2022-2023年考博英语-南开大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第44期

2022-2023年考博英语-南开大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题A luxury express train jumped the tracks on a bridge in eastern India, killing at least 50 on the spot. According to the Northern Railway spokesman, the death（ ）is expected to rise.问题1选项A.tollB.figureC.spanD.yield【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。toll“伤亡人数，代价”；figure“数字，图形”；span“跨度，范围”；yield“产量， 收益”。句意：一辆豪华特快列车在印度东部一座桥上脱轨，造成至少50人当场死亡。据北方铁路发言人表示，死亡人数预计还会上升。death toll表示“死亡人数”，符合句意。所以选项A正确。2. 单选题The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under （ ） of law.问题1选项A.guidelineB.definitionC.constraintD.identity【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。guideline“指导方针”;definition“定义, 解说”;constraint“约束, 强制”;identity“身份, 特性, 一致”。句意:生产商迫于法律的约束不得不把钱退还给客户。选项C符合句意。3. 单选题You must let me have the annual report without （ ） by ten oclock tomorrow morning.问题1选项A.failureB.hesitationC.troubleD.fail【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。without fail为固定搭配, 表示“必定, 务必”。句意为:你必须在明天早上十点之前把年度报告交给我。所以选项D正确。4. 单选题An experiment can be（ ） by poor planning.问题1选项A.distributedB.qualifiedC.spoiledD.disclosed【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。distributed分配，分散；qualified限制；spoiled损坏，破坏；disclosed公开，揭露。句意：计划不周会破坏实验。选项C符合句意。5. 单选题The mayor is a woman with great（ ） therefore deserves our political and financial support.问题1选项A.intentionB.instinctC.integrityD.intensity【答案】C【解析】名词词义辨析。intention 意图，目的；instinct本能，直觉；integrity正直，廉正；intensity强度，紧张。句意：市长是一位非常廉正的女性，因此值得我们给予政治上和财政上的支持。选项C符合句意。6. 单选题In the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any countryfrom 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985that is, by a full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially in non-blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed, even more pronounced in Japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the labor force in manufacturing than developed countries now employ in farmingat most, 10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper. It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more than one-third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same time sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remain competitiveor even to remain “developed.” The attempt to preserve such blue-collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment.This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more is that the United Stales is experiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. Where we spoke of mechanization a few decades ago, we now speak of “robotization” or “automation”. This is actually more a change in terminology than a change in reality. When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man hours required to produce a motor car by some 80 percent in two or three yearsfar more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete robotization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machinesthat is, by the products of knowledge.1.According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates（ ） .2.American politicians and labor lenders tend to dislike（ ） .3.According to the author, in the coming 25 years, a developed country or industry, in order to remain competitive, ought to（ ） .4.This passage may have been excerpted from（ ） .问题1选项A.the degree to which a countrys production is robotizedB.a reduction in a countrys manufacturing industriesC.a worsening relationship between labor and managementD.the difference between a developed country and a developing country问题2选项A.confusion in manufacturing economyB.an increase in blue-collar work forceC.internal competition in manufacturing productionD.a drop in the blue-collar job opportunities问题3选项A.reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work forceB.preserve blue-collar jobs for international competitionC.accelerate motor-can manufacturing in Henry Fords styleD.solve the problem of unemployment问题4选项A.a magazine about capital investmentB.an article on automationC.a motor-car magazineD.an article on global economy【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.信息推理题。根据第四段第三句“One is the acceleration . “robotization” or “automation”.”知识和资本开始加速替代体力劳动。几十年前我们谈论机械化，现在我们谈论“机器人化”或“自动化”。由此可以推断，制造业劳动力的变化说明了一个国家生产的自动化程度。制造业劳动力越少，自动化程度越高，反之亦然。所以选项A正确。2.事实细节题。根据第四段第一句可知，美国政治家和劳动力领袖不喜欢一种结论，即上一段提到的：如果一家公司、一个行业或一个国家在未来25年内不大幅增加制造业产量，同时大幅削减蓝领劳动力，那么它就不可能保持竞争力，甚至不可能保持“发达”。而这必然会导致失业，这是美国政治家和劳动力领袖不希望看到的，所以选项D正确。3.事实细节题。根据第三段的内容可知，在未来25年内，行业或者国家需要在保证制造业产量的同时削减蓝领劳动力。选项A符合原文。4.主旨推断题。文章主要讲的是随着工业化的发展，机器也就是人类知识的产物将会取代劳动力。所以文章最有可能是关于全球经济的，选项D正确。选项B太片面，文章不仅仅是讲自动化，劳动力应与经济相关，所以不选B。7. 单选题Complete silence is found only in laboratories called anechoic rooms. The walls and ceilings, made of blocks of special sound-sucking materials, are more than three feet thick, while floor coverings are six-foot layers of feathers or cotton wool. Silence here can be as painful to the ears as the din (continuous loud noise) of a steelworks or a rocket blast-off, yet scientists get used to this and stay in these silent rooms for hours at a time, using microphones and electronic equipment to test the various materials being developed to make the world a less noisy place.Architects have used scientific discoveries to solve noise problem in a number of ways. Walls are hollowed (having empty space inside) and then filled with sound-sucking materials similar to cotton wool. Extra-thick carpets cover the floors, and thick woolen curtains cover the windows. Air conditioning and heating channels are made less noisy by sound-sucking materialsUnfortunately, these techniques and others often work too well in some buildings. Noise-proof rooms become almost anechoic and people living in them are disturbed by the lack of soundOne way of handling this problem is to use what they call “sound perfume” artificial (similarly produced, made by man) noise is piped to rooms through small loudspeakers.1.Scientists use anechoic room for（ ） .2.The writer implies that （ ） .3.People suffer in anechoic rooms probably because （ ） .4.The article suggests that （ ） .问题1选项A.measuring noise levels of steelworksB.measuring blocks of feathersC.testing sound-absorbing materialsD.testing electronic equipment问题2选项A.untrained people can not stay long in anechoic roomsB.performing experiments in anechoic rooms can be a frightening experienceC.architects make practical use of the information gathered by scientistsD.scientists do not care for noise problem问题3选项A.they are allowed to move and speakB.they are used lo hearing noise around themC.the greater air pressure hurts their earsD.all of the above问题4选项A.loudspeakers are as important as sound-proofing materialsB.anechoic rooms will be included in all new buildingsC.scientific devices are sometimes too successfulD.all of the above【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句“.scientists get used to . test the various materials being developed to make the world a less noisy place.”科学家习惯待在这些安静的房间里数小时，使用麦克风和电子设备来测试各种减少噪音的材料。选项C符合原文。2.细节推理题。根据第一段最后一句“Silence here can be as painful to the ears as the din (continuous loud noise) of a steelworks or a rocket blast-off.”这里的安静对于耳朵来说是痛苦的，就好像钢铁厂里或者火箭发射时所产生的连续不断的噪音。由此可推断，在这种环境下做实验是非常可怕的经历。所以选项B正确。3.细节推理题。根据最后一段第二一句“people living in them are disturbed by the lack of sound.”住在里面的人因为没有声音而感到不安。人们在消音室里觉得很痛苦是因为人们不习惯周围一点儿噪音都没有，所以选项B符合原文。4.事实细节题。根据最后一段的内容可知，住在完全消音的房间里，人们往往会因为没有声音而感到不安，这时候就可以使用人造噪音通过小喇叭传到房间里。也就是说扬声器和隔音材料同样重要。选项A正确。选项C是事实，不是文章给出的建议，所以不选。8. 单选题An unidentified wit once said, “laugh, and the world laughs with you. Snore, and you sleep alone.” Yet snoring is far from a laughing matter, as those unfortunates with good hearing, who are rightly subjected to the sounds of the snoring disorder, will testify.It has been estimated that one of eight Americans snores: this means that there are approximately 21 million peoplewomen as well as menwho render an unpleasant sound when they are asleep. And assuming that each snorer disturbs the sleep of at least one other person, it necessarily follows that there are 21 million unhappy listeners. While a sleeping person breathes, either in or out, several structures in his nose and throat generate the snoring. The sounds, coming from the soft palate and other soft structures of the throat, are caused by vibratory responses to inflowing and outflowing air. When the soft tissues of the mouth and throat come close to the lining of the throat, the vibrations that occur are caused by the position of the tongue. In short, the noise made by snoring can be compared to the noise when breezes flutter a flag on a pole. The frequency of the vibrations depends on the size, density, and elasticity of the affected tissues and on the force of the air flow. Although it is usually the process of in haling or exhaling through the mouth that cause snoring, short snorts come from the nose of an open-mouthed sleeper. In all fairness to snorers, however, it should be emphasized that snoring is an involuntary out which stops as the offender is awakened.1.The snoring is caused by （ ） .2.If a person produces short snores, most probably he has （ ） .3.The snorers can have control over their act.4.The authors attitude towards the snorers is （ ） .问题1选项A.the soft palate and other structures of the throatB.the inflowing and outflowing air through the noseC.the inflowing and outflowing air through mouthD.the vibrations as a result of the inflowing and outflowing air问题2选项A.a soft palateB.a big noseC.an open mouthD.a small throat问题3选项A.The snorers can have control over their act.B.both the listeners and the snorers wish to stop the offensive sound of snoring.C.The frequency of the vibrations depends on the position of the tongue.D.There are more men than women who snore.问题4选项A.objectiveB.subjectiveC.sympatheticD.annoyed【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第二段“The sounds, coming from the soft palate and other soft structures of the throat, are caused by vibratory responses to inflowing and outflowing air.”这些声音来自于软腭和喉咙的其他柔软结构，是由流入和流出的空气的振动反应引起的。选项D符合原文。2.事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第二句“short snorts come from the nose of an open-mouthed sleeper.”张开嘴睡觉的人鼾声短促。选项C正确。3.信息推断题。根据原文可知，打鼾是一种无意识的行为，所以选项A错误；根据原文“The frequency of the vibrations depends on the size, density, and elasticity of the affected tissues and on the force of the air flow.”可知选项C错误；选项D在文中没有提及。所以只有选项B正确。4.态度判断题。结合文章内容可知，作者全文都是在客观的描述人们打呼噜的这个问题以及产生的原因和影响，没有掺杂个人情绪，所以选项A正确。9. 单选题Reporters and photographers alike took great （ ） at the rude way the actor behaved during the interview.问题1选项A.annoyanceB.offenceC.resentmentD.irritation【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。take offence at sth.表示“对.感到生气”。句意:记者和摄影师都对演员在采访中的粗鲁行为感到十分生气。irritation一般与feel搭配，所以选项B正确。10. 单选题To plagiarize is simply “to use without （ ） credit the ideas, expressions, or productions of (another),” and this is remarkably easy to do unintentionally.问题1选项A.dueB.necessaryC.importantD.vital【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。句意:剽窃很简单，就是“未经允许或授权就使用(他人的)创意，表达或作品”，而这很容易在无意中发生。due “应付的, 应得的”, due credit为常用搭配，表示“应得的荣誉, 应得的信任”, without due credit在这里引申为“未经允许或授权”。选项A正确。11. 单选题As a way of （ ） the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.问题1选项A.picking upB.coping withC.passing outD.getting across【答案】B【解析】词组辨析。pick up捡起，获得；cope with处理，应付；pass out昏倒，分发；get across通过，使被理解。根据下文，让清洁女工把打印好的小纸条寄出去让寄件人稍后再写。这是处理邮件的一种方式，所以选项B符合句意。12. 单选题Crisis would be the right term to describe the （ ） in many animal species.问题1选项A.minimizationB.restrictionC.descentD.decline【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。minimization最小化；restriction限制；descent下降；decline衰退。既然是危机，表示事态比较严重，所以用衰退来形容许多动物物种最为恰当。选项D正确。13. 写作题Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Your composition should be no less than 200 words.【答案】Why People Are Attracted to Dangerous Sports?14. 单选题The main road through Littlebury was blocked for three hours today after an accident （ ） two lorries.问题1选项A.involvingB.includingC.combiningD.containing【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。involve“涉及”;include“包括”;combine“联合，结合”;contain“包含，容纳”。根据句意可知，这里指涉及两辆货车的事故。选项A符合语境。15. 单选题My mother raised me as best as she could, taking on odd jobs in the neighborhood for money. Still without a father to tell me how to act and what was expected of me, I felt lost. I wandered for years and got involved with tough guys on the East Side of New York. They would fight madly over a dropped coin. They would steal to get what they wanted. I wanted to be like them.It was lucky for me that I left the city and entered a world of discipline, after following my mothers advice. During three years of military service, I had time to rethink my life, and my thoughts often ran to my mother. I realized suddenly just how much of a heartache I must have been to her, how little I had noticed her suffering. When my father left this world, my mother was completely alone. To support us, my mother cleaned apartments and took in washing and ironing from the neighbors. And as she worked hard at this labor, she kept her head high. Each week she would bring a pile of books home from the library and read to us. My mother had wanted nothing more than for me to turn into an honest responsible man. But I had acted against her. Finally, almost too late I had the sense to feel shame.Ten years passed and I returned to the apartment on the East Side. I knew I wouldnt fall back in with the wrong people, although I still wasnt sure where I was heading. My mother, I could tell was worried about me. In my neighborhood, to become a police officer or a firefighter was a mark of significant social success and achievement. For me it was an opportunity for a real start in life. I wondered if I was up to it, but I knew that it was time to try. When I found myself in the big hall raising my hands to take the firefighters oath of office, my mother was sitting a few rows behind with a smile of relief. She knew that at last I was off on lifes road and moving steadily. Her smile said, “My job is finally done.”1.From this story, we may guess that the East Side of New York must be a （ ） area.2.The author used to behave himself （ ） .3.From the context, we understand that “odd jobs” in the first paragraph refer to jobs （ ） .4.In the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author says “It was lucky for me that.” The lucky experience he talks about here is his experience of （ ） .5.What is NOT true according to the passage?问题1选项A.commercialB.richC.poorD.distant问题2选项A.oddlyB.toughlyC.remarkablyD.badly问题3选项A.of cleaning, washing and ironingB.which are not regular or fixedC.which one can make extra money withD.with house work问题4选项A.the three years of military serviceB.leaving a world of disciplineC.leaving the city and his motherD.fighting with tough guys问题5选项A.After her husband died, his mother did all available jobs to support the family.B.The author was surprised that he was accepted as a firefighter.C.The author finally realized that his mother always wanted him to be an honest and responsible man.D.In face of poverty, his mother never lowered her head. She bravely struggled on.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.根据第一段“They would fight madly over a dropped coin. They would steal to get what they wanted.”他们会为一枚掉在地上的硬币疯狂地打斗, 他们会去偷想要的东西。由此可以推断, 这个地区很贫穷, 选项C正确。2.信息推断题。根据第二段的首句“It was lucky for me that I left the city and entered a world of discipline,.”我很幸运, 在听从了母亲的建议后, 我离开了这座城市, 进入了一个有纪律的世界。根据“discipline”可推测, 作者以前的表现应该是badly, 选项D最恰当。3.事实细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段, 可知“odd jobs”是母亲做的工作。再根据第二段“To support us, my mother cleaned apartments and took in washing and ironing from the neighbors.”所以选项A符合原文。4.事实细节题。根据第二段的第二句“During three years of military service, I had time to rethink my life, .”可知, 作者觉得幸运的经历是在部队服役的三年经历。选项A正确。5.信息推断题。根据第二段后半部分的内容可知选项A和D正确;根据第二段最后三句“My mother had . the sense to feel shame.”可知选项C也正确;所以本题选B。16. 单选题The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get （ ） quickly.问题1选项A.decomposedB.denouncedC.detachedD.deduced【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。decompose“分解, 腐烂”;denounce“谴责, 告发”;detach“分离, 派遣”;deduce“推断, 演绎出”。句意:炎热地区的恶劣潮湿天气会使植物迅速分解腐烂。选项A符合句意。17. 单选题A few decades ago, it was still possible to leave home and go somewhere else: the architecture was different, the landscape was different, the language, lifestyle, dress, and values were different. That was a time when we could speak of cultural diversity. But with economic globalization, diversity is fast disappearing. The goal of the global economy is that all countries should be homogenized. When global hotel chains advertise to tourists that all their rooms in every city of the world are identical, they dont mention that the cities are becoming identical too: cars, noise, smog, corporate high-rises, violence, fast food, McDonalds, Nikes, Levis, Barbie Dolls, American TV and film. Whats the point of leaving home?There are many causes for this dreary turn of events, but one is central: economic globalization and institutions like the World Bank and the WTO promote a specific kind of homogenizing development that frees the largest corporations in the world to invest and operate in every market, everywhere. For these agencies and corporation, diversity is not a primary value: efficiency is. Diversity is an enemy because it requires differentiated sales appeal. What corporations love is creating the same values, the same tastes, using the same advertising, selling the same products, and driving out small local competitors. Mass marketers prefer homogenized consumers. They also prefer places with low wages, cheap resources, and the least restrictive environmental and labor laws.The new rules of global trade are primarily set by the ultra-secretive World Trade Organization (WTO), which now rivals the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the most powerful, yet undemocratic body in the world. Its rules are specifically designed to serve global corporate expansion and the homogenization process. They make it nearly impossible for nation-states to prevent certain harmful forms of corporate development, no matter what problems they bring.