2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解19

2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from societys present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, tortured by self-consciousness turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for. There is widespread distress because national morale has declined and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity but just because ours is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform, origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a mytha vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks, only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form, the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessnessin short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.1.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in （ ）.2.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from （ ）.3.Homers epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to （ ）.4.The word consensus is closest in meaning to （ ）.5.The word our in Sentence 1, Paragraph 3 refers to （ ）.问题1选项A.the non-existence of consensus on the forms of the society should takeB.the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.C.the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversityD.the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.问题2选项A.the absence of a common religionB.the multiracial constituents of the US societyC.the want of shared myths they possess in lifeD.the counterbalance to narcissistic personality问题3选项A.exemplify the contributions made by ancient poetsB.illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.C.show an ideal stage of eternal social progressD.make known myths of what a society ought to be问题4选项A.controlB.concernC.agreementD.consideration问题5选项A.TrojanB.totalitarianC.GreekD.American【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。题目所问的是 “美国社会最大的麻烦可能在于什么？”文章第一段第一句话提到 “我们社会最痛心的是缺乏对 社会是什么以及 社会生活应该是什么这类问题的一致意见”（What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be）。选项A “对社会应该采取什么样的形态缺乏一致性”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目所问的是“美国人的社会人格来源于什么？”文章第二段第三句话提到“美国是一个来自各个国家的移民组成的国家”（But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations）。选项B “美国社会由多种族组成”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目所问的是“第一段提到荷马史诗的目的是什么？”文章第一段最后一句话提到“因此现在的一致性只有通过对过去共同的理解才能获得，就像荷马史诗告知后来的人一致性对于希腊来说意味着什么，他们是依靠什么样的想象和理想来生活以及构造社会的。”（A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homers epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies）。选项B “说明共同的幻想对社会的重要性”符合题意。4.词义题。题目所问的是“consensus与哪个词的意思最接近？”consensus在文章中出现多次，文章第二段第一句话most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry，根据句子中的common这个词可以猜测consensus的意思是一个与之相近的名词。四个选项中的单词意思分别为：control “控制”；concern “担心，忧虑”；agreement “同意，一致”；consideration “考虑，原因”，选项C符合题意。5.词义题。题目所问的是 “ our指的是什么？”从文章第三段第二句话可以看出，本段主要讲述的是美国社会的问题，因此，our 指的是 “美国”。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Miess sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.1.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans（ ）.2.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?3.Mies held that elegance of architectural design（ ）.4.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?5.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?问题1选项A.prosperity and growthB.efficiency and practicalityC.restraint and confidenceD.pride and faithfulness问题2选项A.It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B.Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C.Most American architects used to be associated with it.D.It had a great influence upon American architecture.问题3选项A.was related to large spaceB.was identified with emptinessC.was not reliant on abundant decorationD.was not associated with efficiency问题4选项A.They ignored details and proportions.B.They were built with materials popular at that time.C.They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D.They shared some characteristics of abstract art.问题5选项A.Mechanical devices were widely used.B.Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C.Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D.Eco-friendly materials were employed.【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。定位到文章第一段“We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth”我们倾向于认为二战后的几十年是繁荣和发展的时期。由此可知A选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。定位到文章第三段“The phraseless is morewas actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools.”事实上，“less is more”一词最初是由一位德国建筑师路德维希密斯凡德罗普及的。他和其他与包豪斯设计学院有关的人一样，在二战前移民到美国，并在美国建筑学院任职。由此可知C选项Most American architects used to be associated with it.大多数美国建筑师曾经与它联系在一起符合题意。3.细节事实题。定位到文章第四段“Miess signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.”密斯的名言是，少装饰，合理组织，会产生更大的影响。他认为优雅不是来自丰富。由此可知C选项was not reliant on abundant decoration不依赖于丰富的装饰正确。4.细节事实题。定位到文章第五段“But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildingsdetails and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.”但它们之所以受欢迎，是因为它们有通风的玻璃墙，提供的视野，以及建筑的优雅、细节和比例，这种与当时流行的抽象艺术相当的建筑风格。由此可知D选项正确。5.细节事实题。定位到文章第二段最后一句“In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.”在他的个案研究室里，拉尔夫的日常生活很少有美国家庭购买直升机，但大多数家庭最终都买了干衣机但他自给自足的信念得到了广泛的认同。由此可知机器设备已经得到使用，因此选项A正确。3. 单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this （ ）produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.disseminationC.assimilationD.interaction【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。absorption “吸收”；dissemination “宣传”；assimilation “同化”；interaction “相互作用”。句意：水从固体变成液体需要吸入周围所有物质的热量，这一吸收过程产生的低温。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题（ ） three basic issues of financial bonds: corporations, states, and municipalities.问题1选项A.Some ofB.There areC.There beingD.Those of which【答案】B【解析】语法题。根据固定句型there be “有”，表示存在，可排除A和D项，又因为整个句子缺主谓，所以不能用非谓语形式，可排除C项。句意：金融债券有三种基本发行方式:公司债券、国家债券和市政债券。选项B符合题意。5. 单选题Any time, any place. Why the huge upsurge of interest in remote learning? The internet revolution is part of the answer. The Web now provides a formerly missing ingredient in distance educationquick and easy communication between students and instructors, and among classmates. In addition, demand for distance courses has burgeoned thanks to the evolution of the information-based economy. “To stay employable, workers need to keep on learning.” says Kay Kohl, executive director of the University Continuing Education Association, an organization of more than 400 schools. This trend has given rise to an older pool of graduate students. Today more than half are over age 30, and nearly one quarter are over 40. Distance education often is a great fit for these working adults, many of whom find it difficult to skip a childs ballet lesson or fight rush-hour traffic to get to a university campus for class.“1 had always wanted a masters degree, but its hard to suspend a career and a family for it, especially when the closest school of public health is four hours away,” says Jerry Parks, assistant health director for Albermarle Regional Health Services in eastern North Carolina. As it turns out, he didnt have to move or commute to get his degree. After three years of coursework via teleconferencing and the Internet, Parks is finishing up a masters from the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina.As more people turn to distance education, a debate has flared over whether it can be a good substitute for face-to-face instruction. Thomas Russell, author of a 1999 report titled “The Significant Distance Phenomenon,” which reviews more than 350 studies of di stance-learning programs, argues that the two modes of instruction are equivalent as far as student learning is concerned. R. Behrend, for one, believes that distance education is the superior choice. Behrend, 45, obtained a doctoral degree in clinical psychology last spring from Walden University, a respected virtual institution. She says the discussions between student and professor, and among peers, were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on campus masters programs she previously attended. “We needed to cite references for everything we said (in E-mail postings)，explains Behrend, “It wasnt like the usually chatting in the classroom.”But critics say that many of the studies cited in Russells book are poorly designed, and they vehemently (strongly) disagree with his point of view. “I dont think you can get any education over the Internet,” says D. Noble, a historian of technology at York University in Toronto. “Education requires a relationship between people because its a process of identity formation, validation, encouragement, emulation, and inspiration. This only happens face to face.”Even advocates acknowledge that distance education isnt for everyonethat it takes independence, self-discipline, and a lot of motivation to success. Further, the quality of distance-degree programs is uneven. “A majority of universities have entered the distance-learning market rapidly and are not well prepared.” Thus, its important to consider an array of factors before choosing a school accreditation, program history, cost, academic field, residency, and technology.1.When did distance education begin?2.The huge upsurge of interest in remote learning is caused by the following factors except for （ ）.3.By “suspend”(Sentence 1，Para 2) is closest in meaning to （ ）.4.Which statement is not true from what Ms. Behrend says?5.The title of the text could be （ ）.问题1选项A.Unknown.B.After the Internet existedC.After the Internet revolutionD.When the university started.问题2选项A.Internet revolutionB.the evolution of information economyC.the increasing populationD.the demand for distance courses问题3选项A.stopB.hang upC.suspectD.leave问题4选项A.The remote education is the best choice.B.The discussion in distance education is not as strict as on the campus.C.The discussion of distance education is not like that in the classroom.D.She got a Dr. Degree from distance education.问题5选项A.Continuing EducationB.Information-based EconomyC.Remote LearningD.An Interesting Debate【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问远程教育是什么吋候开始的？整篇文章围绕为什么人们对远程教育越来越感兴趣展开，并表达不同人的不同观点，但是确并没有提到远程教育具体是什 么吋候开始的，所以A选项 “不知道”正确。2.推理判断题。题干询问以下哪一项不是导致人们对于远程教育的兴趣越来越大的主要原因？根据文章第一段第三句“The internet revolution is part of the answer. 互联网革命是答案之一。”确定A选项“互联网革命”是原因之一；根据第一段第五句 “In addition, demand for distance courses has burgeoned thanks to the evolution of the information-based economy. 此外，由于信息经济的发展，远程课程的需求也迅速增长。”确定B 选项“信息化经济的发展”和D选项 “对远程课程的需求” 也是原因；所以排除法，C选项“人口的增长”在文章并没有提及，不是原因，符合题意。3.词汇题。题干询问“suspend”(句子1,Para 2)最接近的意思是啥？根据文章第二段第二句 “As it turns out, he didnt have to move or commute to get his degree. 事实证明，他并不需要搬家或通勤才能拿到学位。”确定commute相当于上一句中的“suspend a career and a family”，suspend表示延缓，使暂停的意思，所以A选项stop正确。4.推理判断题。题干询问以下关于Ms. Behrend所说内容的陈述不正确的是？根据文章第三段第三句 “R. Behrend, for one, believes that distance education is the superior choice. R. Behrend认为远程教育是更好的选择。”确定A选项 “远程教育是最好的选择”正确；根据第三段最后一句“It wasnt like the usually chatting in the classroom. 这不是像通常在教室里聊天。”确定C选项“远程教育的讨论不像课堂上那样。”正确；根据第三段第四句“ Behrend, 45, obtained a doctoral degree in clinical psychology last spring from Walden University, a respected virtual institution. 45岁的贝伦德去年春天从备受尊敬的虚拟机构沃尔登大学获得了临床心理学博士学位。” 确定D选项“她从远程教育获得了博士学位”正确；由第三段第五句“She says the discussions between student and professor, and among peers, were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on campus masters programs she previously attended. 她说，学生和教授之间的讨论，以及同学之间的讨论，都比她在之前参加的两个硕士项目中经历的讨论更为严格。” 确定B选项 “远程教育中的讨论不如校园中的讨论严谨”与原文意思相反，符合题意。5.主旨大意题。题干询问这篇文章的题目可能是？A选项 “成人教育”，太宽泛，不正确；文章并不是围绕经济进行展开的，只是稍微提及了一下，B选项 “信息化经济”，不正确；文章虽然有说道关于远程教育的辩论，但只是进行了一些描述，文章并非围绕这场辩论进行展开，D选项“一次有趣的辩论”，不正确；文章通篇都是围绕远程教育在进行描述，所以C选项“远程学习”正确；所以正确答案为C选项。6. 单选题Darwin stated that the more survival characteristics a creature has （ ）the chance that new species will adopt these characteristics.问题1选项A.the bestB.the betterC.better thanD.as good as【答案】B【解析】固定搭配。“The+比较级，the+比较级”，表示“越就 越”，B选项正确。句意是达尔文指出，一个生物拥有的生存特征越多，该物种拙有这些特征的机会越大。7. 单选题The magician picked several persons（ ）from the audience and asked them to help with the performance.问题1选项A.by accidentB.at randomC.on occasionD.on average【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项by accident“偶尔、意外地”；B选项at random “随意地、随机的”；C选项on occasion “有时、不时地”；D选项on average“平均”，句意为：魔术师从观众中挑选了几个人，请他们帮忙表演。挑选观众是随机地，因此选项B符合题意。8. 单选题In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence. Without the vast advances made by chemists, physicists, biologists, geologists and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from diseases that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminably without them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the vaccines created by doctors, diseases such as polio, measles, hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these diseases may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition, science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine our world could exist, but the conveniences brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientism and their revelations, it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance, the light bulb, electricity, the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society, however, they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientists, our world is ever metamorphosing, and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprises our society, whether our society is cognizant of this or not.1.In the first paragraph the author