非谓语动词一览表

word非谓语动词一览表非谓语动词主动式被动式可充当的句子成分动词不定式to doto be done主语宾语表语定语补语状语插入语to be doing/to have doneto have been doneto have been doing/动名词doingbeing done主语宾语表语定语having donehaving been done现在分词doingbeing done表语定语补语状语插入语having donehaving been done过去分词done动词不定式的根本用法：一. 语法功能: 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语(主语补足语)、状语以与插入语独立成分)，唯独不可作谓语。主语To scold her would not be just. 宾语We are planning to build a Disney park here.宾补They hurriedly ended the meeting, leaving many problems to be settled.表语Our most urgent task is to make a careful analysis of the present situation. 仔细分析当前的形势是我们最迫切的任务。定语Do you have anything else to add? 还有什么要补充的吗目的状语Learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones. 惩前毖后。结果状语He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. 他大讲了一通，只暴露他对这门学科的无知。程度状语I dont know her to speak to. 我认识她还不到能与她谈话的程度。(原因状语) We shall be happy to co-operate with you in the work. (独立成分) To put it another way, do you like him?To be honest, I dont know anything about it.I. 作主语：1. To say is easier than to do. = Saying is easier than doing.2. To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing.3. How to go there hasnt been decided yet. 4. Who to blame for the traffic accident is still a puzzle.5. Whether to go or stay is not known.6. It is important to study English well and go to college.7. It is our duty to give a hand to people in trouble.8. It takes me three hours to do house cleaning on Sundays.9. To master a foreign language is very important。=It is very importantto master a foreign language.【总结归纳】不定式作主语，用It代替主语，而把不定式后置，常见句型：1 It is + adj. (important, possible, impossible, necessary, hard, difficult, easy, strange, natural,)+ (for sb.) to do sth.It is + adj. ( honest, brave, foolish, clever, careful, kind, wise, careless, good, nice, silly, stupid, impolite) +(of sb.) to do sth.eg: It is quite necessary for us to learn English well.It was very brave of you to jump into the river to save the girl.In fact, it is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.It is kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me .It was foolish of you to believe him. = Ii is foolish of you to have believed himright, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. eg.Its right/wrong for / of him to do the work alone.2 It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + to do sth.s my duty to teach you how to be a student of No.3 Middle School.3It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, days, patience) +to do sth.eg:It requires patience to learn English well.4 .It made sb. + adj. (excited, frightened , angry ) + to do sth.eg: It made me delighted to have been invited to give you a speech here.II. 作表语：当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。例如：1. Our most important task now is to make a plan.2. What I would suggest is to start work at once.3. At that time his job was to write reports for the newspaper.4. The problems remain to be unsettled. 5. His fathers task is to raise pigs and goats.6. My question is when to start the work.7. The problem is whether to buy a bigger puter.8. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.9. All that we have to do istopractice speaking English every day.What we have to do istopractice speaking English every day.III. 作宾语1. Do you agree to lend him 200 yuanto buy a birthdays gift? 2. They managedto pass the driving test.3. We determine to study English harder than before. 4. I dont knowwhat to do next.5. He refused to accept the present.6. He tried to avoid answering my questions.7. The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!.【总结归纳】1只可以接不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, afford, expect, _etc.2) Eg. We have no choice but to wait.Cf. We can do nothing but wait.3) 用it作形式宾语,宾语补足语后置，find, think, consider, believe, feel, make + it + adj. / n. + to do sth.eg: I find it very interesting to talk with you. Do you think it a pity to miss a wonderful film?Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.IV. 宾语补足语在SVOC句型中，许多动词都可以跟不定式作宾语补足语。eg: You should get them to help youJim told me to give his best wishes to everyone here. Parents want their children to develop fully. Please ask John not to turn off the air-condition. He encouraged me to talk to him in English. They are allowed to talk in the classroom after class.He often made his workers work 10 hours a day, but recently he has been made to reduce the worhing hour. 【总结归纳】1) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词和动词词组之后： want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, cause, force, invite, warn, forbid, get,vote for,call on,count on,rely on,depend on,long for,wait for 等。但在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面常跟to be作宾补，也可省略 to be.eg. They believe him (to be ) honest. I find her (to be ) humorous.You cant imagine them (to be ) careful and interesting.2) 以下两类动词后跟不定式作宾补时不能带to ( 但变为被动语态时要加 to )一些表示“致使意义的动词，即let, have, make；一些表示“感觉的动词，五看两听一感觉(listen to, watch, observe, notice, look at , see, hear, listento, feel.)Eg: Dont let the children trouble you. I heard someone open the door.Someone was heard to open the door.His father made him go to bed early. He was made to go to bed by his father.3)help 后to 带不带都可以。Eg: He often helps (to) do some housework at home. He helped an old man ( to ) walk across the street.V. 作定语不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词或代词。1). 动词不定式作定语，与所修饰名词有动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.She has a child to take care of.It seems that he has no pento write with.I have a lot to talk about with you.区别：Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?Exx. He has many letters _( write). He is looking for a large room _( live ) in. Please give me a piece of paper _ ( write ) on. Please give me a pen _ ( write ) with.I want to buy a knife _ ( cut ) apples with.Everyone had an application form in his hand, but no one knew which office _. A. to send it to B. to send it C. to be sent toD. to have it sent I would like to buy an expensive camera. Well. We have several models _. A. to choose fromB. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choosingI am going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything _ to your son?A. taken B. to take C. to be takenD. take 2). He has no money and no place to live ( in ). The Central Park is a good place for people to rest and relax ( in ). I have no time to write to you ( in ). Spring is a good season to go travelling ( in ). I have no way to solve the problem ( in ).假如不定式修饰的名词是place, time, way，不定式后的介词常省略。3). I will go to Nanjing. Do you have anything to be taken there? Cf: I will go to Nanjing with you. Do you have anythingto take there? I have no more letters to be typed.Thank you.You can go home now. Cf: I have no more lettersto type. I can go home now.4).被修饰名词前有序数词，形容词最高级修饰：Edison was the first scientist to build a modern research and development center.He is always the firstto eand the last to leave . Madame Curie was the first woman in the world to win two Nobel Prizes. He is the only person in the office to be invited to the ball. She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.5). There is no need to worry about me. There is nothing to do / to be done now.Therere many places of interest to visit=to be visitedin China. Cf: There is nothing for me to do now. (只能用 to do) There are many places of interest for her to visit in China. (只能用 to do)VI. 作状语不定式可以作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。 ( not )to do, in order ( not ) to do, so as ( not )to do作目的状语Eg: She reads China Daily every dayto/ in order to/ so as to improve her English. 注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。We should take action to stop pollution to keep the river clean.To sleep late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.To / In order to catch up with the other students, he is working harder.In order for the students to pass the exam, the teachers are working hard.We ran all the way so as not to be late for the lecture.Exx: 1) All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致2) In order to make our city green, _. A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. we must plant more treesC. many more trees need to plant D. our city needs more trees 在soas to do, such.as to do, only / never to do结构中，不定式作结果状语，其中only / never to do用于表示意想不到的结果。Eg: He is so kind as to help strangers in need of help. He is such a kind man as to help strangers out of trouble.He hurried to the station only to findthe train had gone.He hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.He lifted a rock, only to drop it on his own feet. He left home three months ago, never to e back.He left home three months ago,never to be seen again. enough to do, tooto do, 结构Eg: The boy isnt old enoughto go to school.= The boy is too young to go to school.He arrived late to find the train gone. He istoo weak to do the work.= He is not strong enough to do the work.He woke up the next morning to find that he was in a hospital.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：或用never to do He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.He hurried to the booking office only to be told that all the tickets had been sold out. He left his hometown when he was very young, never to return.Exx: He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped 形容词happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等+ 不定式结构中，不定式作原因状语。Eg: Im sorryto hear that you are ill. Im more than happy / glad / willing to take you there in my car.Im glad to see you .I feel greatly honored _ into their society. 2008卷 A. to wele B. weling C. to be weled D. weled 注意: only too 表“非常、“很 They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit. too happy / glad / pleased / eager / anxious / ready etc. = very happy / glad / pleased / eager / anxious / ready etc. She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street. She was too eager to see her daughter.Exx: - Thanks for your trouble. - Not at all. Im _ pleased to help you. A. too much B. too only C. so much D. only too 伴随状语as if to do sth He moved his lips as if to say something.He raised his hand as if to greet me. He paused, as if to let the painful memory pass.VII. 作插入语(独立成分)，用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进展解释，如： to be frank坦白地说，to be sure确实, 诚然，固然, to tell you the truth说实话, to be honest老实说, to be exact (准确地说),to begin with首先, to start with首先, to make a long story short(长话短说), to make matters worse更糟的是, to be brief (简言之), to say nothing of (姑且不说)，to conclude(总之)，believe it or not信不信由你 等。Eg. To tell you the truth, I dont love you.I lost my way in plete darknessand, to make things worse,it began to pour.To be frank,I dont like the way he talked. 二、不定式的时态 1一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或没有时间限制。例如： They often watch us play table tennis.与谓语动作同时 She hopesto go there again.在谓语动作之后 It is necessary and important to read English every day.无时间限制 The factory to make radios is over there.无时间限制She decidednot to be late again. 在谓语动作之后，否认式She promised never to make such a stupid mistake.同上2. 完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting.She seems to have been told everything.She seemsto have been a teacher for many years.3. 进展式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如： She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.They pretended to be working very hard.We happened to be talking about it.4完成进展式：表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。He is said to have been working there for more than twenty years.不定式的时态、语态填空: 1. Many people are eager _ (talk about) their future. 2. Some of my friends seem _ (make) their plans nowadays.3. Mary is happy _ (make) a great decision. 4. Now he is an engineer, but he plans to _ (change) his future life.5. He seemed to _ (question) for many times.6. We are invited to a party _ (hold) in our club next Friday.7. I feel greatly honored _ (wele) into their society.8. Have you checked all the goods _ to the medical next week?9. The play _ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.10. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _(hear).11. It remain _ (see) whether Jimll be fit enough to play in the finals. 12-Is Bob still performing?-Im afraid not. He is said to _(leave) the stage already as he has bee an official. 13. I dont know whether you _ (碰巧听说了), but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September .14. All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to _ (receive) in time for Christmas. 15. We are invited to a party to _ (hold) in our club next Friday. 三、主动表示被动 逻辑上的主谓关系 - 句中有动作的执行者Do you have anything to sayon this questionWith a lot of houseworkto do, Icant go to the concert with you.Ill go to town.Do you have anything to be taken to your son?you 不是take 动作的执行者局部形容词+不定式，与主语是逻辑上的动宾关系-回头现象The book is difficult to understand. =It is difficult to understand.The chair isfortable to sit on.Excitingas its special effects are to watch, there is too much violence in the film.He is a pleasant person to work with.此类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。to blame受责备; to let 待出租 The house is to let.Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one to blame. He is more to blamethan Wilfred.四、动词不定式不带to的情况:1.在一“感feel二“听hear/listen to三“让let/make/have四“看look at/see/watch/noticeobserve感官动词和使役动词后,动词不定式作宾补时,不带to. eg.I have heard him speak about you often.注: 用于被动语态时let/have无被动语态be allowed to do sth,如此要带to,She was heard to sing a song in the next room.注: get/leave也有“让“叫之意，但它们之后的不定式要带to.eg.Ill leave you to settle all the problems.2在had better/had best/had rather/had sooner/would rather 宁愿/最好Id rather stop here soon. 3 连接词组 (宁愿 而不愿)would rather do than do.,would do ratherthan do, prefer to dorather than do,insist on doing rather than dowould sooner do than doeg: I would rather go than stay.Rather than go outing, she would stay at home.4在cannot but do , cannot help but do, cant choose but do, may (might) as well do, may(maight) well do., Eg: When the country calls you for help, you cant but go.I cant choose but attend the meeting.5在“why /“why not一类表示提出忠告或建议的句型中,Eg: Why turn off the gas?Why not look it up in the direction?6do nothing/everything /anything but/except There is nothingleftto do but/except wait for him at home.She could do nothing but cry.五、不定式的省略式，可以保存到to; to be; to have; to have been如下短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to 。want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to, love to , haveto , ought to , need to, used to, be able to If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.-Hasnt he finished writing the report?- No, but he ought to have.动名词一、根本形式1. 一般式 By reviewing the old, you can learn something new.2. 被动式 He narrowly escaped being drowned.3. 完成式 Mary regrets having been idle when young.4. 否认式 not doing5. 复合结构 Is there any chance of my going abroad?二、动名词的句法功能名词性质 作主语、宾语，也可以用作表语或定语1. 作主语1Being exposed to sunlight for too much timewill do harm to ones skin. 2Being examined twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city. 3-What do you think made Mary so upset? -_ her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing注意：动名词在“It is no use / no good / fun / useless / a waste of time / a good pleasure / nice / good / interesting / worthwhile等结构中作主语，it为形式主语。如：Its no good waiting this morning. e back Monday.2. 作表语 In the ant city, the queens job islaying eggs.3. 作宾语既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语In some parts of London, missing a bus means waiting for another hour.She looks forward every spring towalking in the flower-lined garden.The discovery of new evidence led to the thief being caught.注意：假如跟有宾语补足语，如此常用it作形式宾语 We found it no good making fun of others.We dont think it any goodallowing children to chat on line without any restriction.后接动名词作宾语的动词： enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit，deny, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk, appreciate, postpone, fancy, understand, involve, resist, escape后接动名词的短语： be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, thinkof, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stopfrom,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, put off, cant stand, cant help, ,devote to, get used to注意1：在have some difficulty ( in ) doing 句型中,difficulty可由以下单词trouble , problem, fun, pleasure, a good time,a hard time替换如：Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard timeinpassing the exam.注意2： 在动词need,require,want,deserve后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。其用法相当于不定式的被动结构。 如： The watchneeds repairing.=The watch needs to be repaired.这块表该修了。注意3：如下动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别 forget to do 忘记要做某事forget doing忘记做了某事remember to do记住要做某事remember doing 记着做了某事mean to do 有意要做某事 mean doing 意味着做了某事regret to do 对要做的事表示后悔 regretdoing 对做过去的事后悔cant help to do不能帮助做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事try to do 尽力去做某事 try doing 试着做某事stop to do 停下来去做另一件事stop doing 停止做某事go on to do 接着做另外一件事go on doing 继续做某事used to do 过去做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事作主语、宾语的动名词和不定式的区别动名词： 表示一般性、习惯性的动作，或抽象性的动作，时间概念不强;不定式： 表示的动作往往是具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。Smoking is forbidden here.泛指 Its not good for you to smoke so much.具体They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.泛指Would you prefer to stay at home this evening 具体4. 作定语： 表示用途He cant walk without a walking-stick.Is there a swimming pool in your school? 5. 作同位语His habit, listening to the news on the radio, remains unchanged 6.牛刀小试：用动名词的doing 、having done 、 being done 、having been done形式填空1) We are interested in _ (play) chess.2) Im sorry for not _ (keep) my promise.3) I appreciate _ (invite) here. 4) _ (examine) twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.5) -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ (do) that.6) I appreciated _ (give) the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.7) Something as simple as _ (drink) so