2022-2023年考博英语-辽宁大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第13期

2022-2023年考博英语-辽宁大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题If a foreign object becomes lodged in the eye, medical help is necessary.问题1选项A.deposited inB.resided inC.blurry toD.isolated from【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。lodge in意为“固定在，留在”；deposit in意为“存放，存在”；reside in意为“居住，存在于”；blurry to意为“模糊到”；isolate from意为“与隔离”。句意：如果有异物卡在眼睛内，需要医疗救助。2. 单选题Every second in the United States alone, more than 250 animals are slaughtered for food, adding up to more than 8 billion animals each year. Reducing the amount of meat in ones diet is nutritionally environmentally and ethically beneficial.People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians. Meat has been directly linked to diabetes, obesity, arthritis, and many other illnesses. Furthermore, meat-eaters are at a higher risk for diseases, including cancer, and they are more likely to die from these diseases. Critics say that a meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients, especially protein and iron. Actually, according to A Teens Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food, and iron appears in many vegetables. Getting enough nutrients in a meat-reduced diet should not be difficult. A 2008 study found that some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs. Diets including more fruits and vegetables will only make people healthier.Some skeptics believe that there will be a shortage of food if animals are not eaten. In fact, the opposite is true. More than 80% of the com and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The worlds cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people. One half of the water used in the United States also goes to livestock; 2.50 gallons of water produces only 1 lb. of beef. If people eat less meat and more plants, the amount of available food will increase.Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical. 90% of these animals are raised in confinement. Chickens and other birds have only about half a square foot of space each, and since they are raised so close together, a lot blade is used to cut off their beaks to prevent them from pecking each other to death. Likewise, pigs that are repressed will bite each others tails, so both their teeth and tails are removed as soon as they are born.Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways. Even a slight reduction in meat intake is better than nothing at all. Consuming less meat is beneficial to the health of animals, the health of people, and to the health of the world.1.Why do some people become vegetarians?2.Which of the following statement is true according to the book A Teens Guide to Going Vegetarian?3.Why does the author say reducing the amount of meat in ones diet is environmentally beneficial ?4.What is the attitude the author has toward eating meat?5.Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?问题1选项A.They feel that eating animals is unethical.B.There are fewer livestock available due to the environmental pollution.C.The consumption of meat will lead to financial problem.D.Being a vegetarian is beneficial to the protection of water问题2选项A.Some of the highest pesticide residues appear in meat and eggs.B.A meatless diet does not provide enough nutrients.C.Proteins can be found in almost every food.D.More than 80% of the corn in U.S. are fed to livestock.问题3选项A.People who eat meat usually have weaker immune systems compared to those of vegetarians.B.A lot of food and water are consumed in order to raise livestock.C.90% of animals are raised in confinement.D.Raising animals causes most of the destruction of the nature.问题4选项A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Indifferent.D.None of the above.问题5选项A.The Advantage of Eating Less Meat.B.Why People Become Vegetarian?C.Environmental Protection and Meatless Diet.D.Save Chickens, Save Birds.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Many people become vegetarians because they feel that eating animals is unethical.（许多人成为素食者是因为他们觉得吃动物是不道德的）可知A选项“他们觉得吃动物是不道德的”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的according to A Teens Guide to Going Vegetarian, by Judy Krizmanic, protein is found in almost every food（根据Judy Krizmanic的青少年素食指南，几乎每种食物都含有蛋白质）可知C选项“蛋白质几乎可以在每种食物中找到”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的More than 80% of the com and 95% of the oats grown in the U.S. are fed to livestock. The worlds cattle alone consume enough food to equal the caloric needs of 8.7 billion people. One half of the water used in the United States also goes to livestock;（美国80%以上的玉米和95%的燕麦用于饲养牲畜。单是世界上的牛就消耗了足够的食物，足以满足87亿人的热量需求。美国一半的用水也用于牲畜）可知饲养牲畜需要消耗大量的食物与水，如果人们减少食肉，那么所需种植食物的土地资源和水资源会减少，将有利于环境保护，因此选B。4.观点态度题。由文章最后一段中的Eating animals is hazardous in numerous ways.（吃动物在很多方面都是有害的）可知作者对吃肉持反对态度，因此选B。5.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出减少食肉对环境和道德都是有益的；第二段介绍了食肉的人通常比素食者的免疫系统弱；第三段介绍了饲养牲畜消耗了大量的食物与水，如果少食肉，那么可用的食物量就会增大；第三段介绍了许多人成为素食者是因为他们觉得吃动物是不道德的；最后一段总结概括消耗更少的肉有益于动物的健康、人们的健康以及世界的健康。因此A选项“少食肉的好处”符合题意。13. 单选题Her heart was filled with compassion for the motherless children.问题1选项A.sympathyB.regretC.wistfulnessD.sorrow【答案】A【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项sympathy“同情，怜悯，同情心”；B选项regret“后悔，歉意”；C选项wistfulness“渴望，伤感，沉思”；D选项sorrow“悲伤，哀伤，痛苦”。句意：她对那些没有母亲的孩子充满同情。Compassion“怜悯，同情，同情心”，A选项的意思与该单词最相近，因此A选项正确。4. 翻译题中国政府承诺将通过引进区域气候改善项目，关闭小煤窑和发电厂以及继续对商业排放进行实验的举措，来进一步实现绿色环保的目标。在中央及各地方政府的努力下，2008年中国在节能减排方面取得一定成效。2月份国家统计局的年度报告显示，2008年中国的能耗下降了4.59%，略高于统计局之前降幅约4.21%的估计。但是数据显示两大污染物SO2和COD同2005年的水平相比，分别下降了7%和5%。根据十一五计划，到2010年，工业用水的需求量将比2005年下降20%，而森林覆盖率将占到全国面积的20%，比2005年上涨18.2%。【答案】【参考译文】The Chinese government promises to further achieve the goal of green and environmental protection through introducing projects for improving regional climate, shutting down small coal mines and power plants and also continuing to experiment with commercial emissions. Under the efforts of the central and local governments, China has made certain achievements in the aspect of energy conservation and emissions reduction in 2008. The annual report made by the National Bureau of Statistics in February showed that Chinas energy consumption dropped by 4.59% in 2008, slightly higher than the decline of about 4.21% previously estimated by the National Bureau of Statistics. But the data indicated that the emission amount of the two major pollutants SO2 and COD fell by 7% and 5% respectively compared with those in 2005. According to the 11th five-year plan, by 2010, the demand for industrial water will be 20% lower than that in 2005, but the rate of forest coverage will account for 20% of the national territory area, rising 18.2% than that in 2005.5. 单选题The rats（ ）bacterial infections of the blood.问题1选项A.developB.produceC.stimulateD.induce【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。develop意为“发展，患(病)，出现(问题)”；produce意为“生产，制造”；stimulate意为“刺激”；induce意为“引诱”。bacterial infections意为“细菌感染”，时一种病症，主语为“rats（老鼠）”，故只有A选项符合逻辑。句意：老鼠出现了血液细菌感染。6. 翻译题我国高等教育大众化过程需要更加关注4个问题：理解高等教育规模扩大的本原，加强人文素质教育，平衡优秀与平等的关系，协调大学与政府、市场间的关系。所有这些都要以明析高等教育哲学的一个根本问题为前提，即大学的根本使命和目标如何定位的问题。现代大学一定要使学生和公众都能够理解大学最终和最基本的使命是什么。大学不是提供获利的手段和就业单位的场所，而是要激发他们理性的光辉和力量，培养学生坚持长远地、全面地看待个人、社会与历史的发展所需要的能力。【答案】【参考译文】More attention should be paid to four issues during the massification of Chinese higher education: (1) how to understand the prime cause of the expansion of higher education; (2) how to reinforce liberal education; (3) how to balance the relationship between equality and excellence; and (4) how to harmonize the relationship between the university, the government and the market. All these are based on the orientation about the ultimate mission and goal of universities. Modern universities must make students and the public understand their ultimate mission. A university is not a place where stratagems for profits and opportunities of employment are provided; rather, it should inspire students rationalistic potencies, cultivate their ability to look upon the development of individuals, society and history from a long-term and all-around perspective.7. 翻译题人性的完整在于承认自己的缺陷，勇敢地摒弃不现实的幻想而又不以此为缺憾。人性的完整还在于意识到自己能够使悲剧性的人生继续存在下去，能够在失去亲人后依然表现出完整的个人风范。当我们承认瑕疵是构成人性的一部分，同时又能继续在生活中不懈地奋斗，并大大赞美这样的人生价值时，我们就会获得其他人仅能期盼的完整人生。我相信这就是上帝对我们的要求：不求“完美”，也不求“永不犯错误”，而是求得人性的“完整”。【答案】【参考译文】There is a wholeness to human nature that consists in admitting our limitations, in being brave enough to let go of unrealistic dreams and not feel like a failure for doing so. There is a wholeness about the man or woman who has learned that he or she is strong enough to go through a tragedy and survive, can lose someone and be still like a complete person.When we accept that imperfection is part of being human, and when we can continue rolling through life and appreciate it, we will have achieved a wholeness that others can only aspire to. That, I believe, is what god asks of usnot “be perfect”, not “do not even make a mistake”, but “be whole”.8. 单选题In any commercial transaction a consumer must have confidence that the business whose product they are about to purchase is reliable and that the product being offered is worth the price that is paid. The importance in gaining and maintaining is especially true when the consumer and business do not share commonalities of geography, culture and/or legal framework. The best companies always understand this expectation and continually strive to exceed it. Other companies -including many newer online merchants -may have good intentions, but lack the skills or experience to turn the consumers expectation into a reality. A few companies will intentionally seek to exploit this consumers expectation.How to separate these companies in a virtual world is not always easy, and has been the subject of intensive discussion by consumer groups, businesses and governments. Moreover, policing the companies in the virtual market place is perceived to a daunting challenge. These discussions have generally focused on three key ideas.Codes of Conduct for On-line Business: Individual corporations, business associations and/or governments around the world have worked to develop Codes of Conduct, Guidelines. Principles, or Best Practice, etc. for on-line businesses. They describe the actions that a Company should take to protect a consumers rights. They may be included on the companys website and a consumer can review them before making a purchase.Trademark: To increase consumers confidence that a company will act in accordance with a code of conduct or best practices, a third party Tmstmark is often used. The concept is that by displaying Trustmark. The company represents that it is subject to external oversight. The company would not be allowed to display the third party mark if the companys action were inconsistent with what is contained in the Code of Conduct or similar document. Trustmarks are most useful when they have strong brand recognition and credibility among customers.Dispute Resolution: Consumers confidence relies on the belief that any dispute will be settled quickly and fairly either by the company directly or through some other means. In the bricks and mortar world a consumer usually has the ability to inspect product before purchasing it and- if it is defective- return it for a refund, repair or replacement. Most of companies see this form of dispute resolution as their own best interest and an extension of their customer relation programs. While the same holds true in the world of on-line transactions, the critical difference is that a consumer cant inspect the product before purchasing, and instead has to rely on the merchants photos or descriptions of the product. In both the traditional and on-line world, when dispute cannot be resolved directly between the consumer and the company, the merchant and the consumer must resort to other means. These often include appeals to consumer protection agencies, recourse to the courts, or use of alternative dispute resolution systems.1.The topic of the article is（ ）.2.When there exist differences in culture, legal framework and geography between consumers and businesses, what appear(s) more important?3.What are the three focuses discussed and considered important in market place?4.In which case is Trustmark most influential?5.What are other ways to resolve disputes besides refund, repair and replacement?问题1选项A.meeting consumers expectation in the market placeB.resolving disputeC.displaying TrustmarksD.setting codes of conduct问题2选项A.The businesss reliability.B.The companies understanding of consumers expectation.C.The products being worth the price being paidD.Gaining and maintaining that confidence.问题3选项A.Confidence, good intentions and best practices.B.Trustmark, right usage and new concepts.C.Codes of conduct, Trustmark and dispute resolution.D.Cooperation, good intensions and dispute resolution.问题4选项A.When companies are well recognized and well believed in.B.When companies have a powerful trademark.C.When a companys actions are inconsistent with its Codes of Conduct.D.When mutual credibility exists.问题5选项A.To resolve the disputes between the consumer and the company.B.Appealing to consumer protection agencies; resourcing to the courts; or using of alternative dispute resolution systems.C.To resort to other means.D.To go to the market place.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段中提出了consumers expectation（消费者的需求），B、C、D选项是围绕如何满足市场消费者的需求展开论述的点，因此选A。2.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的The importance in gaining and maintaining is especially true when the consumer and business do not share commonalities of geography, culture and/or legal framework.（当消费者和企业不共享地理、文化和/或法律框架的共同点时，获得和维持信心的重要性尤其正确）可知选D。3.细节事实题。根据题干信息“the three focuses”可定位至文章第二段中的最后一句话These discussions have generally focused on three key ideas（这些讨论一般集中在三个关键的想法上），由之后每一段的句首Codes of Conduct for On-line Business（网上业务行为守则）；Trademark（商标）；Dispute Resolution（纠纷解决）可知选C。4.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Trustmarks are most useful when they have strong brand recognition and credibility among customers.（当Trustmark在客户中具有很强的品牌知名度和可信度时，它是最有用的）可知A选项“当公司得到广泛的认可和信任的时候”符合题意。5.细节事实题。由文章最后一段中的These often include appeals to consumer protection agencies, recourse to the courts, or use of alternative dispute resolution systems.（这些措施通常包括向消费者保护机构提出上诉、诉诸法院或使用其他争端解决系统）可知选B。9. 单选题Medieval travelers tales of fantastic creatures were often fascinating but not always（ ）.问题1选项A.credibleB.creditableC.conceivableD.credulous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。credible意为“可信的，可靠的”通常指人物、言语、历史、故事等的可信；creditable意为“值得称赞的，带来荣誉的，可信的”，通常指人的行为，表现或工作而言；conceivable意为“可想到的，可想像的”；credulous意为“轻信的，易受骗的”。由句中的but可知前后为转折关系，tale表示“传说，传言”，因此选A。句意：中世纪旅行者关于神奇生物的故事常常引人入胜，但并不总是可信的。10. 翻译题Population growth often increases poverty and causes migration in the search for new farmland. In a country where arable land is scarce, poor farmers are often associated with environmental degradation. It is estimated that about 85 percent of the rural poor reside in degraded areas. Continued population growth places further pressure on the existing capacity of the land, forcing farmers to cultivate their crops in higher and steeper areas. The challenge is to find sustainable agricultural production systems and nonagricultural strategies that would generate gainful employment and income for the rural poor.It is widely recognized that poverty alleviation is imperative if sustainability is to be achieved. A number of policies and associated public expenditures have been directed towards poverty alleviation, with varying levels of success. Some poverty alleviation policies may have an impact on the environment or create an incentive system that works against the environment. A recent study showed that government spending on roads has had the biggest impact on rural poverty reduction, and that the impact of road construction is almost twice that of government spending on agricultural research and development, education, rural development and irrigation also have positive but lesser impact on rural poverty reduction. However, spending on fertilizers and other subsidies was not taken into account in the study. That roads are an important part of infrastructure and have the greatest impact on poverty reduction is not contested here. However, the environmental implications of expanding road networks should be noted. Poverty-stricken populations are sometimes located near biodiversity-rich areas and tend to depend on this common pool of resources for their livelihood. Lack of access is a common on characteristic of both poverty and biodiversity. As access improves, the poverty situation tends to lessen because of better access to education, health services and income-generating opportunity.【答案】【参考译文】人口增长通常会加重贫困，并导致以寻找新耕地为目的的人口迁移。在一个耕地缺乏的国家，贫困的农民经常被与环境恶化联系在一起。据估计大约百分之八十五的农村贫困人口居住在环境恶化的地区。持续的人口增长为现有的土地生产力带来进一步的压力，进而迫使农民在更高和更陡峭的地方种植粮食。创建可持续性的农业生产体系、制定可以为农村贫困人口创造有报酬的就业机会和收入的非农业策略成为了一种挑战。人们普遍认识到，实现可持续发展需要有扶贫工作的支持。一些政策和相关的公共支出已经指向扶贫，且取得了不同程度的成功。其中部分扶贫政策可能会对环境构成影响，或者会形成一种对环境不利的激励制度。最近的调查显示，政府在道路建设上的支出对缓解农村贫困有着最大的影响，且道路建设所产生的影响几乎是政府在农业研发、教育和农村发展上的支出所带来的影响的两倍，另外，灌溉对减少农村贫困也有积极但却较少的影响。然而，该研究没有将有关肥料和其他补贴的支出考虑在内。毋庸置疑，道路是基础设施的一个重要部分且对减少贫困有最大的影响。但是，扩大道路网对环境影响也不容忽视。贫困人口有时处于靠近生物多样性丰富的地区且倾向于依靠这种共同的资源来生存。缺乏道路是贫困和生物多样性的常见特点。随着道路的改善，贫困情况就会得到缓解，因为有了更好的受教育的机会、更好的健康服务和创收机会。11. 翻译题With the Armistice of 1918, and the peacemaking of 1919 (and the 18th Amendment of the same year, that in theory made America a dry nation), the American prose-writer entered a new period of revolt. In some ways this was a continuation of earlier movements. But the writers themselves did not think so; they acknowledged no kinship with prewar writers, except perhaps Theodore Dreiser. Henry Adams had said that the generations in American history were discontinuous: the younger did not learn from the older one, nor could it. Few of Adamss contemporaries would have agreed with him. However, his Education, when published in a popular edition in 1918, made an immediate appeal to young people who were convinced that if they knew none of the answers, at any rate they had clues of which their parents had no inkling. Since they learned from Adams, who was old enough to be their collective grandfather, it might seem that he disproved his own theory. Such an objection, though, would have been met with the argument that Adams could make contact with them because he was out of touch with his own era. The post-war generation, the Lost Generationwhen had any age-group been so self-consciously aware of itself?laid eager claim to lost souls from the past. In reviving such figures as Melville it apologized for the stupidity of its ancestors.【答案】【参考译文】随着1918年第一次世界大战停战协定的签订和1919年调停的达成（同一年的第18版修正案在理论上让美国变成了一个“没有战事”的国家），美国散文作家进入了一个新的反叛时期。从某种程度上来说，这是早期反叛运动的延续。但这些散文作家自己并不这么认为。除了西奥多德莱塞之外，他们不承认与战前的作家有任何密切关系。享利亚当斯称，在美国历史上，代与代之间是没有延续关系的：年轻的一代既没有，也不能向年长的一代人学习。亚当斯的同代人中很少有人赞同他的观点。然而，当他的教育一书在1918年以普及本被出版后，立刻引起了年轻人的兴趣。这些年轻人坚信，对于那些父辈们一无所知的问题，即便是他们也不知道答案，他们也至少知道一些相关的线索。由于他们向在年龄上可充当他们共同祖父的亚当斯学习，他似乎反驳了自己的理论。而这种反驳也早该和亚当斯做出的与之相关的言论符合，因为他与自己所在的时代没有联系。战后的一代，即迷惘的一代有哪个年龄阶段的人曾如此清楚地意识到自己？热切地声称有权拥有从过去迷失的灵魂。在让诸如梅尔维尔等人物振作起来的过程中，迷失的一代为祖辈的愚蠢行为进行了道歉。12. 翻译题Put the following 3 English sentences into Chinese and 3 Chinese sentences into English.因为博客的实质只不过是一种“网络白志”，即在网页上按照吋间顺序排列个人信息 的一种记录形式。博客的最大特点就是利用网络空间，发表自己的观点主张，最大 程度地彰显个人的自主性或独立性。尽管它正在成为-种越来越重要的文化载体甚 至社会载体，但是无论如何都不可能取代最古老的知识传承方式读书。中国的传统节日的食俗丰富多彩，且有悠久历史。刚刚过去的春节是我国最最重要 的节日，人们通常从它的前夜-除夕就开始准备了。这一天人们一般都会吃鸡、 鸭、鱼、肉、饺子等。再过几天就是端午节了，这个节日的重要食俗就是吃粽子(rice dumpling)。而吃月饼则是中秋节最具代表性的习俗，人们都喜欢在这天与家人团聚， 边饮酒赏月，边吃月饼。我要强调的是，我们不能因为成功举办了奥运会和经济发展较快而太过骄傲自满。 必须认识到，我们只是一个发展中国家个人口大国、经济小国。