:我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这时,“美丽的(beautiful)”做补语,说明祖国的状态。We will make our country more beautiful.一般将来时1、 一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。will用于第二、三人称,shall第一人称。在口语中,will在名词或代词后常缩写为ll,will not简缩为wontwount。但在美国英语中,各种人称皆可用will。 He will help his sister with her lessons.他将帮助他妹妹做功课。 We wont be free this afternoon.今天下午我们没空。 2、一般将来时的用法 (1)表示未来的动作或存在状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a month, in the future等。 We shall leave for London next Monday.我们将在下周一去伦敦。 He will come to see you the day after tomorrow.后天他要来看你。 You will be 20 next year.明年你就二十了。 (2)表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作 We shall come and work in this factory every year.我们将每年来这工厂参加劳动。 The students will have five English classes per week this term.本学期学生每周将要上五节英语课。 3、一般将来时的其他表达法 (1)“be going to+动词原形”表将来 这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。 What are you going to do next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么? They are going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面。 还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象,认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。 I think Im going to die. 我想我要死了。(现在生命垂危) Look at the cloud. Its going to rain.瞧那乌云,天要下雨了。(乌云密布,使我断定天要下雨) The ice is going to break.冰就要破了。 这种结构表示“肯定、预测,注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示静态的动词连用。 The question is going to be very complex.这个问题将会很复杂。 The voters arent going to like him.选民们不会喜欢他的。 be going to 和will的区别 a. will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事,不含任何具体的时间,可以指遥远的将来;而be going to 指有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生,通常指很快就要发生的事情。 Listen to the wind. We are going to have a rough crossing.听那风声,我们横渡时一定困难很大。 She will not shove the heavy load onto others.她不愿意把重担推给别人。 He will get better.他的病会好的。(即认为最终会恢复健康,而不是马上恢复) He is gong to get better.他的病就会好了。(指有恢复的迹象) b. be going to 和will均可表示意图,但事先考虑过的意图用be going to,不是事先考虑过的意图用will。 -Why have you torn the paper into pieces?你怎么把论代撕了? - I am going to rewrite it.(事先考虑,不用will)我要重写。 -Is it really a big stone? -I will help you to move it.(未经事先考虑,不用be going to ) c. be going to可以用在条件状语从句中表示将来,而will不能。 If you are going to attend the meeting, youd better leave now.如果你要去参加这个会,你最好现在走。(不用will) If you are going to accept the job, start to work now.如果你想接受这项工作,从现在开始上班。(不用will) (2)用现在进行时来表示将来 现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词,如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等,还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。 When are you going back to your factory? 你什么时候回工厂? He is not coming.他不来了。 They are arriving tomorrow afternoon.他们明天下午到达。 进行时表示将来与be going to 的区别 be going to表示说话前事先考虑过的意图(intend),现在进行时表示事先安排的动作(plan);表示有迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定发生用be going to,不用现在进行时。 Mary and Jane are going to meet tonight.(have an intention to) Mary and Jane are meeting tonight.( 事先安排的动作) I feel dizzy, I think I am going to faint.(不能用I fainting)我感到头晕,我想我要昏倒。 (3)“be about to+动词原形”表将来 “be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。 The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。 They are about to set out.(不能说,They are about to set out soon) 他们就要出发。 The ship is about to sail.轮船马上就要启航。 比较:be about to 与be not about to 的差异 be about to 意为“正要、马上就”;be not about to 意为“不愿意”。 He is about to come out. Please wait a moment.他马上就出来,请稍等。 He is not about to do that again.他不愿再做那件事了。 (4)“be to+动词原形”表将来 “be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作,这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的,或用于征求意见。 Theres to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻灯。 You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.到10点你得交上试卷。 If a man is to succeed, he must work as hard as he can.一个人要想成功,他就必须拼命干。 4.基本结构: 1、肯定句 主语+am/is/are+going to + do; will/shall + do. 2.否定形式:am/is/are not going to do ; will/shall not do。 一般将来时练习题 ) 1. There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be D. will go to be ( ) 2. Charlie _ here next month. A. isnt working B. doesnt working C. isnt going to working D. wont work ( ) 3. He _ very busy this week, he _ free next week. A. will be; is B. is; is C. will be; will be D. is; will be ( ) 4. There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening. A. was B. is going to have C. will have D. is going to be ( ) 5. _ you _ free tomorrow? No. I _ free the day after tomorrow. A. Are; going to; will B. Are; going to be; will C. Are; going to; will be D. Are; going to be; will be( ) 6. Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday. A. will gives B. will give C. gives D. give ( ) 7. Shall I buy a cup of tea for you? _. (不,不要。) A. No, you wont. B. No, you arent. C. No, please dont. D. No, please. ( ) 9. _ a concert next Saturday? A. There will be B. Will there be C. There can be D. There are( ) 10. If they come, we _ a meeting. A. have B. will have C. had D. would have ( ) 11. He _ her a beautiful hat on her next birthday. A. gives B. gave C. will giving D. will give( ) 12. He _ to us as soon as he gets there. A. writes B. has written C. will write D. wrote ( ) 13. He _ in three days. A. coming back B. came back C. will come back D. is going to coming back ( ) 14. If it _ tomorrow, well go roller-skating. A. isnt rain B. wont rain C. doesnt rain D. doesnt fine ( ) 15. Will his parents go to see the Terra Cotta Warriors tomorrow? No, _ (不去). A. they willnt. B. they wont. C. they arent. D. they dont. ( ) 16. Who _ we _ swimming with tomorrow afternoon? A. will; go B. do; go C. will; going D. shall; go ( ) 17. We _ the work this way next time. A. do B. will do C. going to do D. will doing ( ) 18. Tomorrow he _ a kite in the open air first, and then _ boating in the park. A. will fly; will go B. will fly; goes C. is going to fly; will goes D. flies; will go ( ) 19. The day after tomorrow they _ a volleyball match. A. will watching B. watches C. is watching D. is going to watch ( ) 20. There _ a birthday party this Sunday. A. shall be B. will be C. shall going to be D. will going to be
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