2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解31

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Human beings are animals. We breathe, eat and digest, and reproduce the same life （1）common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same.However, biological understanding is not enough: （2）itself, it can never tell us what human beings are.（3）to our physical equipment the naked human body we are not an（4）animal. We are tropical creatures,（5）hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us to get it. In the purely physical（6） our species seems a poor （7） for survival.But we have survived-survived and multiplied and（8） the earth. Some day we will have a（9）living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. （10） its limitations, our physical equipment has some important （11） We have excellent vision and hands that can（12）objects with a precision unmatched by any other （13）. Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost （14） number of neural （15） .We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic, we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need （16） clothing, shelter, and（17） heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and（18） deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations.It was not always （19）. Our distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no （20）and lacked the physical capacity to use it.问题1选项A.processesB.actsC.modesD.procedures问题2选项A.OnB.WithC.ForD.By问题3选项A.StrippedB.ParedC.PeeledD.Removed问题4选项A.intelligentB.impressiveC.influentialD.incentive问题5选项A.barelyB.hardlyC.nearlyD.scarcely问题6选项A.meaningB.judgmentC.perspectiveD.sense问题7选项A.betB.chanceC.factD.luck问题8选项A.filledB.loadedC.stuffedD.scattered问题9选项A.residenceB.colonyC.homeD.empire问题10选项A.Apart fromB.With regard toC.With the exception ofD.In spite of问题11选项A.abilitiesB.potentialsC.capabilitiesD.possibilities问题12选项A.maneuverB.manageC.manipulateD.manufacture问题13选项A.animalB.animalsC.creaturesD.creature44.问题14选项A.infiniteB.unknownC.boundlessD.ceaseless问题15选项A.connectionsB.relationsC.activitiesD.accesses问题16选项A.forB.toC.withD.by问题17选项A.artificialB.fakeC.unrealD.unauthentic问题18选项A.add upB.break upC.make upD.cut up问题19选项A.thisB.thusC.henceD.that问题20选项A.intellectB.equipmentC.competenceD.culture【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C第6题:D第7题:A第8题:A第9题:B第10题:D第11题:B第12题:C第13题:A第14题:A第15题:A第16题:D第17题:A第18题:C第19题:B第20题:D【解析】（1）考查名词词义辨析。process “过程；进行；步骤”；act “行动；法令，法案；（戏剧，歌剧的）一幕”；mode “模式；方式；风格”；procedure “程序；手续；步骤”。空格处所在句子的句意是：我们呼吸、进食、消化和重现生命过程的这些模式与动物非常像。选项C符合题意。（2）考查固定搭配。by itself “独自”。选项D符合题意。（3）考查动词词义辨析。strip “剥夺；剥去”；pare “消减；削皮；剪；修掉（边等）”；peel “剥落；削”；remove “移动；迁移”。空格处所在句子的句意是：脱掉我们的衣服，露出赤裸的人类身体，我们不再是给人印象深刻的一种动物。选项A符合题意。（4）考查形容词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意参考第33题，选项B符合题意。（5）考查副词词义辨析。barely “仅仅”；hardly “几乎不”；nearly “几乎；密切地”；scarcely “几乎不”。空格处所在句子的句意是：我们是一种热情的生物，身上几乎没有毛，对冷很敏感。选项C符合题意。（6）考查固定搭配。in the sense “从这种意义上来说”。选项D符合题意。（7）考查名词词义辨析。bet “打赌，赌注”；chance “机会”； fact “事实”；luck “运气”。空格处所在句子的句意是：从物体的意义上来说，我们这个物种在生存上似乎不是一个好的赌注。选项A符合题意。（8）考查动词词义辨析。fill “装满；充满；挤满”；load “使担负”；stuff “塞满；填塞”；scatter“使散开；使散播”。空格处所在句子的句意是：当时我们生存下来了，数量不断增加，并且挤满在世界的各个地方。选项A符合题意。（9）考查逻辑关系。文章倒数第二段提到 our eventual moon colony “我们最后的月球聚居地”。所以选项B符合题意。（10）考查介词词组辨析。apart from “除 之外”；with regard to “关于，至于”；with the exception of “除了 之外”；in spite of “尽管”。空格处所在句子的句意是：尽管我们的身体有很多局限，但是我们的身体设备有很多的潜能。选项D符合题意。（11）考查名词词义辨析。ability “能力”；potential “潜能”；capability “才能，能力”；possibility “可能性”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第40题，选项B符合题意。（12）考查动词词义辨析。maneuver “机动；演习”；manage “管理；经营”；manipulate “操纵；操作”；manufacture “制造；加工；捏造”。空格处句子所在句意：我们有着极好的视力和一双能精确使用物体上的双手，这是其他动物无法相比的。选项C符合题意。（13）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意参考第42题。根据空格前的 any other 可知空格处需要填入一个可数名词的单数形式，选项A符合题意。（14）考查形容词词义辨析。infinite “无限的，无穷的”；unknown “未知的；不出名的”；boundless“无限的，无边无际的”；ceaseless“不断的；不停的”。空格处所在句子的句意是：更重要的是，我们拥有几乎无限数量神经连接的大脑。选项A符合题意。（15）考查名词词义辨析。空格处所在句子的句意参考第44题。选项A符合题意。（16）考查介词辨析。for “为了；因为；给”；to “到；向”；with “用；随着；和 在一起”；by “通过；被；经由”。空格处所在句子的句意是：如果我们居住在北极区，我们通过衣服、遮盖物和人造的取暖设备来供应我们热带身体所需的保暖。可知空格处需要填的介词有“通过”的意思，选项D符合题意。（17）考查形容词词义辨析。artificial “人造的；仿造的；虚伪的”；fake “伪造的”；unreal “不真实的；假的”；unauthentic “不确实的；不真实的”。空格处所在句子的句意参考第46题，选项A符合题意。（18）考查动词词组辨析。add up “合计；加起来”；break up “打碎；结束”；make up “组成；补足；编造”；cut up “切碎”。_ deficits(差额) 与 “by transporting supplies from distant places”(通过从远方运送补给) 可知对应的是“补足差额”。选项 C符合题意。（19）考查固定搭配。It was not always thus / that way “事情也不总是那样”。选项B符合题意。（20）考查名词词义辨析。intellect “智力；知识分子”；equipment “设备，装备；器材”；competence “胜任；能力”；culture “文化”。文章倒数第二段提到“我们人类用身体设备，比如手和大脑等创造了对我们生存和成功至关重要的文化”，而最后一段提到我们的祖先不会使用这些设备，可以推断是缺乏相应的文化。空格处所在句子的句意是：他们没有文化，也缺乏使用自身身体设备的能力。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题The recent news of the successful cloning of an adult sheep in which the sheeps DNA was inserted into an unfertilized sheep egg to produce a lamb with identical DNA has generated an outpouring of ethical concerns. These concerns are not about Dolly, the now famous sheep, nor even about the considerable impact cloning may have on the animal breeding industry, but rather about the possibility of cloning humans. For the most part, however, the ethical concerns being raised are exaggerated and misplaced, because they are based on erroneous views about what genes are and what they can do. The danger, therefore, lies not in the power of the technology, but in the misunderstanding of its significance.Producing a clone of a human being would not amount to creating a “ carbon copy ” an automaton of the sort familiar from science fiction. It would be more like producing a delayed identical twin. And just as identical twins are two separate people biologically, psychologically, morally and legally, though not genetically so to embrace a belief in genetic determinism the view that genes determine everything about us, and that environmental factors or the random events in human development are utterly insignificant. The overwhelming consensus among geneticists is that genetic determinism is false.As geneticists have come to understand the ways in which genes operate, they have also become aware of the myriad ways in which the environment affects their “expression”. The genetic contribution to the simplest physical traits, such as height and hair color, is significantly mediated by environmental factors. And the genetic contribution to the traits we value most deeply, from intelligence to compassion, is conceded by even the most enthusiastic genetic researchers to be limited and indirect. Indeed, we need only appeal to our ordinary experience with identical twinsthat they are different people despite their similaritiesto appreciate that genetic determinism is false.Furthermore, because of the extra steps involved, cloning will probably always be riskierthat is, less likely to result in a live birth that in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer. For example, it took more than 275 attempts before the researchers were able to obtain a successful sheep clone. While cloning methods may improve, we should note that even standard IVF techniques typically have success rate of less than 20 percent. So why would anyone go to the trouble of cloning?1.What process resulted in the successful cloning of an adult sheep?2.According to the essay, in what respect the relationship between a cloned human being and its counterpart is similar to the relationship of twins?3.What does the concept of genetic determinism state?4.What are examples of genetic contribution?5.According to the passage, where does the danger of cloning lie in?问题1选项A.In vitro fertilization.B.Embryo transfer.C.The insertion of a mature sheeps DNA into an unfertilized egg.D.The adoption of physical and genetic characteristics.问题2选项A.Both a cloned human being and a part of twins have the same conceptions of morality.B.The environment one is born into affects their conceptions of reality.C.The connection is strictly genetic.D.The similarities are biological, legal, moral and psychological.问题3选项A.That each individuals DNA determines their capabilities in life regardless of environmental morality.B.Environmental factors greatly influence persons actions and beliefs.C.Both genes and environments determine human traits.D.Identical twins have the capacity to be completely independent beings and have individual ideas.问题4选项A.Hair and eye color.B.A childs attitude towards their parents.C.A persons values.D.Fashion style.问题5选项A.The power of technology.B.Ethical and moral issues.C.The mistaken understanding of its significance.D.The exact replication of dangerous people.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.文章第一段第一句话提到 in which the sheeps DNA was inserted into an unfertilized sheep egg to produce a lamb with identical DNA, 所以选项C符合题意。2.文章第二段提到克隆人的产生就像一对完全相同的双胞胎。接着指出双胞胎是两个人，除了基因相似外，生理、心理、道德和法律上都是相对独立的，所以选项A、C、D可以排除，选项B符合题意。3.文章第二段the view that genes determine everything about us, and that environmental factors or the random events in human development are utterly insignificant, 所以选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段the genetic contribution to the simplest physical traits,such as height and hair color “基因只会对非常简单的特点有所影响，比如身高和头发颜色”，所以选项A符合题意。5.文章第一段最后一句话The danger, therefore, lies not in the power of the technology,but in the understanding of its significance. “因此危险并不是在于技术的力量，而是在对其重要性的理解上。”选项C符合题意。3. 单选题A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a persons tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performers skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a persons self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listeners receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.What does the author mean by stating that, at interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 8-9)?3.Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 15?4.According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice may be an indication of a persons5.According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?问题1选项A.The function of the voice in performanceB.The connection between voice and personalityC.Communication stylesD.The production of speech问题2选项A.Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.B.The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.C.A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.D.Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.问题3选项A.As examples of public performance.B.As examples of basic styles of communicationC.To contrast them to singingD.To introduce the idea of self-image问题4选项A.general physical healthB.personalityC.ability to communicateD.vocal quality问题5选项A.lethargyB.depressionC.boredomD.anger【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段第一句话便是全文的中心句A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.（与说话嗓音有关的一些因素显露出说话者的个性）。选项B “嗓音与个性的联系”符合题意。2.文章第一段Here the conversants tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener提到交谈者的语气有意或者无意地表达出直观的同情或反感，冷漠或感兴趣，疲劳、紧张、热情或激动等等。选项B “语气可能带着超越言语意思的信息”符合题意。3.文章第一段Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture提到公开表演是一种高度专业的交流方式，需要通过声音的技巧或手势来取得所需要的效果，题目中 artistic, political等都属于这一类公开表演。选项A符合题意。4.文章第二段Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits提到自我形象可以通过语气来表明，比如自信、傲慢、害羞、挑衅、友好等等，这些都是个性的特点。选项B符合题意。5.文章第二段by constricted and harsh sound of the angry可知选项D符合题意。4. 翻译题The initial fund of general scientific knowledge is an invaluable asset, but the young research worker should have no illusion about how little it is compared with what he or she should acquire during succeeding years. As to the precise value of this initial fund of knowledge, this depends to a great degree on how it has been acquired and on who has been imparting it. (1) Young scientists cannot realize too soon that existing scientific knowledge is not nearly so complete, certain and unalterable as many textbooks seem to imply.The original papers of great scientists describing their discoveries and explaining their theories are never as rigid and self -confident as the resumes of these discoveries and theories in textbooks by other men often suggest. Young scientists consulting these original works will find in them it appears that”,“it probably means, “it seems likely that”n, more than once, as expressions of elements of doubt which great men felt and honestly put on record. (2) Many statements which have appeared in textbooks as universal and absolute truths have, in their original form, been put forward as only approximately true, or true only in certain circumstances.Immediately upon starting on the first serious piece of research, a young scientist must therefore do two things. (3) The first of these should be a careful reading of original papers or books relating to the problem, written by investigators whose technique and judgment he can trust. While reading these publications in a most attentive and receptive manner, the young scientist must not fall into the error of placing in them a greater confidence than their author would wish him to do. (4) No great scientist ever wants his pupils to be mere tape recorders, faithfully recording his remarks, never questioning anything. Never wanting to add to or subtract from what he has given them. The second thing a young scientist must do, almost but not quite simultaneously with the first, is to proceed with observations and experiments. (5) The initial observations and experiments will be failures, but they will help the development of appropriate experimental technique, and they will give a greater understanding of the literature the young scientist is studying.【答案】1.年轻的科学家们要尽快意识到现在的科学知识不像许多教科书所暗示的那样全面、肯定以及不可改变。2.教科书很多普遍且绝对的真理最初只是作为接近真理或者某种特定情况下的真理而提出来的。3.第一件事是认真阅读由那些技术和评价都值得信任的调查者写下的关于这个问题的原始论文或者书籍。4.没有哪位伟大的科学家希望他的学生仅仅像录音机似的原原本本地记录下他的话语，从来不问问题，从不想对他教授的内容进行增添或削减。5.最开始的观察和实验会失败，但它们有助于开发合适的实验技术，并且它们有助于年轻科学家更好地理解他们正在研究的文献。 5. 单选题For years, doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them extensive urine (尿).After all, true vitamin deficiencies are practically unheard of in industrialized countries. Now it seems that those doctors may have been wrong. The results of a growing number of studies suggest that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your health. Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain, the few dollars you spend on them is probably a good investment.Or at least thats the argument put forward in the New England Journal of Medicine. Ideally, said Dr. Walter Willett and Dr. Meir Stampfer of Harvard, all vitamin supplements would be evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical trials. But those studies can take a long time and often raise more questions than they answer. At some point, while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies, it just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost.The best evidence to date concerns folate （叶酸）,one of the B vitamins. Its been proved to limit the number of defects in embryos （胚胎）,and a recent trial found that folate in combination with vitamin B12 and a form of B6 also decreases the re-blockage of arteries after surgical repair.The news on vitamin E has been more mixed. Healthy folks who take 400 international units daily for at least two years appear somewhat less likely to develop heart disease. But when doctors give vitamin E to patients who already have heart disease, the vitamin doesnt seem to help. It may turn out that vitamin E plays a role in prevention but cannot undo serious damage.Despite vitamin Cs great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has not been positively linked to any great benefit. The body quickly becomes saturated with C and simply excretes （排泄）any excess.The multivitamins question boils down to this： Do you need to wait until all the evidence is in before you take them, or are you willing to accept that theres enough evidence that they dont hurt and could help?If the latter, theres no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest horse pills or the most expensive bottles. Large doses can cause trouble, including excessive bleeding and nervous system problems.Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, of course. As long as you understand that any potential benefit