学术英语 社科Unit5五单元原文及翻译

UNIT 5 Sociology Matters 1 Culture is the totality of learned socially transmitted customs knowledge material objects and behavior It includes the ideas values customs and artifacts of groups of people Though culture differ in their customs artifacts and languages they all share certain basic characteristics Furthermore cultural characteristics change as cultures develop and cultures infuence one another through their technological commercial and artistic achievements 文化是指社会传播学 海关 知识 材料的对象 和行为 它包括思想 价值观 习俗 和人群的文物 尽管文化在他们的习俗 文物 和语言不同 但是他们都有一些 共同的基本特性 此外 当文化发展时文化特征也在变化 并且文化通过他们的技术 商业 艺术成就相互影响 Cultural universals 文化共性 2 All societies despite their differences have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals Many cultural universals are in fact adaptations to meet essential human needs such as people s need for food shelter and clothing Anthropologist George murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports cooking funeral ceremonies medicine and sexual restrictions 所有的社会 尽管他们的差别 已经形成了一定的一般做法被称为文化的共性 事 实上 许多文化的共性是为了满足人类基本需求的适应性 如人们所需要的食品 住房 和服装 人类学家乔治默多克编制了一份文化清单 包括体育运动 烹饪 葬礼仪式 医学 和性的限制 3 The cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture For example one society may let its members choose their own marriage partners Another may encourage marriages arranged by the parents 默多克上市的文化习俗可能是普遍的 但是他们的表达方式因文化的不同而不同 例如 一个社会可以让其成员选择自己的婚姻伴侣 另一个可能鼓励父母包办的婚姻 4 Not only does the expression of cultural universals vary from one society to another it may also change dramatically over time within a society Each generation and each year for that matter most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion 不仅是从一个社会到另一个社会文化普遍性表达的变化 它也可能在一个社会中随着时 间的推移发生巨大的变化 对于这个问题每一代人和每年 大多数人的文化通过创新与 扩散过程改变和扩大 Innovation 创新 5 The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture is known as innovation Innovation interests sociologists because of the potential social consequences of introducing something new There are two forms of innovation discovery and invention A discovery involves making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality The finding of the DNA molecule and the identification of a new moon of Saturn are both acts of discovery A significant factor in the process of discovery is the sharing of newfound knowledge with others By contrast an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before The bow and arrow the automobile and the Internet are all examples of inventions 介绍一个新的想法或对象到一个文化的过程称为创新 社会学家对创新感兴趣因为 介绍新东西的潜在的社会后果 创新主要有两种形式 发现和发明 发现涉及已知的或 共享的现实的某些方面的事物 DNA 分子的发现和新的土星的卫星识别都是发现的两种 行为 发现过程的一个标志是新知识与他人分享 相比之下 当现有的文化项目组合成 的一种形式 这种没有存在过时一个发明产生 弓和箭 汽车 和互联网是所有发明的 例子 Globalization diffusion and technology 全球化 传播 和技术 6 The familiar green Starbucks logo beckons you into a comfortable coffee shop where you can order decaf latte and a cinnamon ring What s unusual about that This Starbucks happens to be located in the heart of Beijing s Forbidden City just outside the Palace of Heavenly Purity former residence of Chinese emperors In 2002 it was one of 25 Starbucks stores in China four years later there were more than 90 The success of Starbucks in a country in which coffee drinking is still a novelty most Chinese are tea drinkers has been striking 熟悉的绿色星巴克标志召唤你在舒适的咖啡店 你可以喝无咖啡因咖啡和肉桂环 有什么特别的呢 这个星巴克是坐落在北京的故宫 在乾清宫 中国皇帝的故居 在 2002 年它是在中国 25 星巴克店之一 四年后 星巴克店就超过 90 在一个国家中喝咖 啡还是一个新鲜事物 大多数中国人是喝茶的 星巴克的成功已经打击 7 The emergence of Starbucks in China illustrates a rapidly escalating trend called globalization Globalization may be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies cultures social movements and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas While public discussion of globalization is relatively recent intellectuals have been pondering its social consequences for a long time Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels warned in The Communist Manifesto of a world market that would lead to production in distant lands sweeping away existing working relationships Today more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them Sociologists use the term diffusion to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society Diffusion can occur through a variety of means among them exploration military conquest missionary work the influence of the mass media tourism and the Internet 星巴克在中国的出现说明了一个快速上升的趋势称之为全球化 全球化可以定义为 政府的政策 文化 社会运动 并通过贸易和交流思想的金融市场的全球一体化 虽然 全球化的公开讨论是相对较新 知识分子一直在思考其很长一段时间的社会后果 卡尔 马克思和弗里德里希恩格斯警告说 在世界市场的共产党宣言 在遥远的将来产生的结 果是清除现有的工作关系 今天 越来越多的文化表现形式和实践是跨越国界 将接触 到他们的社会习俗 社会学家用 扩散 是指通过这样一个过程 文化项目已经从组到 组或社会 扩散可以通过多种方式发生 其中勘探 军事征服 传教 大众传媒的影响 旅游 和互联网 8 Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term McDonaldization to describe the process through which the principles of the fast food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society both in the United States and throughout the world For example hair salons and medical clinics now take walk in appointments In Hong Kong sex selection clinics offer a menu of items from fertility enhancement to methods of increasing the likelihood of producing a child of the desired sex 社会学家乔治瑞泽尔杜撰了一个术语 麦当劳化 通过它的快餐店的原则来主宰 社会某些领域描述的过程中 无论是在美国和世界各地 为 example hair 沙龙和医疗诊 所 现在需要预约的预约 在香港 选择性别诊所提供的菜单 从肥力的提高来增加生 产所需的性别的孩子的可能性的方法 9 McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures so that we see more and more similarities in cultural expression In Japan for example African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip hop fashions popularized by teens in the United States In Austria the McDonald s organization itself has drawn on Austrians love of coffee cake and conversation to create the McCafe fast food chain Many critical observers believe that McDonaldization and globalization serve to dilute the distinctive aspects of a society s culture 麦当劳化与文化相关的熔化 使我们看到在文化表达更多的相似之处 在日本 例 如 非洲的企业家有一个蓬勃发展的市场嘻哈时尚的美国青少年推广 在奥地利 麦当 劳的组织本身已经对奥地利人喜欢咖啡 蛋糕 和会话创建麦咖啡连锁快餐店 许多关 键的观察家认为 麦当劳化和全球化为稀的独特方面的社会文化 10 Some societies try to protect themselves from the invasion of too much culture from other countries especially the economically dominant United States The Canadian government for example requires that 35 percent of a station s daytime radio programming be devoted to Canadian songs or artists In Brazil a toy manufacturer has eclipsed Barbie s popularity by designing Susi a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls Susi has a slightly smaller chest much wider thights and darker skin than Barbie Her wardrobe includes the skimpy bikinis favored on Brazilian braches as well as a soccer shirt honoring the Brazilian team According to the toy company s marketing director We wanted Susi to be more Latin more voluptuous We Latins appreciate those attributes Brazilians seem to agree Five Susi dolls are sold for every two Barbies 一些国家试图保护自己免受其他国家太多文化的入侵 特别是经济上占统治地位的 美国 例如 加拿大政府 要求一个站的日间广播节目百分之 35 致力于加拿大歌曲或 艺术家 在巴西 一个玩具制造商已经超过了芭比娃娃的普及 通过设计一个洋娃娃 苏西 看起来更像巴西女孩苏西 一个稍小的胸部 更广泛的 thights 皮肤比芭比黑暗 她的衣柜包括紧身比基尼青睐巴西分支以及足球球衣纪念巴西队 根据玩具公司的营销 总监 我们希望苏西更拉丁 更性感 我们拉丁人欣赏的那些属性 巴西人似乎都同 意 五苏西的每两个芭比娃娃的销售 11 Technology in its many forms has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements Sociologist Gerhard Lenski has defined technology as cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires Today s technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation Press conferences often carried simultaneously on the Internet now trumpet new developments 在它的许多形式的技术增加了文化传播的速度和扩大文化元素的分布 社会学家格 哈德伦斯基定义为 文化信息技术如何应用环境的物质资源来满足人的需要和愿望 今天的科技发展 不再需要等待在限制流通期刊出版 新闻发布会 往往同时进行 在互联网上 现在小号的新发展 12 Sociologist William F Ogburn made a useful distinction between the elements of material and nonmaterial culture Material culture refers to the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives including food items houses factories and raw materials Nonmaterial culture refers to ways using material objects and to customs beliefs philosophies governments and patterns of communication Generally the nonmaterial culture is more resistant to change than the meterial culture Ogburn introduced the term culture lag to refer to the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions For example the ethics of using the Internet particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology 社会学家威廉 奥格做了有益的区分元素的物质的和非物质的文化 物质文化指的 是我们日常生活的物理或技术方面 包括食品 房屋 工厂 和原材料 非物质文化是 指以实物方式 风俗 信仰 哲学 政府 和通信方式 一般而言 非物质文化比物质 文化更耐改变 奥格本介绍术语 文化堕距 指的是一段不当非物质文化仍在努力适应 新的物质条件 例如 道德的使用互联网 特别是有关隐私和审查 尚未赶上在使用互 联网技术的爆炸