高中英语必修1(人教新课标)Unit-1-Friendship-知识点总结.docx

高中英语必修1（人教新课标）Unit 1 Friendship知识点总结一、重点词汇1.survey 调查 Do the following survey. 做下面的调查。 n. 民意调查，民意测验，常用于结构make a survey of sth，表示“调查某事物”。（名词复数:surveys ） The reporter made a survey of river pollution. 记者对河流污染进行了调查。 v. survey 查看，审视，眺望（风景等）The next morning we surveyed the damage caused by the fire.次日早晨我们查看了火灾的损失情况。2. add v.增加，加 Add up your score and see how many points you get.把你的得分加起来看看有多少。 add vt./vi. 增加，增添”。 If you add 4 to 5, you get 9.四加五等于九。 词义辨析add to/ add.to./add up(together) /add up to (1). add to指的是“增添，增加，增进”。 The bad weather added to our difficulties恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。 (2). add. to.指的是“把加到上”, 是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。 If you want to eat hot things, you can add red pepper to them.如果你想吃辣的，你可以加些红辣椒。 (3). add up 指的是“加起来”。 Add your scores up and you will see who won. 把你们的分数相加，看看谁赢了。 (4). add up to.指的是“总共达；加起来达到”，该短语不用于被动语态。 The cost of two trips added up to 1,000 dollars.两次旅行加起来总共1000美元。3. calm 平静，镇定 go somewhere quiet to calm your friend down.去一个安静的地方让你的朋友冷静下来。 v. 使平静；使镇定。Calm down, sir. Whats the trouble?冷静点儿，先生。出了什么事？ adj. 平静的；镇定的；沉着的，指无风浪或人的心情不激动。 The sea was clam again after the strong wind.大风过后，大海又平静了。 keep calm 保持镇静 Keep calm! Dont get flurried.镇静些！别发慌。 calm down 使平息，使平静 Calm down, theres nothing to worry about. 冷静点儿，没有什么好担心的。 词义辨析：quiet/calm/silent/still/noiseless/peaceful 这些形容词均含“平静的，无声无息”之意。 quiet: 普通用词，指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的寂静状态。 calm: 普通用词，既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态，又可指人的镇定沉着，不受外界影响和情绪支配。 silent: 普通用词，指缄默不语或无声无息。 still: 指平静而又安定的状态。 noiseless: 指无任何噪音或不出声，无声无息。 peaceful: 普通用词，指一种不受外物扰乱和刺激的内在宁静或和平状态。4. ignore 忽视 ignore the bell别管（上课）铃声了 ignore v. 忽视，对不予理睬Ignore the child if he misbehaves and hell stop soon.孩子胡闹时别去理他，不久他就会不闹了。 ignorance n.无知 ignorant adj.无知的，常用于be ignorant of/about sb./sth.结构中。 She displayed a woeful ignorance of the rules.她对这些条例表现出可悲的无知。 We are still woefully ignorant of the causes of this disease. 不幸的是，我们仍对这种疾病的致病原因一无所知。5.upset adj.心烦意乱的；不安的；vt. 使心烦 Your friend comes to school very upset.你的朋友来到学校，心情很苦恼。 upset adj. 心烦意乱的（不置于名词前）；（胃等）不舒服的；（计划等）搅乱的；He was upset by his failure in the exam.他因考试不及格而感到沮丧。upset v. 使不安，扰乱；打翻，翻倒It upset him that nobody had told him about it.让他不高兴的是谁，也没有把这件事告诉他。 词义辨析: upset/nervous/anxious upset：由于某事发生而心烦意乱，只用作表语，不作定语； nervous：在某事发展过程中有种紧张的感觉，常作定语、表语； anxious：由于害怕发生或不发生某事而感到焦虑。6.have got to .tell your friend that youve got to go to class.告诉你的朋友你要去上课。 have got to 的意思是：不得不，相当于have to。I have got to meet my partner every Friday.每周五我必须和我的合伙人碰头。 have got to的否定式为havent got to，用于疑问句时，have提前。7. concern vt.(使)担忧，涉及 n.担心，关注 tell your friend that you are concerned about him/her告诉你的朋友你关心他/她v. 涉及，关系到，参与；使担心，使操心 The matter concerns the interests of the people.这件事关系到人民的利益。 (1). concern oneself with/in 从事（参与、干涉） She concerns herself with social welfare.她从事社会福利工作。 (2). concern oneself about/ for 因为担忧（关心）某人 He is always concerning himself about/for his family.他总是很担心自己的家人。 (3).be concerned about/for 关心 People are concerned about the missing child.人们担心失踪的小孩。 (4). as/so far as be concerned 就而言 As far as I am concerned, hes nothing but hot air.我看他只会讲空话。 (5). feel/show concern about/for 担心（关心、挂念） He shows great concern for his students, as it is raining heavily outside. 外面正下大雨，他非常担心自己的学生。 (6). be concerned with 与有关 The letter is chiefly concerned with export commodities.这封信主要是关于出口商品的。8. cheat 欺骗 asks you to help him/her cheat in the exam让你帮助他/她在考试中作弊 cheat vt. 欺骗，欺诈； vi. 作弊，舞弊。In order to get the child to eat more, the mother cheated him into the belief that he would get a new toy. 为了让孩子多吃点，妈妈骗他相信会得到一个新玩具。 He was caught cheating in/on an exam.他考试作弊时被当场抓获。 1. cheat sb.(out) of sth. 骗取某人的某物 He cheated her of money.他骗取她的钱。 2.cheat sb. into doing sth. 骗某人某事 He cheated her into believing him a wealthy man.他骗得她相信他是一个富翁。 9.crazy 疯狂 Ive grown so crazy about everything to do with nature.（看见）大自然的这一切我简直就要疯了。 crazy adj. 疯狂的；愚蠢的；狂热的；着迷的Its a crazy idea to climb the mountain by yourself.独自去爬山是个疯狂的想法。 1. be crazy on/about doing sth. 对做某事狂热 Boys are so crazy about playing games on the computer.男生对电脑游戏简直是着迷了。 2. be crazy for sth. 渴望某物 He is crazy for Michael Jacksons CDs.他渴望得到迈克尔.杰克逊的唱片。 3. be crazy for sb. 迷恋某人 Britney Spears makes her fans crazy for her with her sweet songs. 布兰妮鲜甜悦耳的歌声让歌迷们为她疯狂。 4. drive sb. mad/crazy 使某人发疯 Do this mindless work all day is going to drive me crazy.整天做这种不用心的工作，会使我发疯。10. go through 经历，经受 or would not understand what you are going through?或者不明白你经历了什么？ go through表示“经历（困难，痛苦等）”。Most families went through a lot in the war. 战争中多数家庭经历过许多困难。 (1). 表示“穿过，通过”。 A terrible noise went through the house. 一阵可怕的喧闹声响彻整栋房子。 (2). 表示“审阅，检查”。I cant go through the papers in an hour. 一个小时以内我审阅不完这些文件。 (3). 表示“翻找，搜寻”。Mother went through the drawer for her glasses.母亲翻抽屉找她的眼镜。 (4). 表示“通过，成功”。The plan did not go through.计划没通过。11.hide away 躲避 She and her family hid away for nearly twenty-five months before they were discovered.当她和她的家人被发现的时候，他们已经躲避了将近25个月了。 1. 表示“躲避，隐匿”。The thief hid away in a friends house for several weeks after the robbery. 那个盗贼行窃后在一个朋友家里躲藏了几个星期。 2. 表示“藏，隐蔽”。 Why do you hide your thoughts away from me?你为什么对我隐瞒你的想法呢？知识拓展-词义辨析 hide oneself / be hidden hide oneself表示动作；be hidden表示状态。 He hid himself in a cave after stealing money.他偷钱后藏身在山洞里。 She was hidden behind the curtain. 她躲在窗帘后面。12. a series of. 一系列的 I dont want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, 像多数人一样我在日记中记录下一系列的事实 a series of表示“一系列的；一连串的；一套（丛书、邮票等）”，series是一个单复数同形的名词，“a series of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。 a series of meetings 一系列的会议 a series of exams 一连串的考试 a series of textbooks 一套教科书 two series of stamps 两套邮票 知识拓展- 词义辨析 series /chain series指按次序排列或发生的相似的、相关的或相同的事情。 chain暗示紧密连接或联系在一起的一系列的东西。13. point n.分数，点，要点 v.指 Add up your score and see how many points you get.把你的得分加起来看有多少。point v. 指示，指着，对着，削尖 The hands of the clock point to five oclock.时钟的针指向五点钟。point at/to sb./sth. 指着某人（某事物）的位置或方向 point sth. at/towards sb./sth. 以某物瞄准或这这某人（某物） point out 指出 be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 to the point 中肯的，得要领的 off the point 离题的 point of view 观点，着眼点 There is no point (in) doing 没有必要（意义）做 Theres no point in worrying about it.没什么可担心的。 词义辨析-point to/point at/point out point to和point at都有“指向”之意，有时可以互换。 point to多指较远距离的事物，to着重于指方向，主语既可以是人，也可以是物； point at多指向较近距离的事物，at着重于指的对象，其主语通常是人；但 point.at是“瞄准”之意； He was talking while pointing at the map. 他一边用手指着地图一边讲话。 He pointed to the house on the corner and said, “Thats where I live. ”他指着拐角处的房子说：“我就住在那里。 ” point out是“指出”之意，out是副词。 We will point out some of the major differences as we go along. 在讲解过程中我们将指出其中的一些主要区别。14.face to face 面对面 that Id seen the night face to face我可以面对面地观察深夜face to face 意为“面对面地，在句中作状语，常与with搭配”；face-to-face用作形容词，意为“面对面的”。Face to face, the truth comes out. 谚面对面，真相白。 知识拓展-相似短语heart to heart 坦诚地 shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩地 back to back 背对背地 hand in hand 手拉手地 arm in arm 臂挽臂地 side by side 并排地；并肩地 step by step 逐步地15.on purpose 故意 I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven我特意没睡直到十一点半 on purpose表示“故意；有意地”。 He knocked the old man down on purpose.他故意把那个老人撞倒。 She seems to do these things on purpose.她似乎是有意地做这些事。 知识拓展-相关短语 for the purpose of/with the purpose of 两者意思相同，差异在于用for时，目的能否实现还不知道；用with时，暗示目的能实现。如： Did you come to London for the purpose of seeing your family, or for business purpose?你到伦敦来是为了探亲还是经商？16.in order (not) to+动词原形 I stayed awake on purpose until half past eleven in order to have a good look at the moon by myself. 我特意没睡直到十一点半，就是想一个人好好看看月亮。 in order to表示“为了”We started early in order to arrive before dark.为了在天黑前到达，我们很早就动身了。 in order that/in order to/so that/so as to/to 五者都表示目的。(1).in order to用于目的状语中，不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语通常要一致，是同一人或物；其位置灵活，可放在句首或句中；其否定形式要在to前加not，即in order not to + 动词原形。In order to make his oral English better, he practices speaking English every day. in order that 引导目的状语从句 I hurried through my work in order that I could be in time for wonderful TV programs.我匆忙完成工作为的是能及时观看精彩的电视节目。 (2). so as to与in order to二者均表示“以便；为了”，后接动词不定式作目的状语，可以换用；但so as to引导的目的状语不能置于句首，而in order to则可以。 He stopped working in order to/so as to take a rest.他停止工作以便休息。 In order to make a living, he had to work day and night.为了谋生，他不得不日夜工作。 (3). so that 既可引导目的状语从句也可引导结果状语从句，引导目的状语从句时，从句中常含有can, could,may, might, will, would, shall, should等类的情态动词；引导结果状语从句时类似的情态动词则很少出现， 且so that前有时有逗号与主句隔开，有时that还可以省略。 We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy and dull city. 我们搬到了郊外，这样便远离了吵闹、无聊的城市。We arrived early in the morning, so (that) we caught the first train. (4). to do sth可以做目的状语。 I hurried to the station to pick up my mom.我匆忙赶往火车站，去接我妈妈。17. dare I didnt dare open a window.我不敢开窗户。 1. v. 敢，胆敢，敢于面对，其后可接to do，否定句、疑问句中to可以省略。Most people hate Harry but they dont dare to say so.大多数人都对哈里敢怒不敢言。 2. aux.，敢，胆敢，后跟动词原形。 There is something wrong with the TV set, I dare say.恐怕电视机有毛病了吧。18.suffer v.遭受 She suffered from loneliness, 她忍受着孤独 suffer vt. “遭受，蒙受（痛苦、疾病、寒冷、饥饿、损失等）； 忍受，忍耐（用于否定句和疑问句中） suffer pain 经历痛苦 suffer defeat 遭受失败 suffer vi. 表示“受苦，苦恼，患病，遭受损失”，通常用于短语suffer from。 I often suffer from unaccountable headaches.我常莫名其妙地头疼。 suffer n.表示“痛苦（不可数）；苦难（可数）” suffer from 苦于；患病 suffer from cold and hunger 遭受寒冷和饥饿之苦 suffer from a bad stomach 遭受胃病的痛苦 词义辨析: suffer/suffer from suffer 指一般的损害、痛苦等等，但suffer from 指长期的或习惯性的痛苦或困难。19. get along with 与.相处;进展Im getting along well with a boy in my class.我跟班上的一个男生相处很好。get along with=get on with 意为“与某人相处”He is sincere and easy to get along with. 他为人诚恳, 很好相处。20. fall in love with sb 爱上某人 They say that this boy have fallen in love with me.他们说这个男生爱上我了。 fall in love with sb 爱上某人 It is natural that he should fall in love with such a beautiful girl.他爱上那位美丽的姑娘是很自然的事。 知识拓展-词义辨析：fall in love with/be in love with sb fall in love with sb 强调动作，而be in love with sb强调状态。21.advice 建议 What is Miss Wangs advice? 王小姐的建议是什么？ advice n. 忠告，建议（不可数名词），常用于以下表达方式中：a piece of advice 一条建议 give/offer advice to sb 给某人提建议 ask sb for advice 征求某人的建议 follow/take sbs advice 听从某人的建议 advice on/about sth 关于.的建议 知识拓展-相关单词advice 的动词为advise，常用于以下结构中： advise sb. (not) to do sth. 劝告某人做某事 advise (that) sb. (should) do 劝告某人做 advise doing sth. 建议 advise sb. against 劝告某人不要 advise sb. on 对于给某人忠告22. join in 参加to join in discussions and show interest in other peoples ideas参与讨论，对他人的意见展现兴趣。join in 意为“参与，参加”I hope that everyone will be able to join in the fun.我希望每个人都能够加入进来，玩得开心。 知识拓展-词义辨析attend/ join/ join in/ participate/take part in这些动词或词组均含“参加，加入”之意。attend: 侧重参加或出席会议或学术活动等。join :普通用词，指加入党派、团体或游戏活动等。join in：参加（某些活动）。 participate: 正式用词，特指参加团体活动，暗示以一个积极的角色参加。 take part in: 侧重参加某项群众性、集体性的事业、工作或活动，突出参加者在其中发挥一定的作用。 A lot of college students took part in the movement last year. 去年很多大学生参加了那个运动。His brother joined the army two years ago. 两年前他哥哥参军。May I join in your discussion?我可以参加你们的讨论吗？二、重点句型1. You are taking your end-of-term exam. 你将参加期末考试. 本句中的现在进行时表示将来按计划要进行的动作。能这样用的常见动词有：arrive, come, go, get, have, leave, return, sleep, stay, start, travel, work, play, wear, give, move等。 Susan is coming for dinner tomorrow.苏珊明天来吃晚饭。 I am going to Guilin for my summer vocation.我去桂林过暑假。2. While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car. 在你遛狗的时候，不小心松了手，结果狗被车撞了. While walking the dog=while you were walking the dog。本句中while后面省略了主语you和be动词were。 While和when引导的时间状语从句，如果从句中的主语和主句的主语是同一个人或事物时，可省去从句中的主语和be动词。 When preparing for the driving test, he spent a lot of time practicing it. 准备驾照考试的时候，他花了很多时间练习。3. - it was the first time in a year and a half that Id seen the night face to face 这是我一年半以来第一次目睹夜晚 It(this) is/was the first (second, third ) time that sb. have/had done sth.是一常用句型，意为“某人第一（二、三）次作某事”。That引导的从句中的时态须用完成时态。 It is the first time that I have ever been to Beijing.这是我第一次去北京。 This was the second time that she had cheated.这是她第二次行骗。3.I wonder if its because I havent been able to be outdoors for so long that Ive grown socrazyabout everything to do with nature. 我不知道这是不是因为我长久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都 比较狂热。 本句中 its because .that .是一个强调句的结构。 强调句的基本结构：It is/was+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分。 It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 正是从太阳那儿我们得到了光和热。 It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 直到读了你的信，我才明白真实的情况。 It was last night that I attended the concert.我正是在昨晚听的演唱会。4. I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. 黄昏时，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的. happen to do碰巧，恰好做（某事），当happen后的不定式所表示的动作正在进行或已经完成时，要用不定式的进行时态或完成时态。 Do you happen to have his letter about you?你是否正好带着他的信了？ It happened to be raining when I got to the top of the mountain.当我到达山顶时，正好下起雨来。5. It no pleasure looking through these any longer 观看这些再也没有了乐趣 此句中it为形式主语，looking through为动名词短语，作真正的主语。此类句型还有： 做某事没有用处/好处/必要Its no use/good/need doing sth. Its not any use/good/need doing sth. Its of little use/good/need doing sth.6. She found it difficult to settle 她发现难以安顿下来.find+宾语+宾语补足语表示“发现/觉得处于某种状态”。 1. Find+宾语+形容词/副词/介词短语。如： When she woke up, she found herself in the hospital.她醒来时发现自己在医院里。 2. Find+宾语+现在分词（宾语与现在分词所表示的动作之间是主谓关系，表示动作的进行或持续）。 They found the lost child hiding in the cave.他们发现那个失踪的孩子藏在山洞里。 3. Find+宾语+过去分词（过去分词所表示的动作与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示动作的被动、完成）。 We found the place much changed. 我们发现这个地方变化很大。 4. Find+宾语+名词。如： I found her an easy woman to get along with.我发觉她是一个容易相处的女人。 5. 如果变成被动语态，那么宾语就变成了主语，宾补变成了主补。如： He was found cheating in the examination.他在考试中被发现作弊。 6. 在“find it +adj.+to do”中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的动词不定式（短语）。类似的动词 有make,think, believe, feel, consider等。7. Mother asked her if/whether she was very hot with so many clothes on. 妈妈问她穿这么多衣服是否很热. 句中的with so many clothes on是“with+复合宾语”作状语。“with+复合宾语”结构实际上是独立主格结构的一种，是常见的考点。“with+复合宾语”常见形式有： 1. with+名词（代词）+形容词 He often sleeps with the windows open. 他经常开着窗睡觉。 2. with+名词（代词）+副词 With John away, weve got more room.约翰不在, 我们有了更多的地方。 3. with+名词（代词）+介词短语 The guard stood at the gate with a gun in his hands.卫兵手持枪站在门口。 4. with+名词（代词）+动词不定式 I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.所有这些碟子都要洗, 我不能出去。 5. with+名词（代词）+现在分词，其中现在分词与宾语之间是主动关系。 He fell asleep with the light burning.他开着灯睡着了。 6. with+名词（代词）+过去分词，其中过去分词与宾语之间是被动关系。 The thief was brought in with his hands tied.小偷双手被捆着带了进来。 7. with+名词（代词）+名词 He died with his daughter yet a baby.他去世时他女儿还是一个婴儿。8. I am having some trouble with my classmates at the moment. 现在我和我班上的同学之间有些麻烦. have trouble with sth指的是做.有困难，类似的表达方式还有：have trouble/difficulty /fun/.(in) doing sth./with sth. “做有困难/乐趣” We have much difficulty (in) understanding what he says.我们要理解他说的话有不少困难。 We had fun riding our bicycles to the beach today.我们今天骑自行车去海滨玩得很开心。三、重点语法 直接引语和间接引语 定义：引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句。 1. 人称变化： 直接引语里若是第一人称，要根据主句的主语在间接引语里进行转换； 直接引语里若是第二人称，要根据主句的宾语在间接引语里进行转换； 直接引语里若是第三人称，则直接用第三人称。 一句话概括就是“一随主，二随宾，三不变”。 2. 时态变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，若主句为过去时态，变为间接引语的宾语从句通常要将时态往后推一个， 一现变一过，一将变过将，现进变过进，现完变过完，一过变过完，过完不变。另外，若直接引语中有情态动词can, may等，也应变成过去式could, might等(情态动词must可以变为had to，也可不变，should,ought to, had better 等可以不变) 3. 时间地点等词的变化： 直接引语变间接引语时，时间地点等状语根据情况也要相应的改动。如：如将now改为then，将today 改为that day，将tonight改为that night，将yesterday改为the day before，将this 改为that，将these改为those,将last week改为the week before，将three years ago改为three years before，将tomorrow改为the next day，将next year改为the next year等等。 4. 各种句式的变化: 一般疑问句：直接引语若为一般疑问句的步骤：不用引号，加whether或if，人称变化，时态变化， 陈述句语序。 特殊疑问句：直接引语若为特殊疑问句的步骤：不用引号，保留原疑问词，人称变化，时态 变化， 原语序（对主语提问）或陈述句语序（对非主语提问）。 祈使句：直接引语若为祈使句的步骤：不用引号，祈使句变为tell, ask, order sb to do，人称变化。 陈述句：直接引语若为陈述句的步骤：不用引号，可加that，人称变化，时态变化。