2022-2023年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第16期

2022-2023年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographys fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality; photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves anything but making works of art. In the nineteenth century, photographys association with the real world placed it in an ambivalent relation to art: late in the twentieth century an ambivalent relation exists because of the modernist heritage in art. That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentration on the physical act of painting. Much of photographys prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop during the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical modernist painting - that is abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Candinsky and Matisse -presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art, photography, like Pop painting, and reassures viewers that art is not hard: photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photograph as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photograph is a distinctive and exalted activity -in short, an art.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（ ） .2.Which of the following adjectives best describes the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism” as the author represents it in the second paragraph？ (The sentence in italics.)3.The author introduces Abstract Expressionist painters (in the third paragraph) in order to（ ）.4.According to the author, the nineteenthcentury defenders of photography mentioned in the passage stressed that photography was（ ）.5.According to the passage, which of the following best explains the reaction of serious contemporary photographers to the question of whether photography is an art?6.According to the passage, certain serious contemporary photographers expressly make which of the following claims about their photographs?7.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography to be a（ ）问题1选项A.defining the Modernist attitude toward artB.explaining how photography emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth centuryC.explaining the attitudes of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches问题2选项A.paradoxicalB.mechanicalC.superficialD.dramatic问题3选项A.provide an example of artists who, like serious contemporary photographers, disavowed traditionally accepted aims of modem artB.call attention to artists whose works often bear a physical resemblance to the works of serious contemporary photographersC.set forth an analogy between the Abstract Expressionist painters and classical Modernist paintersD.provide a contrast to Pop artists and others who created works that exemplify the Modernist heritage in art问题4选项A.a means of making people familiar with remote locales and unfamiliar thingsB.a technologically advanced activityC.a device for observing the world impartiallyD.an art comparable to painting问题5选项A.The photographers belief that their reliance on an impersonal machine to produce their art requires the surrenders of the authority of their personal visionB.The photographers fear that serious photography may not be accepted as an art by the contemporary art publicC.The influence of Abstract Expressionist painting and Pop Art on the subject matter of the modem photographD.The photographers belief that the best art is subversive of art as it has previously been defined问题6选项A.Their photographs could be created by almost anyone who had a camera and the time to devote to the activity.B.Their photographs are not examples of art but are examples of the photographers impartial observation of the world.C.Their photographs are important because of their subjects but not because of the responses they evoke in viewers.D.Their photographs exhibit the same ageless principles of form and shading that have been used in painting问题7选项A.contemporary art that is struggling to be accepted as fine artB.craft requiring sensitivity but no means an artC.mechanical copying of realityD.modem art that displays the Modernist tendency to try to subvert the prevailing alms of art【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:D第5题:D第6题:B第7题:A【解析】1.文章主旨题。A选项界定现代主义者对艺术的态度、B选项解释摄影是如何作为美术出现的和D 选项界定当代严肃摄影家对待他们艺术所具有的各种观点，并评定每种观点的价值这三项只是文内提到的某些方面，不是主要的。C选项说明当代严肃的摄影家对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把他们这些态度放在历史的进程来观察符合题意。2.作者观点题。根据文章第二段 shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. 显示出他们对现代主义胜利强加给他们的艺术概念的想当然程度:艺术越好，它对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。所以该题作者表达的观点是矛盾的， A选项“矛盾的”符合题意。B “机械的”，C “肤 浅的”和D “戏剧性的”与文章不符，排除。3.语义理解题。作者列举这样艺术家的例子，他们像当代严肃的摄影家一样抛弃了传统的被接受的现代艺术目的。文章第三段第二句提到“例如,那些假设的摄影师,通过拍照,他们越来越远离以绘画艺术的自命不凡提醒我们的抽象表现主义画家想象他们摆脱古典现代主义绘画的知识紧缩浓度的身体行为绘画。”所以A选项提供一个艺术家的例子，他们像严肃的当代摄影师一样，否认传统上接受的现代艺术目标正确。B、C、D选项与题意不相符，排除。4.细节判断题。根据文中 第一段最后一句Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting. 有人指责摄影是没有灵魂的、机械地复制现实，摄影师们反驳说，摄影是一种特殊的观看方式，是对普通视觉的反抗，和绘画一样有艺术价值。确定D选项符合题意。5.细节判断题。根据文章第二段末尾提到That important photographers are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art, shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. 那些重要摄影师不再愿意辩论是否或不是艺术摄影,除了宣称自己的工作不涉及艺术,显示在多大程度上他们只是理所当然的概念艺术由现代主义的胜利:艺术、越好越颠覆传统的艺术目标。确定D 选项符合题意。6.细节判断题。文章第二段第二句提到“Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves -anything but making works of art. 严肃的摄影师们声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自我但绝不是在创作艺术作品。” 所以B选项他们的照片不是艺术的例子，而是摄影师公正地观察世界的例子。最符合。A，B，C 项文章没有提及。7.作者观点题。B选项“一项只讲究细致而不讲究艺术的工艺”和C选项“复制现实的机械”与作者观点相悖，排除，D项描述是现代摄影的现状，排除。所以A选项正确。2. 翻译题One of the dilemmas of this decade has been whether to approach modem education in terms of the generalist or the specialist. Some universities require all students to take a common core of courses from a broad range of disciplines, appealing to the generalist approach to education. Yet, choosing the core courses in light of todays explosion in information and diverse multicultural student populations has not been an easy task. How does one select what it is that everyone should know? Other universities continue to tailor their courses to the more immediate professional needs of their students, appealing to the specialist approach to education. But without a core curriculum, students often lack the shared knowledge necessary to participate effectively in an integrated society.【答案】这十年我们所面临的矛盾之一，究竟应该从通才还是专才的角度来看待现代教育。有些大学要求所有的学生都要选修一门涵盖广泛学科的共同核心课程，这对通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考虑到今天的信息爆炸和学生来自不同的文化背景，选择共同课程不是一件容易的事。如何确定哪些是每个人都应该知道的东西？另一些大学强调专才教育，根据学生更直接的专业需要来调整他们的课程。但是没有一个共同课程，学生常常缺乏有效参与一个综合的社会所需要的共同知识。【解析】这十年我们所面临的矛盾之一，究竟应该从通才还是专才的角度来看待现代教育。有些大学要求所有的学生都要选修一门涵盖广泛学科的共同核心课程，这对通才教育很有吸引力。但是，考虑到今天的信息爆炸和学生来自不同的文化背景，选择共同课程不是一件容易的事。如何确定哪些是每个人都应该知道的东西？另一些大学强调专才教育，根据学生更直接的专业需要来调整他们的课程。但是没有一个共同课程，学生常常缺乏有效参与一个综合的社会所需要的共同知识。3. 单选题Banks are not ordinarily prepared to pay out all accounts; they rely on depositors not to demand payment all at the same time. If depositors should come to fear that a bank couldnt pay off all its depositors, then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day. If they did, the bank could not pay all accounts. However, if they did not all appear at once, then there would always be funds to pay those who wanted their money when they wanted it. Mrs. Elsie Vaught has told us of a terrifying bank run (挤兑) that she experienced. One day, in December of 1925 several banks failed to open in a city where she lived. The other banks anticipated a run the next day, and so the officers of the bank in which Mrs. Vaught worked as a teller (出纳员) had enough funds on hand to pay off as many depositors as might apply. The officers simply instructed the tellers to pay on demand. Next morning a crowd gathered in the bank and on the sidewalk outside. The length of the line convinced many that the bank could not possibly pay off everyone. People began to push and then to fight for places near the tellers windows. Clothing was torn and limbs broken, but the jam continued for hours. The power of the panic atmosphere is evident in the fact that two tellers, though they knew that the bank was sound and could pay out all depositors, nevertheless withdrew the funds in their own accounts. Mrs. Vaught says that she had difficulty restraining herself from doing the same.11. A bank run occurs when _.12. What happened to some of the customers of the bank where Mrs. Vaught worked?13. The essential cause of a run on a bank is _.14. The crowds gathered in Mrs. Vaughts bank and on the sidewalk because of _.15. According to the passage, the actions of the customers of Mrs. Vaughts bank were influenced chiefly by _.问题1选项A.a bank is closed for one or more dayB.employees of a bank take their own funds out of the bankC.too many depositors attempt to draw out their money at one timeD.there appear long lines in front of the tellers windows问题2选项A.They lost their money.B.They got injured.C.They had to leave part of their money in the bank.D.They were forced to put their money into other banks.问题3选项A.lack of sufficient fundsB.too many depositorsC.inefficient tellersD.loss of confidence问题4选项A.doubtB.greedC.angerD.curiosity问题5选项A.the failure of the bank to pay off everyoneB.the failure of several banks to openC.the actions of the two tellers in the bankD.the difficulty with which they obtain their money【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】11.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章前三句Banks are not ordinarily prepared to pay out all accounts; they rely on depositors not to demand payment all at the same time. If depositors should come to fear that a bank couldnt pay off all its depositors, then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day. If they did, the bank could not pay all accounts.（银行通常不会准备支付所有储户的款项；它们依赖储户不会全部同时要求取款。如果储户担心银行无法支付所有存款人，那么这种担心可能会导致所有储户在同一天出现来取款。如果他们这样做了，银行就不能支付所有的储户。），说明在所有储户同时来取款的时候，会发生银行挤兑。因此C选项“有太多的储户试图同时取款”正确。A选项“银行停业一天或一天以上时”，B选项“银行的员工将自己的存款从银行取出来”，D选项“柜员窗口前出现了长长的队伍”均不符合题意，所以A，B，D错误。12.【试题答案】B【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章倒数第三、四句People began to push and then to fight for places near the tellers windows. Clothing was torn and limbs broken, but the jam continued for hours.（人们开始推挤，然后争夺靠近出纳员窗口的位置。衣服被撕破，四肢被打断，但拥堵仍持续了几个小时。），沃特夫人工作的银行一些顾客因为推搡而受伤。因此B选项“他们受伤了”正确。A选项“他们的钱丢了”，C选项“他们不得不把一部分钱留在银行里”，D选项“他们被迫把钱存入其他银行”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。13.【试题答案】D【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二句If depositors should come to fear that a bank couldnt pay off all its depositors, then that fear might cause all the depositors to appear on the same day.（如果储户担心银行无法支付所有存款人，那么这种担心可能会导致所有储户在同一天出现来取款。），说明银行挤兑本质上是因为储户担心银行的支付能力，也就是对银行失去了信心。因此D选项“失去信心”正确。A选项“缺乏足够的资金”，由原文可知银行有足够的资金，所以A错误。B选项“储户太多”，C选项“柜员效率低下”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C错误。14.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章倒数第五、六句Next morning a crowd gathered in the bank and on the sidewalk outside. The length of the line convinced many that the bank could not possibly pay off everyone.（第二天早上，一群人聚集在银行和外面的人行道上。队伍的长度让许多人相信，银行不可能支付所有人的款项。），说明众人聚集在银行是因为他们对银行的支付能力有所怀疑。因此A选项“怀疑”正确。B选项“贪婪”，C选项“愤怒”，D选项“好奇”在文中均没有提及，所以B，C，D错误。15.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。由原文可知，因为储户担心银行的支付能力，害怕自己不能取出存款，所以才会做出在银行聚集、拥堵推挤等行为。根源在于several banks failed to open“几家银行倒闭”，导致所有人都在这家银行排长队，进而引起大家的恐慌，所以B选项“几家银行的倒闭”是主要原因。原文也说明the bankshad enough funds on hand to pay off as many depositors as might apply，可知这家银行是有支付能力的，也不存在取钱困难，所以A和D选项可排除；C选项“两名出纳的行为”其实源自于储户的行为，所以并不是储户行为的原因，也可以排除。4. 单选题We are good at inventing way to enlarge our realm. Repeatedly we find methods of spreading farther. If an element is forbidding, we devise a means to master it. Reaching the continental shores, we developed ship-building and navigational skills in order to cross oceans. Shivering at arctic weather, we designed for clothing and snug shelters in order to edge northward. And, having first occupied much of the usable space in the world, we are filling its usable time. Although being wakeful at night flouted our natural rhythms, we developed artificial lighting that let us be active after dark.An era is now under way in which we are replacing our cyclic community with activities that never stop. There is widespread factory shift work. Airports, gasoline stations, hotels, restaurants and broadcasters operate incessantly. Data-processing departments of insurance companies and banks are astir all night. Meanwhile, isolated individuals bend over books and papers on desks in their homes, watch television after midnight, or walk in the streets and listen to the night breathe.This extension across all hours of the day resembles our spreading across the face of the Earth. Look at both trends from enough perspective in distance and time and they appear alike. Hover far above the planet and watch it as it spins throughout the eras. With the planets surface in daylight, little human settlements can be seen to grow larger as the years go by and small extensions appear at their outskirts. Watch the surface when it is in night and at first some pinpoints of light flicker for a while and then go out. After ages pass, those light become stronger; they stay on longer, and other glimmerings appear nearby. Day and night, over thousands of years, reveal to us widening networks of human settlements and illumination being prolonged after dark. The surface is not uniformly occupied. The hours are not uniformly lit. But both are advancing in order.Both forms of expansion are frontiers. A frontier is a new source of resources that people use for subsistence or for profit. It is also a safety valve for people who feel confined. They disperse in response to pressures at home and to appealing opportunities elsewhere.Now, venturing into the night, we have the same motives as our predecessors who migrated geographically. The daytime is too crowded. Its carrying capacity is being strained, and still it does not yield alt that the community wants. The chance to exploit facilities that are left idle also arouses our initiative to use more of the night. Using the same space more of the time is a way to multiply its capacity. Some people dislike the commotion of the day and crave the serenity of night. Others look to it to better themselves economically. It is no accident that personal motives for relief and opportunity are similar to the causes of expansion for the community as a whole. Those are the age-old forces behind all migrations.1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ） .2.The examples the author cites in Para.2 (“There is night”)illustrate a blurring of（ ）3.In context, the use of “Look”, “Hover,” and “Watch”(in Para.3) is intended to（ ）.4.In Para. 3, both most directly refers to（ ） .5.Which of the following activities provides the best example of the way to multiply as discussed in the last paragraph?问题1选项A.persuade readers to increase their use of nighttime hoursB.argue that constant human activity is harmful to individuals and groupsC.explore how the changing use of time is related to the history of human expansionD.critique the way in which changing labor patterns have come to dominate human life问题2选项A.ambition and greedB.solitude and companionshipC.the uses of nighttime and of daytimeD.the purposes of work and of recreation问题3选项A.warn readers of the threat of unbounded migrationB.invite readers to imagine human history visuallyC.prepare readers to anticipate change and its consequencesD.promote the use of nighttime hours for work or leisure activities问题4选项A.worker productivity and national wealthB.scientific knowledge and individual well-beingC.competing work demands and available timeD.inhabited space and usable time问题5选项A.Conducting evening classes in public school buildingsB.Keeping municipal offices open during the lunch hourC.Enforcing curfew laws in residential neighborhoodsD.Adding more buildings to a factory complex【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.本题是问这篇文章的写作目的，A项意为“为了规劝读者多加利用他们的午夜时间”；B项意为“为了讨论持续的人类活动对个人和团体是有害 的”；C项意为“为了探讨对于不断利用时间与人们扩张的历史之间是如何联系的”；D 项意为“为了批判不断变化的劳动方式已经主宰了人类的生活”。本题可通过文中出现 的“spreading”、“edge northward、“This extension across all hours of the day” 以及 “Day and night, over thousands of years, reveal to us widening networks of human settlements and illumination being prolonged after dark.日以继夜地，几千年以来，给我们揭示了人们的定居点不断扩大的网络以及天黑之后照明工具的延长”等都表明了本文的写作目的是分析人类活动的扩张与利用时间之间的关系，C选项符合题意。2.本题是问第二段中所举的例子表明的意思。A项意为“野心和贪婪”；B项意为“孤独和陪伴”；C项意为“夜间和白天时间的利用”；D项意为“工作和娱乐的目的”。由第二段中的“There is widespread factory shift work. Airports, gasoline stations, hotels, restaurants and broadcasters operate incessantly. Data-processing departments of insurance companies and banks are astir all night. 工厂普遍实行轮班制。机场、加油站、旅馆、餐馆和广播电台都在不停地运转。保险公司和银行的数据处理部门整夜都在忙碌。” 列举了一些需要倒班的工作，所以举例的目的是为了说明人类对于夜间和白天时间的充分利用， C选项符合题意。3.A项意为提醒读者无限迁移的所带来的威胁；B项意为 ，邀请读者从视觉上想象人类的历史；C项意为为读者做好预期的变化和后果的准备；D项意为推广在工作或者休闲活动中对于夜间时间的利用。题目中所给词look意为“看”; hover意为“盘旋”；watch意为“观察，观看”，这三个词语均与B项