2022-2023年考博英语-浙江工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第5期

2022-2023年考博英语-浙江工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Recently the car factory had to carry out personnel（ ）because of financial trouble.问题1选项A.cutsB.demandsC.reductionsD.orders【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项cuts“切口，份额”；B选项demands“需求”；C选项reductions“减少，缩小”；D选项orders“顺序”。句意：最近，由于财政困难，汽车厂不得不进行人事_。根据前句说“财政困难”，可以推测应该是要进行人事减少，因此C选项符合题意。2. 单选题The girl began to cry and tears slowly（ ）down her face.问题1选项A.oozedB.trickledC.dribbledD.leaked【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项oozed“渗出，泄漏（有慢慢渗出来的意思）”；B选项trickled“滴，细细地流”；C选项dribbled“流（口水）；滴下”；D选项leaked“使渗漏，泄露”。句意：女孩哭了起来，眼泪慢慢地从脸上_。只有B选项可以与后面的down搭配，意为“一滴滴落下”；A选项与out搭配，表示“泄漏”；C选项一般后面不跟介词；D选项与out搭配，意为“漏出”。而本句表达的是“眼泪一滴滴滑落”，因此B选项符合题意。3. 单选题In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. Hes astonished she cant see them. “Where! Everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. “America is therefore the land of the future,” the German philosopher Hegel wrote. “The American lives even more for his goals, for the future, than the European.” Albert Einstein concurred. “Life for him is always becoming, never being.”In 2012, America will still be the place where the future happens first, for that is the nations oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by visions of future glories, Gods kingdom on earth. The early pioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they were convinced that even more amazing land could be found over the next ridge. The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunes built on bands of iron. Its now fashionable to ridicule the visions of dot-com entrepreneurs of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the horizon. “The Future is endowed with such a life, that it lives to us even in anticipation,” Herman Melville wrote. “The Future is the Bible of the Free.”This future-mindedness explains many modern features of American life. It explains workaholism: the average American works 350 hours a year more than the average European. Americans move more, in search of that brighter tomorrow, than people in other land. They also, sadly, divorce more, for the same reason. Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries Forty-five percent of world Internet use takes place in the United States. Even today, after the bursting of the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital firmswhich are in the business of betting on the futuredwarf the firms from all other nations.Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources. It also leads to incredible innovations. According to the Yale historian Paul Kennedy, 75 percent of the Nobel laureates in economies and the sciences over recent decades have lived or worked in the United States. The country remains a magnet for the future-minded from other nations. One in 12 Americans has enjoyed the thrill and challenge of starting his own business. A study published in the Journal of International Business Studies in 2000 showed that innovative people are spread pretty evenly throughout the globe, but Americans are most comfortable with risk. Entrepreneurs in the U.S. are more likely to believe that they possess the ability to shape their own future than people in, say, Britain, Australia or Singapore.If the 1990s were a great decade of future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. I seems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money betting on the telecom future. But the world is not becoming more French. By 2012, this period of chastisement will likely have run its course, and future-mindedness will be back in vogue, for better or worse.We dont know exactly what the next future-minded frenzy win look like. We do know where it will take place: the American suburb. In 1979, three quarters of American office space were located in central cities. The new companies, research centers and entrepreneurs are flocking to these low buildings near airports, highways and the Wal-Mart malls, and they are creating a new kind of suburban life. There are entirely new metropolises rising boom suburbs like Mesa, Arizona, that already have more people than Minneapolis or St. Louis. We are now approaching a moment in which the majority of American office space, and the hub of American entrepreneurship, will be found in quiet office parks in places like Rockville, Maryland, and in the sprawling suburbosphere around Atlanta.We also know that future-mindedness itself will become the object of greater study. We are discovering that there are many things that human beings do easily that computers can do only with great difficulty, if at all. Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates.And we know, too, that where there is future-mindedness there is hope.47. The third paragraph examines Americas future-mindedness from the（ ）perspective.48. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT brought about by future-mindedness?49. The word “pooh-pooh” in the sixth paragraph means（ ）.50. According to the passage, people at present can forecast（ ）of a new round of future-mindedness.51. The author predicts in the last paragraph that the study of future-mindedness will focus on（ ）.问题1选项A.futureB.realisticC.historicalD.present问题2选项A.Economic stagnation.B.Environmental destruction.C.High divorce rates.D.Neglect of history.问题3选项A.appreciateB.praiseC.shunD.ridicule问题4选项A.the natureB.the locationC.the varietyD.the features问题5选项A.how it comes into being.B.how it functions.C.what it brings about.D.what it is related to.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】47.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到文章第三段 .for that is the nations oldest tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they were inspired by visions of future glories（因为这是这个国家最古老的传统。早期的清教徒生活在几乎石器时代的环境中，但他们受到未来荣耀的启示）以及The Founding Fathers took 13 scraggly Colonies and believed they were creating a new nation on earth. （开国元勋们占领了13个破败的殖民地，并相信他们正在地球上创建一个新的国家。）这些都是作者对于过去美国历史的一些回顾，因此作者在第三段中是以历史的角度考察了美国的未来意识。因此C选项“历史的”正确。A选项“未来的”；B选项“现实的”以及D选项“现在的”都不是第三段的叙事角度。48.事实细节题。根据题干关键词可以定位到第五段Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources.（对未来的关注导致了美国人生活的混乱、对历史的遗忘、高比率的家庭破裂以及对自然资源的疯狂浪费。）其中A选项“经济停滞”是没有提到的，当选。B选项“环境破坏”；C选项“高离婚率”以及D选项“对历史的忽视”，都是文章中有提到的。49.语义推测题。根据题干关键词直接定位到第六段 If the 1990s were a great decade of future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. I seems cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money betting on the telecom future.（如果说1990年代是着眼未来的伟大十年，那么我们现在正处于经历的季节之中。我似乎更冷静地持怀疑态度，对所有那些在电信未来上输了钱的IPO傻瓜们_。）这句话通过后面的sucker“容易上当受骗的人”以及who lost their money“那些输钱的人”可以看出，对他们应该是抱有鄙夷的态度的，因此D选项ridicule“嘲笑，奚落”正确。A选项appreciate“欣赏”；B选项praise“称赞”；C选项shun“避开”都不正确。50.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第八段We dont know exactly what the next future-minded frenzy win look like. We do know where it will take place: the American suburb.（我们不知道下一次的未来狂胜会是什么样子。我们知道它将在哪里发生：美国郊区。）根据这句话可以得出，B选项“地点”正确。A选项“未来”；C选项“种类”以及D选项“特点”都不是可以预测的。51.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到最后一段Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates.And we know, too, that where there is future-mindedness there is hope.（认知科学家现在正试图破解人类的想象，理解大脑是如何想象、做梦和创造的，我们也知道，有未来意识的地方就有希望。）根据这句话可以得出B选项“它是如何工作的”正确。A选项“它是如何发生的”；C选项“它带来了什么”以及D选项“它与什么相关”都不是作者预测的研究对象。4. 单选题It is hard for the young people to imagine what severe conditions their parents once lived under.问题1选项A.sincereB.hardC.strictD.tight【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sincere“真诚的”；B选项hard“艰难的”；C选项strict“严格的”；D选项tight“紧的，密封的”。句意：年轻人很难想象他们的父母曾经生活在多么艰苦的条件下。B选项与划线词词义最接近，因此B选项符合题意。5. 翻译题Reading is not the only way to acquire knowledge of preceding work. There is another large reservoir which may be called experience, and the college student will find that every craftsman has something he can teach and will generally teach gladly to any college student who does not look down upon them with ill-concealed distain. The information from these quarters differs, from that in, textbooks and papers chiefly in that its theoretical partthe explanations of why things happenis frequently quite fantastic. But the demonstration and report of what happens, and how it happens, are sound even if the reports are in completely unscientific terms. Presently the college student will learn, in this case also, what to accept and what to reject. One important thing for a college student to remember is that if Aristote could talk to the fisherman, so can he.Another source of knowledge is the vast store of traditional practices handed down from father, to son, or mother to daughter, of old country customs, of folkore. All this is very difficult for a college student to explore, for much knowledge and personal experience is needed here to separate good plants from wild weeds.【答案】阅读并不是获得以前的知识的唯一途径。还有一个大宝库，我们可以称之为经验。大学生会发现，每一个工匠都有他能教的东西，而且如果一个大学生不轻蔑地看待他们，工匠一般都会很乐意去教他们。来自这些方面的信息与教科书和论文中的信息不同，主要在于其理论部分是对事物发生的原因进行解释可能常常是相当荒诞的。但是，关于发生了什么以及如何发生的演示和报告却是可靠的，即使这些报告是完全不科学的。现在的大学生也会知道，什么该接受，什么该拒绝。一个大学生要记住的最重要一点就是，如果亚里士多德能和渔夫说话，他也能。另一个知识来源是从父亲传给儿子或母亲传给女儿的大量传统习俗、古老的乡村习俗和民间传说。所有这些对于一个大学生来说都是很难探索的，因为这里需要很多知识和个人经验来区分好的植物和野生杂草。6. 单选题“Let me send you our brochure” is probably the most commonly used phrase in business. But all too often, it can spell the end of a customer enquiry because many brochures appear to be produced not to clarify and to excite but to confuse. So what goes wrong and how can it be put right? Too often, businesses fail to ask themselves critical questions like, “Who will the brochure be sent to?” “What do we want to achieve with it?” The truth is that a brochure has usually been produced for no other reason than that the competition has one.However, with a little research, it often transpires that what the client wants is a mixture: part mail shot, part glossy corporate brochure and part product cataloguea combination rarely found. Having said that, the budget is likely to be finite. There may not be enough money to meet all three marketing needs, so the first task is to plan the brochure, taking into account the most significant of these. The other requirements will have to be met in a different way. After all, introducing the companys product range to new customers by mail is a different task from selling a new seasons collection to existing customers.The second task is to get the content right. In 95 per cent of cases, a company will hire a designer to oversee the layout, so the final product looks stylish, interesting and professional; but they dont get a copywriter or someone with the right expertise to produce the text, or at least tidy it upand this shows. A bigger failing is to produce a brochure that is not customer focused. Your brochure should cover areas of interest to the customer, concentrating on the benefits of buying from you.Instead, thousands of brochures start with a history lesson, “Founded in 1987, we have been selling our products.” I can assure you that customers are never going to say to themselves, “Theyve been around for 20 yearsIll buy from them.” Its not how long youve been in business that counts, its what youve done in that time. The important point to get across at the beginning is that you have a good track record. Once this has been established, the rest of the brochure should aim to convince customers that your products are the best on the market.It is helpful with content to get inside the customers head. If your audience is young and trendy, be creative and colourful. As always, create a list of the benefits that potential customers would gain from doing business with you, for example, product quality, breadth of range, expertise of staff and so on. But remember that it is not enough just to state these: in order to persuade, they need to be spelt out. One possibility is to quote recommendations from existing customers. This also makes the brochure personal to you, rather than it simply being a set of suppliers photographs with your name on the front. At the design stage, there are many production features that can distinguish your brochure from the run of the mill. You may think that things like cutouts or pop-ups will do this for you and thus make you stand out, or you may think they just look like designer whims that add cost. Go through all the options in detail. One of them might be that all-important magical ingredient.11. What point does the writer make about brochures in the first paragraph?12. The writers advice to companies in the second paragraph is to（ ）.13. In the third paragraph, which of the following does the writer say would improve the majority of brochures?14. In the introduction to a brochure, the writer advises companies to focus on（ ）.15. When discussing brochure content in the fifth paragraph, the writer reminds companies to（ ）.问题1选项A.Customer expectations of them are too high.B.They ought to be more straightforward in designC.Insufficient thought tends to go into producing them.D.Companies should ensure they use them more widely.问题2选项A.produce a brochure to advertise new product linesB.use a brochure to extend the customer baseC.accept that a brochure cannot fulfil every objectiveD.aim to get a bigger budget allocation for producing brochures问题3选项A.better language and expression.B.better overall appearance.C.more up-to-date content.D.more product information.问题4选项A.their understanding of the business environmentB.the range of products they offerC.their unique market positionD.the reputation they have built up问题5选项A.consider old customers as well as new onesB.provide support for the claims they makeC.avoid using their own photographsD.include details of quality certification【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】11.判断推理题。根据题干信息定位到第一段后半部分Too often, businesses fail to ask themselves critical questions .（企业往往没有问自己一些关键性的问题）从这段话可以看出，作者认为企业在设计广告手册时的考虑是不周全的，没有进行深入思考。因此C选项“设计他们时考虑得并不充分”正确。A选项“顾客对他们的期望太高了”不对，没有提到客户的期望，只是说广告手册可能会把客户弄糊涂。B选项“它们在设计上应该更加直接”也不对，第一段并没有提到设计的问题。D选项“公司应该确保他们更广泛地使用它们”在原文中也没有提到。12.判断推理题。根据题干关键词可以定位到第二段There may not be enough money to meet all three marketing needs, so the first task is to plan the brochure, taking into account the most significant of these.（可能没有足够的资金来满足所有这三个营销需求，所以第一项任务是规划宣传册，考虑到最重要的这些。）也就是说他们不可能满足所有的市场需要，所以优先考虑最关键的部分，其他的需要用另外的方式来满足。因此C选项“接受一个广告手册不可能满足所有目标的事实”正确。A选项“制作宣传册宣传新产品系列”；B选项“使用宣传册来扩大客户基础”以及D选项“争取获得更大的预算拨款用于制作小册子”都不是原文的观点。13.判断推理题。根据题干信息定位到第三段In 95 per cent of cases, a company will hire a designer to oversee the layout, so the final product looks stylish, interesting and professional; but they dont get a copywriter or someone with the right expertise to produce the text（在95%的情况下，公司会聘请一名设计师来监督布局，使最终产品看起来时尚、有趣和专业），也就是说作者认为他们只注重设计而不注重表述内容，应该找一个有相关技能的广告文字撰稿人来制作文字，因此A选项“更好的语言和表达”是最符合的。B选项“更好的整体外观”，作者说了外观是精心设计的，因此很时尚；C选项“更多最新的内容”，是否是最新内容文章并未提及；D选项“更多的产品信息”是过度推断。14.根据题干关键词定位到第四段The important point to get across at the beginning is that you have a good track record. （最重要的一点是在开始的时候你要有一个良好的业绩记录。）也就是说要有好口碑，因此D选项“他们建立的声誉”，是原文的转述项，正确。A选项“他们对商业环境的理解”；B选项“他们提供的产品范围”以及C选项“他们独特的市场地位”，都没有提到。15.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到最后一段But remember that it is not enough just to state these: in order to persuade, they need to be spelt out.（但请记住，仅仅陈述这些是不够的：为了说服别人，需要把它们说清楚。）也就是说仅仅声明是不够的他们需要被详细说明。因此B选项“为他们的主张提供支持”正确。A选项“既考虑新客户，也考虑老客户”没有提到；C选项“避免使用自己的照片”不对，不是说避免使用他们的照片，而是说不能仅仅只呈上他们的照片，还要有别的东西，比如客户的建议；D选项“包括质量认证的细节”也没有提到。7. 单选题Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time. If corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like what other people say. In the same way, when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to work, run, climb, whistle, or ride a bicycle. They compare those performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his own mistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not. If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers.Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he cant find a way to get the right answer. Lets end this nonsense of grades, exams and marks. Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day lean, that is, how to measure their own understanding and how to know what they know or do not know. Let them get on with this job in the way that seems most sensible to them, with our help as school teachers if they ask for it.The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school and used for the rest of ones life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours. Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential, something they will need to get in the world?” Dont worry! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learn it.46. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?47. According to the passage, a teachers duty is to（ ）.48. The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle（ ）.49. The extreme view of the author is that childrens progress should only be assessed by（ ）.50. The author thinks that if children are always corrected, they will grow up to be（ ）.问题1选项A.By making mistakes and having them pointed out by others.B.By having their mistakes corrected.C.By noticing their problems and making changes.D.By listening to explanations from skilled people.问题2选项A.provide students with help when it is neededB.find out students mistakes and correcting themC.teach students knowledge essential for their future lifeD.help students find out correct answers问题