2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解36

2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题His family watched until the plane （ ） behind the clouds.问题1选项A.lostB.escapedC.fledD.vanished【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。lose“使迷路，遗失”；escape “逃跑,逃避”；flee “逃走”；vanish “消失”。句意：他的家人们看着飞机直到它消失在云后。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题In most earthquakes the Earth s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earths mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a lime difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus，or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is the strongest for a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?3.The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?4.The authors explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?问题1选项A.demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawedB.defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting themC.discussing the evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occurD.comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events问题2选项A.The earthquake was a deep event.B.The earthquake was a shallow eventC.The earthquake focus was distant.D.The earthquake had a low peak intensity.问题3选项A.Stress must build up.B.Cool rock must descend into the mantle.C.A fracture must occur.D.Both A and C.问题4选项A.Deep events are far less common than shallow events.B.Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.C.Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.D.The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously though.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，“How can there be earthquakes at such depths”，首先提出了问题， “这么深的地方是如何发生地震的”，文章第二段介绍了地震学家证明了这种深层地震的存在，根据第三段，“Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes”，地震学家继续论证了P-S间隔和强度模式表明存在两种地震。选项C符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第三段，“and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.”，可推断P-S间隔很长的就被称作deep events，选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句，“Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers”，可知地震形成的条件包括压力的断裂。选项D符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“the more common shallow events,”，可知A选项是原文已经提到了，可排除。根据第一段，“in the Earths mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile”，可知选项C是原文中提到的，可排除。根据文章第三段，“the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns”，P-S间隔会对不同类型的地震形成有影响，P和S的速度同时增加不会形成间隔，所以D选项可排除。选项B符合题意。3. 单选题Often such arguments have the effect of （ ）rather than clarifying the issues involved.问题1选项A.obscuringB.prejudicingC.tacklingD.blocking【答案】A【解析】考查近义词解析。obscure “使模糊不清；”prejudice “使有偏见”；tackle “阻碍”；block “阻塞”，句意：这样的争论经常会使问题变得含糊不清，而不能使问题更明确。选项A符合题意。4. 翻译题In 1959 Jacoues Cousteau sounded the alarm: the Mediterranean was dying. Diving off Frances southern coast, Cousteau found a marine desert that a few years earlier had teemed with fish and plants. He blamed poisons from the large urban and industrial complexes built near the sea. Cousteau crystallized growing public concern over pollution of the worlds seas and oceans. By the 1960s, oil spills, chemicals and sewage were turning areas of the Baltic into toxic cesspools, heavy metals and DDT had accumulated in fish and shellfish from the Atlantic to the China Sea, causing carnage among birds that ate them and poisoning people.Books are to mankind what memory is to individual. They contain the history of our race, the discoveries we have made, the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages；they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature, help us in our difficulties, comfort us in sorrow and in suffering, change hours of weariness into moments of delight, store our minds with ideas, fill them with good and happy thoughts, and lift us out of and above ourselves.【答案】1959年，雅克库斯都敲响了警钟，地中海正在死亡。库斯都在法国南部海岸潜水时，发现了一个海洋沙漠，然而在几年前这里盛产鱼和海洋植物。他认为造成此现象的原因是海边建立的大型城市和工业中心排放的有毒物质。库斯都让人们对海洋污染问题的关注越来越具体化了。到了20世纪60年代，泄漏的石油、化学物质和污水将波罗的海地区变成了有毒的污水坑。从大西洋到中国海域，鱼类贝类体内积累了大量的重金属和杀虫剂，重金属和杀虫剂在鱼类和贝类体内沉积，食用了它们的鸟类大量灭绝，并且也会使人们中毒。书籍对于人类的作用就相当于记忆对于个人的作用。书籍承载了我们种族的历史、时代的一些探索发现以及日益积累的知识和经验。书籍为我们描绘了大自然的美丽，帮助我们摆脱困境，在我们悲伤和痛苦时安慰我们，使疲倦的时光变得欢乐，使我们的大脑充满各种思想和观念，充之以美好快乐的想法，并且不停地超越提升自我。5. 单选题They did not realize that they had （ ）a crime by cutting down the tree.问题1选项A.performedB.undertakenC.madeD.committed【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。perform “履行”; undertake “从事” ; make “制造”;commit “犯罪，承诺”。句意：他们没有意识到砍树这件事情使他们犯罪了。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to（ ）, but rather to increase with every new discovery.问题1选项A.clarifyB.eliminateC.diminishD.extinguish【答案】C【解析】动词词义辨析。clarify “澄清，阐明”；eliminate “消除，淘汰”；diminish “减少，贬低”；extinguish “熄灭，使破灭”。句意：我们知道的事情和未知的事情之间的间距似乎没有减少，反而随着新事物的发现而增加了。选项C符合题意。7. 单选题（ ）fire tests gold, so does adversity tests courage.问题1选项A.LikeB.AlikeC.AsD.Comparing【答案】C【解析】考查连词。Like “像”，可作介词；alike “相同的，相似的”，可作形容词；as “像”，可作介词；comparing “比较”，可作动词。此处“fire tests gold” 为一个完整的句子，所以要用连词，句意：就好像真金不怕火炼一样，意志不畏艰难。选项C符合题意。8. 单选题The initial results of the experiment didnt （ ）quite as expected, to their disappointment.问题1选项A.take placeB.end upC.bring aboutD.turn out【答案】D【解析】动词短语。take place “发生”;end up “结束”；bring about “引起”; turn out “结果是”。句意：实验的初步结果并不是和他们预期的一样，这让他们感到沮丧。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Please do not be（ ）by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract attention.问题1选项A.distractedB.disregardedC.irritatedD.intervened【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。distract “使心烦意乱”；disregard “忽视，不尊重”；irritate “刺激，激怒”；intervene “干涉，调停”。句意：请不要被他无礼的评论所激怒，因为他只是想引起注意。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题The（ ）of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.问题1选项A.fraudulenceB.arrivalC.dawnD.advent【答案】D【解析】名词词义解析。fraudulence “欺诈性”；arrival “到达”；dawn “黎明，开端”；advent “到来，出现”。句意：计算机技术的到来对我们的社会和家庭生活带来了主要的影响。选项D符合题意。11. 单选题What we today call American folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republicswhether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americanshave always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New Englandespecially Connecticut and Massachusetts-for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional.But in the heyday of portrait painting from the late eighteenth century until the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portraitist was called. Local craftspeople一sign, coach, and house painters一began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.1.In Lines 3-5 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as an example of a group that（ ）2.According to the passage，where were many of the first American folk art portraits painted?（ ）3.The word “this” in Line 8 refers to（ ）4.The phrase “ushering in” in Line 14 is closest in meaning to（ ）5.According to the passage, which of the following contributed to a decline in the demand for paint portraits?（ ）问题1选项A.consisted mainly of self-taught artists.B.appreciated portraits.C.influenced American folk art.D.had little time for the arts.问题2选项A.In western New York.B.In Illinois and Missouri.C.In Connecticut and Massachusetts.D.In Ohio.问题3选项A.a strong craft tradition.B.American folk art.C.New England.D.western New York.问题4选项A.beginning.B.demanding.C.publishing.D.increasing.问题5选项A.The lack of a strong craft tradition.B.The westward migration of many painters.C.The growing preference for landscape paintings.D.The invention of the camera.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文意，主要是以荷兰人为例表达了公民对肖像画像的偏爱。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New Englandespecially Connecticut and Massachusetts”第一句就提到最早画像是来自新英格兰地区，选项C符合题意。3.考查代词。前一句提到了最早的民间艺术肖像来自新英格兰地区，所以后文的this 指代这个地区，选项C符合题意。4.词义理解题。根据文意，人们对肖像的需求越来越多，最终可以被相机所满足，所以开启了摄像时代的到来，选项A符合题意。细节理解题。根据文章第二段,“and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits.” 不到一代人，摄影技术就结束了绘画肖像的流行。所以是照相机的发明终结了肖像艺术的流行，选项D符合题意。12. 单选题Without exposure to the cultural, intellectual, and moral traditions that are our heritage, we are excluded from a common world that （1 ） generations. On the one hand, such exclusion tends to（2 ）us to recreate everything, a needless and largely impossible task; On the other hand, it tends to make us（3）, to suggest that we are indeed the creators of the world and of all good ideas （4） in fact we are only a fragment of the history of man. （5）entirely to ourselves, we could make only the slimmest contributions to wisdom.While the humanities overlap the fine and liberal arts, they are also related of necessity to the sciences and to technology. Some of the （6）of the humanities raise questions about what ends are worthy to be（7）, what ideals deserve （8）But since it is futile to know what is worth doing without having any idea of how to get things done, effective study in the humanities requires respect for and attainment of factual knowledge and technological skill. （9）, it is pointless to know how to get things done without having any idea what is worth doing, so that informed study in applied science demands （10） in the humanities.问题1选项A.crossedB.passes downC.survivesD.exists问题2选项A.warnB.facilitateC.compelD.encourage问题3选项A.arrogantB.exhaustedC.productiveD.reliable问题4选项A.sinceB.whenC.whereasD.which问题5选项A.ProvidedB.LeftC.ReservedD.Kept问题6选项A.arenasB.communitiesC.subjectsD.disciplines问题7选项A.followedB.investigatedC.servedD.abandoned问题8选项A.identificationB.maintenanceC.reverenceD.endeavor问题9选项A.SimilarlyB.ContrarilyC.VirtuallyD.Literally问题10选项A.concentrationB.presuppositionC.revelationD.reflection【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A第8题:C第9题:B第10题:A【解析】（1）词义辨析。cross “穿过，交叉”；pass down “使流传”；survive “生存，幸存”；exist “存在”。根据文意，如果我们不接触到流传的文化和传统，我们将会排除在流传给下一代的大同世界之外。选项B符合题意。（2）动词词义辨析。warm “警告”；facilitate “促进，帮助”；compel “强迫，迫使”；encourage “鼓励”。根据文意，这种排斥倾向于促使我们重塑所有，这是一项不必要并且不可能完成的任务。选项C符合题意。（3）形容词词义辨析。根据文意，另一方面会使我们感到自大，认为我们是世界的创造者，选项A符合题意。（4）逻辑推理。前一句说道我们是世界和优秀思想的创造者，后一句提到我们实际上只是历史中的一个小碎片。前后形成了对比和转折。选项C符合题意。（5）动词词义辨析。provide “提供，装备”；leave “留下”；reserve “保存”；keep “保留”。句意：如果完全只有我们自己的话，那我们对智慧的贡献是相当微薄的。所以用keep sth. to oneself 的结构，选项D符合题意。（6）名词词义辨析。arena “舞台，竞技场”；community“社区，共同体”；subject“主题，学科”；discipline“纪律”。句意：人文科学的一些社区团体提出了一些问题。选项B符合题意。（7）动词词义辨析。Followed“追逐，追求”；investigate“调查”；serve“招待”；abandon“丢弃，抛弃”。根据文意，这些社团提出的问题是，哪些目标是值得追随的。选项A符合题意。（8）名词词义辨析。identification“鉴定，识别”；maintenance“维持，维护”；reverence“崇敬，尊严”；endeavor“努力”。根据文意，问题是什么样的理想值得人们去尊重。选项C符合题意。（9）逻辑推理。考查对上下文相关语句关系的把握，区分表示联系的副词。similarly“相似地”； contrarily“反之”；virtually“实际上”；literally “照字面地，不夸张地”。根据文意，确实地。前一句提到只知道什么事情是值得做的，但是不知道具体方法是无用的，空格后一句提到只知道如何把事情做好，而不知道什么事情是值得做的也是没意义的。所以前后两句是相反的。选项B符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。concentration“专心，专注”；presupposition“假定，预设”；revelation“揭露”；reflection“反映，沉思”。句意：在对应用科学进行研究时，也需要对人文科学投以关注。选项A符合题意。13. 单选题The pioneers of the teaching of science imagined that its introduction into education would move the conventionality, artificiality, and backward-lookingness which were characteristic of classical studies, but they were gravely disappointed. So, too, in their time had the humanists) thought that the study of the classical authors in the original would banish at once the dull pedantry and superstition of mediaeval scholasticism. The professional schoolmaster was a match for both of them，and has almost managed to make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.The chief claim for the use of science in education is that it teaches a child something about the actual universe in which he is living in, making him acquainted with the results of scientific discovery, and at the same time teaches him how to think logically and inductively by studying scientific method. A certain limited success has been reached in the first of these aims, but practically none at all in the second. Those privileged members of the community who have been through a secondary or public school education may be expected to know something about the elementary physics and chemistry of a hundred years ago, but they probably know hardly more than any bright boy can pick up from an interest in wireless or scientific hobbies out of school hours.As to the learning of scientific method, the whole thing is palpably a farce. Actually, for the convenience of teachers and the requirements of the examination system, it is necessary that the pupils not only do not learn scientific method but learn precisely the reverse，that is, to believe exactly what they are told and to reproduce it when asked, whether it seems nonsense to them or not. The way in which educated people respond to such quackeries as spiritualism or astrology, not to say more dangerous ones such as racial theories or currency myths, shows that fifty years of education in the method of science in Britain or Germany has produced no visible effect whatever. The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience, and, until the educational or social systems are altered to make this possible, the best we can expect is the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.1.The author implies that the professional schoolmaster” (line 6) has（ ）.2.The author blames all of the following for the failure to impart scientific method through the（ ）.3.If the author were to study current education in science to see how things have changed since he wrote the piece, he would probably be most interested in the answer to which of the following questions?4.All of the following can be inferred from the text except（ ）.问题1选项A.no interest in teaching scienceB.thwarted attempts to enliven educationC.supported the humanistsD.been a pioneer in both science and humanities.问题2选项A.lack of interest on the part of studentsB.poor teachingC.examination methodsD.the social and education systems问题3选项A.Do students know more about the world about them?B.Do students spend more time in laboratories?C.Can students apply their knowledge logically?D.Have textbooks improved?问题4选项A.at the time of writing, not all children received a secondary school educationB.it is relatively easy to learn scientific methodC.science teaching has imparted some knowledge of facts to some childrenD.the author believes that many teachers are authoritarian【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.” 这些专业的老师使化学反应的理解变得乏味，使阅读变得教条化，所以教育越来越没有活跃度。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，因为老师们图方便和考试制度，使学生们没有更好地学习科学方法，直到教育制度或者社会制度发生了变化才能使学生们对科学方法的学习成为可能。所以作者没有提及学生们的兴趣问题。选项A符合题意。3.推断题。根据文章内容，作者最关心的是学生们有没有接受到科学方法教育，最后一段可以看出，“the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.”，一部分人能研究获得科学技术和方法，但是运用的人很少。由此可见，作者关心的学生能否用一些科学的方法获得知识。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章最后一段，“The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience”，学习科学方法是漫长而痛苦的，并不是简单的，选项B符合题意。14. 单选题Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned（ ） the opposing view.问题1选项A.in favor ofB.in place ofC.instead ofD.in terms of【答案】A【解析】介词词组辨析。in favor of “赞同，支持”；in place of “代替”；instead of “代替，而不是”；in terms of “在方面”。句意：尽管这一理论没有被严格地被反驳过，但是教条会被抛弃，而转向它的对立面。选项A符合题意。15. 单选题Grain production in the world is （ ）, but still millions go hungry.问题1选项A.staggeringB.shrinkingC.soaringD.suspending【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。stagger “蹒跚，使交错”；shrink “收缩”；suspend“延缓，推迟”，soar “高涨”。句意：世界的粮食产量正在上涨，但是成百万人仍在挨饿。选项C符合题意。16. 单选题Hardys weakness（ ）his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these impulses and from his unwilli