2016届英语构词法在语法填空的应用及部分例题

2016届英语构词法在语法填空的应用及部分例题英语词汇的构成有一定的规律和法则，这种造词的方法我们叫做“构词法”。掌握一定的构词法知识，可以降低阅读中的生词量，使阅读更流畅。当然，构词法也能对我们的高考新题型语法填空产生极大的帮助，因此，笔者为同学们整理了一些对我们答题有所帮助的常用构词法及解题技巧，希望能够对同学们的高三英语复习有所帮助。1三种主要构词法英语主要有三种构词法，即转化法、合成法和派生法。1. 转化法就是把一个词从一种词类转化为另一种词类。如：You can water the flowers with dirty water. 你可以用脏水浇花。说明：第一个water是动词（浇水），第二个water是名词（水）2. 合成法就是把两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新词。如：Few people realized that dustmen were doing an important job.很少有人意识到清洁工人的工作非常重要。说明：dustman（清洁工）由dust和man两个单词合成，dustmen是其复数形式。3. 派生法就是将一个单词附加前缀或后缀，变为一个新单词。前缀附加在单词前面，一般不改变原词的词类，但会引起词义的变化。后缀附加在单词后面，一般不改变原词的基本含义，但会引起词类的变化。如：We think it impossible to finish the work on time.我们认为不可能按时完成这个任务。说明：impossible就是在词根possible前面加上前缀im-后构成的一个派生词。词根possible(可能的)和派生词impossible(不可能的)都是形容词，词类没变，词义变了。My grandpa looks very healthy. 我爷爷看起来很健康。说明：healthy就是在词根health后加上后缀-y构成的派生词。health(健康)是名词，healthy(健康的)是形容词，词义不变，词类变了。2重要考点提示：在语法填空中，经常会用到构词法，且考查的重点是派生词。如：(1)We drank together and talked 38 (merry) till far into the night(2)This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their 39 (nature) course.以上两题都是考查考生对派生法的掌握情况的，第（1）题中的drank和talked都是动词，修饰谓语动词作状语，应用副词，所以填merrily；（2）中的course是名词，在名词前作定语用形容词，所以填natural。3常见前缀与后缀1. 常见前缀前缀含义例词en-使可能enrich丰富 enable 使能够，使有机会 enlarge 扩大dis-不，否定dissatisfy使不满意 disappear 消失 disagree 不同意dishonesty 不诚实 disadvantage 不利条件un-不unable 不能够 unlucky 不幸的 unhappy 不开心的un+ v.做相反动作undress脱衣服 unload 卸货 uncover 揭开in-im-ir-il-不，非inactive 不活跃的 incorrect 不正确的impolite不礼貌的 impossible不可能的 immoral 不道德的irregular 不规则的 irresponsible不负责任的illogical 不合逻辑的 illegal 非法的non-不，非non-existent不存在的 non-stop 直达的,连续不断的mis-错误的，坏的misunderstand 误解 mislead 误导 misfortune 厄运,不幸Re-重复，再rewrite重写, remarry 再婚super-在上面，超级supermarket 超市 supermodel 超级名模 superstar 超级明星under-在之下underestimate低估 underground 地下的inter-相互，之间international国际的 interact 交流,合作,相互作用semi-半semifinal 半决赛 semicircle半圆 semi-conscious 半昏迷半清醒的multi-多，多种multi-national多国的 multi-colored多种颜色的 multi-cultural多文化的kilo-千kilometer 千米,公里 kilogram 千克tele-远telephone 电话 television 电视a-在上/里向.aboard 在船/火车/飞机上 ahead 在前面aside向旁边 abroad在国外2. 名词后缀后 缀含 义例 词n.+er相关的人farmer 农夫 officer 官员v.+er从事某种职业、进行某种活动的人teacher 教师 worker 工人reader 读者 writer 作家地点名词+er住在某处的人Londoner 伦敦人 villager 村民-ess女actress 女演员 hostess 女主人-or同er-conductor 售票员 visitor 游客 inventor 发明家 actor 演员 survivor 幸存者 editor 编辑-ar同er-beggar 乞丐-ese某国人,某国语Chinese 中国人,汉语 Japanese 日本人,日语-ian从事某职业的人musician 音乐家 physician医师,内科医生-ist从事某职业的人scientist科学家 dentist牙医 pianist 钢琴家 artist 艺术家 communist共产主义者 socialist社会主义者-ment行为的结果argument 争论 judgment判断-ness状态, 情况,特征happiness幸福 illness疾病-tion动作,行为dictation听写 preparation准备-ship身份,状态leadership领导 friendship友谊 citizenship 国籍；公民权-anceacceptance接受 appearance 外表；出现-enceconfidence信息 reference参考n.+ful以该名词容量为单位的量glassful 一杯 mouthful 一口plateful 一盘 spoonful 一羮匙-alrefusal拒绝 denial 抵赖 arrival 到达 approval 赞成；批准 burial 埋葬； 葬礼 survival 幸存-ydifficulty困难 possibility 可能性-ismsocialism社会主义 materialism唯物主义3 . 形容词后缀后 缀例 词-alindustrial 工业的 national国家的,民族的-anEuropean欧洲的 American美国的,美洲的-erneastern东方的 northern北方的 southern南方的-ablereasonable合理的 believable 可相信的 unbearable 难以忍受的-fulcareful仔细的,小心的 cheerful兴高采烈的 beautiful 美丽的-ishchildish孩子般的 selfish自私的 foolish 愚蠢的-iveactive活跃的,积极的 creative创造性的 destructive 破坏的；毁灭性的-ythirsty口渴的 dirty脏的 windy有风的-engolden金色的,金的 wooden木的,木质的 woolen 羊毛的-ouscontinuous持续的 various各种各样的-aryimaginary幻想的 revolutionary革命的-icrealistic现实的 historic历史的-sometroublesome麻烦的 lonesome孤独的, 寂寞的-likechildlike孩子般的,单纯的 womanlike女人般的-lyfriendly友好的 lovely可爱的-lesscareless 粗心的 harmless无害的 homeless 无家可归的 useless 无用的4. 动词后缀后缀含义例 词-en使成为,使具有widen加宽 sharpen削尖 deepen 加深 strengthen 加强shorten 缩短 soften 软化 quicken 加快adj. +ize使变成, 使化Americanize 美国化 civilize 使开化modernize 现代化 nationalize国有化-y使化beautify 美化 simplify简化5. 副词后缀-ly是最常见的副词后缀, 可以附加在形容词后，构成与原形容词意义相同的副词。如：slowly 缓慢地 happily高兴地 truly 真实地 wholly 全部地 simply 纯粹地4解题技巧解答这类试题，首先要结合不同词类的不同用法来分析判断用哪种词类的词，然后再根据构词法将括号中的词改为所需要的词类。具体来说，须注意以下四点。1. 动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词后一般接名词或动名词, 如果所给单词是其它词类, 就要将其改为名词, 并注意名词数的变化。(1)Do you know the (deep) of the river?(2)His (careful) resulted in the terrible accident(3)He is one of the (science) who support this theory.2. 动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词, 如果所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式，如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式；如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词。如：(1)Please pay (attend) to your handwriting.(2) His (arrive) made the situation worse.(3)The teacher was angry at my (come) late.3. 动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时, 还要考虑副词级的变化。如：(1)The boy ran (quick) to school.(2)“Whats that?” Father shouted (angry).(3)The little girl is （extreme）eager to know the result of the exam。(4). He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” (height).答案：(1) quickly (2) angrily (3) extremely (4) higher4. 在名词前作定语，在系动词后做表语，以及作主语或宾语的补足语时，通常要用形容词如果所需词为形容词时, 还要考虑形容词级的变化。(1) Whats the (width) river in the world?(2) The (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.5即时训练单句填空：用所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Mary was very at the news, so she looked at her husband, her eyes full of (sad). 2. He football very well and he was one of the best in yesterdays football match. (play) 3. Look! How Kate is laughing! She seems to be the girl in the world (happy). 4. To our , the headmaster was very with our report. (satisfy) 5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent) 6. I should my task and make it to finish it. (simple) 7. The boy having the _ of being half starved _, never to be seen again. (appear) 8. The police the pot and a plot against the President. (cover) 9. You are so _ to help me. Thank you for your _. (kindly) 10. Everything is becoming _than before and many college students had to work to make some money for their college _. (expend)语篇填空：用所给词的适当形式填空ARafting is an 1 (excite) adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting is a good way to experience 2 (natural) . If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks. If you are looking for more 3 （excite）, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is 4 （adventure）and 5 (difficulty)than normal rafting. It is done on rivers and streams where the water moves 6 (quick). You have to be 7 (care) not to hit rocks, trees and other 8 (dangerous). The name “Whitewater” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.BSteve Jones is an 1 (environment)expert who tries to keep animals and plants from2 (become) endangered. If we know more about what causes 3 (danger), we may be able to take measures before it is too late. A species can become 4 (endanger) for 5 (differ) reasons. Animals and plants must have a habitat or home, which is 6 (comfort) and clean, and where there is enough food and other resources. Otherwise they can not live 7 (comfortable). They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live 8 (succeed) in their habitat.【参考答案】答案1：(1) depth (2) carelessness (3) scientists答案2：(1) attention (2) arrival (3) coming答案3：(1) quickly (2) angrily (3) extremely (4) higher答案4：(1) widest (2) stronger一、单句填空1. sad, sadly, sadness 2. played, players 3. happily, happiest4. satisfaction, satisfied 5. inventor; inventions 6.simplify, simpler/simple7. appearance, disappeared 8. discovered, uncovered9. kind, kindness 10. more expensive, expenses二、语篇填空A. 1. exciting 2. nature 3. excitement 4. adventurous 5.difficult6. quickly 7. careful 8. dangersB. 1. environmental 2. becoming 3. endangerment 4.endangered5. different 6. comfortable 7. comfortably 8. successfully6