2022-2023年考博英语-中国社会科学院模拟考试题（含答案解析）第48期

2022-2023年考博英语-中国社会科学院模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题And employers, who assumed that womens “real” aspiration were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men.问题1选项A.comparableB.inappropriateC.identifiableD.proportionate【答案】D【解析】句中说到，雇主们认为女性“真正”渴望的是婚姻和家庭生活，因此拒绝向女性支付与男性的工资。这里存在与男性薪酬相比较的问题。A选项comparable“类似的；相当的”，由于本句描述的是群体间薪酬，因此不符合句意；B选项inappropriate“不适当的；不相称的”，与句意相反；C选项identifiable“可辨认的”不符合句意；D选项proportionate“成比例的；相称的”，符合题意。2. 单选题Many economists believe that America must replace its moribund smokestack industries with business based on new technology.问题1选项A.obsoleteB.mordantC.mortifiedD.ousted【答案】A【解析】由句意可知，许多经济学家认为，美国必须用基于新技术的商业来取代的低技术工业。既然低技术工业应该被新技术商业代替，也就是低技术工业岌岌可危了。A选项obsolete“废弃的；濒死的”；B选项mordant“有腐蚀性的；尖酸的”；C选线mortified“窘迫的；受辱的”；D选项ousted“被驱逐的”。由此可知A选项“濒死的”符合题意。3. 单选题Surely it should be obvious the dimmest executive Athat trust,that most valuable of economic assets,Bis easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restoreand that Cfew things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data Dgetting into the wrong hands.问题1选项A.that trustB.is easily destroyedC.few thingsD.getting into the wrong hands【答案】D【解析】考查固定用法。Let后面接动词原形。因此D选项应改为get into the wrong hands。4. 单选题A high life expectancy coupled with a high crude birthrate Amakes it difficult to increase per capita GNP. Finally, people have different views on Bwhat is the proper rate of population. Some feel that the earth is too crowded already and Cthat societies should work for zero population growththe condition in which the average number of births and deaths Dbalances so that a population stops growing.问题1选项A.makes it difficultB.whatC.thatD.balances【答案】B【解析】考查宾语从句。B选项处为宾语从句，如果使用what，主谓应为正序：what the proper rate of population is。因此此处应将what改为which。5. 写作题Write a 100120-word summary of the article in question 3.【答案】The so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that the optimal level of trust is zero in economic transactions between strangers. Actually, this is not true. About half of Player 1s send some money, and three-quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back. So there is higher level of trust between them. Similarily, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations. Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a countrys economic health. Trust levels differ greatly between nations, so policy-makers in these countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30% might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels.6. 单选题This English document is compiled by the Bureau of Legislative Affairs of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China, and is published by the China Legal System Publishing House. In case of（ ）, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.问题1选项A.incongruityB.disagreementC.discrepancyD.disharmony【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项incongruity“不协调；不适宜”；B选项disagreement“不一致；争论”；C选项discrepancy“不符；矛盾”；D选项disharmony“不一致；不融洽”。句意：本英文文件由中华人民共和国国务院法制局编译，中国法制出版社出版。当发生时，以中文原文为准。此处应指正式场合出现歧义时，以中文原文为准。C选项符合题意。7. 单选题For years she had read The Wall Street Journal every morning in hopes of finding prescient warnings about future crashes, crises, and catastrophes.问题1选项A.predictiveB.omniscientC.unconscionableD.conscientious【答案】A【解析】划线词修饰的warnings about future crashes, crisis, and catastrophes，对于未发生事件的警告信息应表示“预知的，预测的”。A选项predictive“预言性的”符合题意。B选项omniscient“全知的，无所不知的”；C选项unconscionable“不合理的；昧着良心的”；D选项conscientious“认真的；本着良心的”。8. 单选题Sex and violence on television are called （ ） by people who feel that they serve no purpose other than to improve ratings.问题1选项A.gratifiedB.gratuityC.ingratiatingD.gratuitous【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项gratified“称心的”；B选项gratuity“赏钱；小费”，名词；C选项ingratiating“讨好的；逢迎的”；D选项gratuitous“无理由的；无端的”。句意：电视上的性和暴力被认为它们除了提高收视率没有任何作用的人称之为。C选项符合题意。9. 单选题Despite all the refinements of subtlety and the dogmatism of learning, it is by the common sense and compassion of readers that are uncorrupted by the prejudices of some opinionated scholars（ ）the characters and situations in medieval and Elizabethan literature, as in any other literature, can best be judged.问题1选项A.thatB.whichC.whatD.【答案】A【解析】考查强调句。空格前的that are uncorrupted by the prejudices of some opinionated scholars 作为定语从句修饰先行词the common sense and compassion of readers。空格后面the characters and situations in medieval and Elizabethan literature 是主语，can best be judged是谓语部分，因此 it is后面的by the common sense and compassion of readers是强调部分。由于被强调部分是物，因此用that引导剩余部分。10. 单选题In a letter to a friend, George Orwell wrote, “It is impossible to mention Jews in print, either favorably or unfavorably, without getting into trouble.” But there are times when trouble had better be got into before mere trouble turns into catastrophe. Jews,blacks, and homosexualists are despised by the majorities of East and West. Also, as a result of the invention of Israel, Jews can now count on the hatred of the Islamic world. Since Americas own Christian majority looks to be getting ready for great adventures at home and abroad, I would suggest that the three despised minorities join forces in order not to be destroyed. This seems an obvious thing to do. Unfortunately, most Jews refuse to see any similarity between their special situation and that of the same-sexers. At one level, the Jews are perfectly correct. A racial or religious or tribal identity is a kind of fact. Although sexual preference is an even more powerful fact, it is not one that creates any particular social or cultural or religious bond between those so-minded. Although Jews would doubtless be Jews if there was no anti-Semitism, same-sexers would think little or nothing at all about their preference if society ignored it. So there is a difference between the two estates. But there is no difference in the degree of hatred felt by the Christian majority for Christ-killers and Sodomites. In the German concentration camps, Jews wore yellow stars while homosexualists wore pink triangles. I was present when Christopher Isherwood tried to make this point to a young Jewish movie producer. “After all,” said Isherwood, “Hitler killed six hundred thousand homosexuals.” The young man was not impressed. “But Hitler killed six million Jews,” he said sternly. “What are you?” asked Isherwood. “In real estate?”Like it or not, Jews and homosexualists are in the same fragile boat, and one would have to be pretty obtuse not to see the common danger. But obtuseness is the name of the game among New Yorks new class. Harpers Magazine and Commentary usually publish these pieces, though other periodicals are not above printing the odd expose of the latest homosexual conspiracy to turn the United States over to the Soviet Union or to structuralism or to Christian Dior. Although the new classs thoughts are never much in themselves, and they themselves are no more than spear carriers in the political and cultural life of the West, their prejudices and superstitions do register in a subliminal way, making mephitic the air of Manhattan if not of the Republic.Although the kindness of strangers is much sought after, gay liberation has not got much support from anyone. Natural allies like the Jews are often virulent in their attacks. Blacks in their ghettos, Chicanos in their barrios, and rednecks in their pulpits also have been influenced by the same tribal taboos. That Jews and blacks and Chicanos and rednecks all contribute to the ranks of the same-sexers only increases the madness.Herewith the burden of “The Boys on the Beach”: since homosexualists choose to be the way they are out of idle hatefulness, it has been a mistake to allow them to come out of the closet to the extent that they have, but now that they are out (which most are not), they will have no choice but to face up to their essential hatefulness and abnormality and so be driven to kill themselves with promiscuity, drugs, and suicide. Not even the authors of “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” ever suggested that the Jews, who were so hateful to them, were also hateful to themselves. So Decter has managed to go one step further than the Protocols authors; she is indeed a virtuoso of hate, and thus do pogroms begin.1.The author argues that a key difference between anti-Semitism and homophobia is（ ）.2.In the second paragraph, obtuseness is used to mean（ ）.3.The meaning we are meant to take from the conversation between Christopher Isherwood and the film producer is（ ）.4.The author believes that the arguments put forth in “The Boys on the Beach”（ ）.5.The author argues that（ ）.问题1选项A.anti-semitism can be effectively stopped through the use of Hollywood moviesB.homophobia directly affects members of many different ethnic and religious groupsC.anti-semitism is a relic of the 19th centuryD.homophobia is primarily spread through written texts问题2选项A.being unwilling to understand or grasp new conceptsB.Jewish dislike of homosexualsC.mental or emotional disabilityD.deficit of understanding问题3选项A.that Jews have suffered worse than homosexualsB.that homosexuals and Jews both suffered terribly under the Nazi regimeC.that loss of human life maybe easily and meaningfully quantifiedD.that Hollywood produces films that meaningfully explores the Nazi murder of Jews and homosexuals alike问题4选项A.echo the themes of The Protocols of the Elders of ZionB.are similar to those arguments heard beforeC.may lead to an organized massacre of a specific groupD.can be meaningfully interpreted through the lens of the Jewish experience in America问题5选项A.homosexuality and Judaism are necessarily mutually exclusive, but both are in dangerB.homosexuals and Jews share a common interest injusticeC.“The Boys on the Beach”, like “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” is a threat to homosexualsD.identity groups that are frequently discriminated against should support each other【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。文中第一段说到“Although sexual preference is an even more powerful fact, it is not one that creates any particular social or cultural or religious bond between those so-minded.”尽管性偏好是一个更强大的事实，但它并不能在那些头脑简单的人之间建立起任何特定的社会、文化或宗教纽带。说明与反犹太主义不同的是，恐同症直接影响到许多不同种族和宗教团体的成员，B选项符合题意。第2题:2.词义题。由关键词定位到第二段第一句“Like it or not, Jews and homosexualists are in the same fragile boat, and one would have to be pretty obtuse not to see the common danger.”不管喜欢与否，犹太人和同性恋者都在同一条脆弱的船上，而人们却不得不迟钝地对于这种众所周知的危险视而不见。因此obtuseness在这里表示“故意拒绝接受”，A选项符合题意。第3题:3.判断推理题。第一段中说到“After all, said Isherwood, Hitler killed six hundred thousand homosexuals. The young man was not impressed. But Hitler killed six million Jews, he said sternly.”可知在纳粹制度下，同性恋者和犹太人都遭受了迫害。B选项符合题意。第4题:4.观点态度题。最后一段中说到“they will have no choiceso be driven to kill themselves”,他们别无选择，被迫自杀。并且在最后还说到“So Decter has managed to go one step further than the Protocols authors; she is indeed a virtuoso of hate, and thus do pogroms begin.”Decter更进了一步，她是真正的仇恨专家，大屠杀就这样开始了。因此C选项“可能导致对特定群体有组织的大屠杀”符合题意。第5题:5.观点态度题。文章第一段中说到“Jews，blacks, and homosexualists are despised by the majorities of East and WestI would suggest that the three despised minorities join forces in order not to be destroyed.”作者认为受到歧视的三者有必要联合起来。因此D选项“经常受到歧视的群体应该互相支持”符合题意。11. 单选题From the beginning of the Republic, Americans have enjoyed accusing the first magistrate of kingly ambition. Sometimes seriously but more often derisively, the president is denounced as a would-be king, subverting the Constitution for personal ends. From General Washington to the present incumbent, the wielder of power has usually been regarded with suspicion, a disagreeable but not unhealthy state of affairs for both governor and governed. Few presidents, however, have been accused of wanting to establish family dynasties, if only because most presidents have found it impossible to select a successor of any sort, much less promote a relative. But now something new is happening in the Republic, and as the Chinese say, we are living “in interesting times”.In 1960, with the election of the thirty-fifth president, the famous ambition of Joseph P. Kennedy seemed at last fulfilled. He himself had come a long way from obscurity to great wealth and prominence; now his eldest surviving son, according to primogeniture, had gone the full distance and become president. It was a triumph for the patriarch. It was also a splendid moment for at least half the nation. What doubts one may have had about the Kennedys were obscured by the charm and intelligence of John F. Kennedy. He appeared to be beautifully on to himself; he was also on to us; there is even evidence that he was on to the family, too. As a result, there were few intellectuals in 1960 who were not beguiled by the spectacle of a president who seemed always to be standing at a certain remove from himself, watching with amusement his own performance. He was an ironist in a profession where the prize usually goes to the apparent comball. With such a man as chief of state, all things were possible. He would “get America moving again”.But then mysteriously the thing went wrong. Despite fine rhetoric and wise commentary, despite the glamor of his presence, we did not move, and if historians are correct when they tell us that presidents are “made” in their first eighteen months in office, then one can assume that the Kennedy administration would never have fulfilled our hopes, much less his own. Kennedy was of course ill-fated from the beginning. The Bay of Pigs used up much of his credit in the bank of public opinion, while his attempts at social legislation were resolutely blocked by a more than usually obstructive Congress. In foreign affairs he was overwhelmed by the masterful Khrushchev and not until the Cuban missile crisis did he achieve tactical parity with that sly gambler. His administrations one achievement was the test-ban treaty, an encouraging footnote to the cold war.Yet today Kennedy dead has infinitely more force than Kennedy living. Though his administration was not a success, he himself has become an exemplar of political excellence. Part of this phenomenon is attributable to the races need for heroes, even in deflationary times. But mostly the legend is the deliberate creation of the Kennedy family and its clients. Wanting to regain power, it is now necessary to show that once upon a time there was indeed a Camelot beside the Potomac, a golden age forever lost unless a second Kennedy should become the president. And so, to ensure the restoration of that lovely time, the past must be transformed, dull facts transcended, and the dead hero extolled in films, through memorials, and in the pages of books.1.According to the author, when many considered Kennedy as a presidential candidate, （ ）.2.During Kennedys presidency, the “bank of public opinion”（ ）.3.The author believes that the American publics wariness of its leaders ambition for power is（ ）.4.The author notes that America has not developed lasting political dynasties（ ）.5.From the description of John F. Kennedy in this essay, we might see him as foreshadowing the modern popularity of（ ）.问题1选项A.misgivings were nullified by charismaB.his inexperience was not a factorC.Joseph P. Kennedys ambitions were fulfilledD.they found it difficult to decide whether or not to vote for him问题2选项A.overflowed because of the Bay of PigsB.constrained a fast-flowing river of popular contentmentC.was negatively affected because of the CongressD.was depleted early问题3选项A.prudentB.jaundicedC.indicative of disillusionmentD.quixotic问题4选项A.because of disenchantment with the Kennedy presidencyB.because of congressional oversightC.for want of presidential heirsD.for pragmatic, rather than practical, reasons问题5选项A.meta-humor and recta-analysisB.populist political movementsC.intellectual disenchantment with American politicsD.reality television shows【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.判断推理题。题干中“when many considered Kennedy as a presidential candidate”是指肯尼迪竞选总统一事，因此答案也需要在相关内容处找。第二段中第五句说到“What doubts one may have had about the Kennedys were obscured by the charm and intelligence of John F. Kennedy”，约翰f.肯尼迪的魅力和智慧掩盖了人们对肯尼迪家族的怀疑，也就是A选项“个人魅力抵消了疑虑”表述内容。第2题:2.事实细节题。题干中关键词“bank of public opinion”出现在文章第三段第四句“The Bay of Pigs used up much of his credit in the bank of public opinion”，猪湾事件耗尽了他在公众舆论银行的大部分信用。且前一句最后提到了时间点“from the beginning”。由此可知，D选项“提前消耗”正确。第3题:3.观点态度题。题干中关键在于“美国公众对其领导人的权力野心保持警惕”，这一点在文章第一段第一、二句中做了表述，美国民众对于当权者始终抱有怀疑的态度，或以严肃，或以嘲讽的语气谴责当权者想要颠覆宪法做国王（回到封建时期）。并且作者对此给出了评论“a disagreeable but not unhealthy state of affairs for both governor and governed”，对大家来说，这是一种令人讨厌但并非不健康的状态。对比四个选项，A选项prudent“谨慎的”；B选项jaundiced“有偏见的”；C选项indicative of disillusionment“醒悟的象征”；D选项quixotic“空想的”。综合文意及选项可知A选项符合题意。第4题:4.事实细节题。由选项可知，本题需要找原因。题干中关键信息“America has not developed lasting political dynasties（美国没有发展出持久的政治王朝）”,出现在文章第一段“Few presidents, however, have been accused of wanting to establish family dynasties, if only because most presidents have found it impossible to select a successor of any sort”，可知原因在于大多数总统发现难以选择继任者。因此C选项“因缺少总统继任者”正确。第5题:5.判断推理题。文章第二段说到“As a result, there were few intellectuals in 1960 who were not beguiled by the spectacle of a president”，肯尼迪在任时，大多数知识分子都为他着迷。第三段提到幻想破灭“then one can assume that the Kennedy administration would never have fulfilled our hopes, much less his own”，肯尼迪政府永远不会实现我们的愿望，更不用说他自己的了。由此可知，知识分子对美国政治不再抱有幻想，也就是C选项的内容。因此C选项正确。12. 单选题An important consequence arises because the social security program is purely pay-as-you-go financed,（ ）most pension plans,at least in the private sector, are fully funded. Thus, greater contracting-out implies greater prefunding of pension commitments.问题1选项A.whereasB.becauseC.so thatD.therefore【答案】A【解析】考查逻辑关系。空格前句意：社会保障项目是量入为出提供资金的。空格后句意：大多数养老计划是全额提供资金。两句间形成转折关系。四个选项中只有A选项whereas表示转折，因此A选项正确。13. 单选题Legally,the term refers to “any substance, with Aintended use, which results or may reasonably expected to resultdirectly or indirectlyBfrom its becoming a component or Cotherwise affecting the characteristics of any food” . This definition includes any substance used in the production, processing, Dtreatment, packaging, transportation orstorage of food.问题1选项A.intendedB.fromC.otherwise affectingD.treatment【答案】D【解析】考查语义。D选项treatment“处理，待遇”与其前面的processing“加工”在词义上是重复的，应删除。14. 单选题If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, （ ）by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.问题1选项A.being respectedB.respectingC.respectfullyD.respected【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。题干主句中谓语动词为enjoy，后面接动词ing形式。空格后有by，可推测前面应该是被动语态。因此应使用being +done的形式。A选项符合题意。15. 单选题Most of it is fugitive, but here and therein high-level journalism, in television, in the cinema, in commercial fiction, in westerns and detective stories, and in plain, expository prose some writing, almost by accident, achieves an aesthetic satisfaction, a depth and relevance that entitle it to stand with other examples of the art of literature.问题1选项A.plausibleB.consequentialC.prudentialD.temporary【答案】D【解析】划线词fugitive说明主语状态，后面以一长串but here and therein high-level journalism, in television, in the cinema, in commercial ficti