初二英语动词不定式讲义和练习

动词不定式动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。有些动词不定式不带to，动词不定式可以作句子的主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。一、用作主语直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多，多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首，复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。如：1、把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 2、用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb + some time +to do How long did it take you to finish the work? Itbe形容词for sbto do 逻辑主语It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition a quarter of an hour. Itbe形容词of sbto do “It is stupid of you to write down everything”， the teacher says. 注意：在中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词，强调对人的评价。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is形容词to do句式 ，如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 3、带疑问词的不定式短语作主语How to solve the problem is hard for him. 二、用作表语动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征，通常放在连系动词（主要是be动词）后。如：1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. 2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. 注意：不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。Our work is serving the people.三、用作宾语1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：要求、选择、同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望、决定、学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，宁可、假装、知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望、想要、愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如：1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.3)Id love to visit Mexico2.动词decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell.，介词结构on.可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语，但why后面的不定式不带to。如：1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?2)It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. 注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语动词不定式，句子结构是.feel / find / make / . it+adj. / n.+to do.。如：I find it difficult to remember everything. 4.既可接动词不定式又可接ving形式作宾语，意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来，动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格，特别是美国英语，即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如：1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.2)Im beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. begin用了进行时态，后面只接不定式作宾语，表示事情刚开始，还要继续下去。3)I like to eat vegetables. 感知动词like, love, know等一般不用进行时态。5.后接动词不定式或ving形式作宾语，意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语，表动作尚未发生；后接ving形式作宾语，表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事，to do是目的状语；stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事，doing是宾语。try to do尽力做，try doing试试看；go on to do接着做另外的事，go on doing继续做原来的事。如：1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.2)I stopped using them last year.及物动词+不定式一般形式：谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)说 明want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) + to (do)(无)help(帮助)to可以省略begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨) 也可跟动名词,意义变化不大forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱) 也可跟动名词,意义变化较大及物动词+疑问词+不定式： 谓语动词(vt.)+wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)说明tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨)what where+ how + to (do)whowhich不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。四、用作定语 1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语，不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系时，用动词不定式的主动式。如：1)I have so many chores to do today.2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. 3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.具体关系如下例子：The next train to arrive is from Washington. Do you have anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例）。 (2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例）。 (3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例）。 2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时，不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如：1)He needs time to do homework2)Is that a good place to hang out？3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.3.在“there be.”句型里，句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象，常用主动式。如：1)Theres just so much to see and do here.2). but there are still many things to do there.注意：1、记住下面的一些结构：被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语)汉 语 意 思a keyto lock the door锁门的钥匙a boxto hold these things装这些东西的箱子give her a bookto read给她一本书读Is there any(+名词/代词)to (do)?有要(做的)吗?Its timeto go.是走的时间了。Do you have any workto do?你有工作要做吗?Id like somethingto eat.我要点儿吃的。I have nothingto say.我没有话要说。Would you like somethingto drink?你要点儿喝的吗？2、在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词,则后面必须加介词。如：They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方) Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐) He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛笔)五、用作补语动词不定式作补语时，在主动语态句里补宾语，在被动语态句里补主语，句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。1.在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有：要求、允许、提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望、邀请、鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教导、告诉、想要(teach, tell, want)，等待、希望、愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：1) Id invite her to have dinner at my house.2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.3) Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.2.动词不定式作补语，在主动语态句里不带to，被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel，一“注意”：notice。如：1)This picture makes me feel tense！2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.注意：主动语态中to省略，但是在被动语态中to要还原。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.3.help后接动词不定式作补语，to可带可不带。一般说来，带to表间接帮助，不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里，或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带to。如：1). they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.2)Using email English helps you write quickly.4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。如：1)He doesnt seem to have many friends.2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.总结：谓 语 动 词(vt.)+ 宾语 (人 / 物)+不定式 (作宾语补足语)ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要) / get(让) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / help(帮) /+sb. / sth.+to (do)make(使得) / let(让) / hear(听) / see(看) / feel(感觉) / watch(观看)/ have(使得) / help(帮助) +sb. / sth.+ (do)注意：hear / see / feel / watch之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时,含义不同,试比较：I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程)六、用作状语 1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question.to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的状语，置句末时都可以用，置句首时只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引导结果状语从句，in order to do不引导结果状语从句。2.原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”结构句中。如：1)My dogs name is “Lucky”a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. 3.结果状语，多见于“too.to”(太以致不能)，“enough to.”结构句中。如：1)Then Im too tired to do well. What should I do? 2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.4.有些动词不定式作状语，常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。. the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。5.独立动词不定式多用作插入语，表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如：1)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. 七、动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of，主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来，of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既说明人的特性，又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般说明不定式动作的特性，不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如：1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. 2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live八、带疑问词的不定式短语 动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用，在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等，或者单独使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不带to。如：1.用作句子的成分。1)I dont know what to try next. (作宾语)2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)九、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如：1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 十、后面加动名词与不定式时语义不同的1、stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2、forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)3、remember to do 记得去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4、regret to do对要做的事遗憾。(未做) regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)5、cease to do长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。6、try to do努力，企图做某事。 try doing试验，试着做某事。7、go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。 go on doing继续做原来做的事。8、mean to do打算、想 mean doing意味着一、动词不定式作主语1. Its our duty _ the room every day.A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans2. Its hard for us _ English well.A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning（江西省）3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。It will _ the workers over a year _ _ the flyover.4. Its very nice _ you to get me two tickets _ the World Cup.A. for，of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to（二、动词不定式作宾语1. He wants _ some vegetables.A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys 2. Dont forget _ your homework with you when you come to school.A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking 3. He found it very difficult _.A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep 三、动词不定式作宾语补足语1. Robert often asks us _ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before.A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends _ Chinese food.A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked 四、动词不定式作状语1. She went _ her teacher.A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing 2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best _ English well.A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns 3. Im sorry _ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear 4. Im sorry _ you.A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled）5. The panda is so fat that it cant go through the hole.（改为意思相同的句子）The hole _ _ _ _ such a fat panda to go through. 6. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldnt skate on it. （改为意思相同的句子）The ice on the lake wasnt _ enough _ people _ _ _.【典型考题】1. “What are you going to do this weekend?” “Id like my parents.” A. to visit B. visit C. visiting2. Whats your plan for the summer holidays? Ive no idea, but Ive decided at home.A. stay B. to stay C. stayed D. staying3. Last week our geography teacher told us more information about how to protect the environment. A. get B. got C. to get D. getting4. Our headmaster asked us a report on how to protect wild animals. A. write B. writing C. to write D. wrote5. How do you feel when you watch the national flag go up?It makes me very proud.A. felt B. to feel C. feeling D. feel6. It took her half an hour the Water Park by bus last Sunday. A. gets to B. get to C. to get to D. getting to7. Its dangerous for you that tall tree.A. climb B. to climb C. climbing D. climbed8. My brother is ill in hospital.Im sorry that. A. hear B. hearing C. heard D. to hear9. more information about the trip, you can go to www.jxtour.com.A. Find B. Finding C. To find D. Found10. Some children are arguing about what TV programs . A. watching B. for watching C. to watch D. will watch动词不定式专项练习 1. Its wrong _ not _ her a letter.A. of you; to write B. for you; writing C. of you; writing D. for you; write2. Im sorry, I _ my exercise book at home.Dont forget _ it to school tomorrow, please.A. forget; to take B. left; to bring C. forget; to bring D. left; to take3. Before you go abroad, you need _ about table manners in that country.A. knew B. known C. to know D. knowing4. I need some paper _.A. to write B. to write on C. to write in D. writing5. I have no pens _. Could you please lend me one?Sure. Here you are.A. to write B. to write down C. to write with D. to write in6.Do you think our football team will win the match?Yes, we have better players. So I _ them to win. A. hope B. ask C. help D. expect7. I am allowed _ until 12:00 on the evening of the Spring Festival.A. stay up B. to stay up C. staying up D. to staying up8. the“No Car Day”campaign（活动）asks Beijing drivers _their cars at home one day each month.A. leave B. leaving C. to leave D. to be left9. Do you like sports? Sure. Im looking forward to _ the 29th Olympic Gamesn Beijing on TV.A. watch B. watching C. watch D. watching10. Good manners usually help people to _ each other. A. get on well with B. get started C. be friendly D. get together11.They prefer _ TV to _ newspapers.A. watching; reading B. watching; to read C. to watch; read D. to watch; reading12. Oh, terrible! I forgot _ the window. Its windy. Really? Lets go back home quickly.A. closing B. to close C. closed D. close13. Shopping with me?Sorry, I have a lot of clothes _.A. to wash B. washed C. wash D. to be washed14. On her way home Lucy saw a thief _ in a shop. She stopped _ 110 at once.A. steal; call B. to steal; call C. stealing; to call D. stealing; calling15. There are some dangerous fishes in this river, and I toldJack _ here.A. not to swim B. to not swim C. swim not to D. to swim not16. Martin Murray is a fifteen-year-old boy. He used _ a “problem child”, but luckily, his mother was very patient, and didnt give up _ him.A. to be; try to help B. being; trying helping C. to be; trying to help D. being; try helping17. Ali said that she wouldnt mind _alone at home.A. leftB. being leftC. to be leftD. leaving18. If you keep _ English, you can learn English well. A. practising speakB. practising speakingC. practising to speakD. to practise spoken19. She enjoys _ light music.A. to hearB. hearingC. listening toD. to listen to20. He finished his homework, then he went on _ a letter. A. writeB. writingC. withD. to write