考研考博-考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题含答案22

考研考博-考博英语-东华大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题After deliberating for seven hours, the jury reached a majority_ of 10 to 3 in favor of the defendant.问题1选项A.declarationB.conclusionC.opinionD.verdict【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项“declaration”，意为“公告；宣告；申报（单）”；B选项“conclusion”，意为“结论；结局；推论”；C选项“opinion”，意为“意见；想法；（群体的）观点，信仰”；D选项“verdict”，意为“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，裁断”。句意：经过7个小时的商议，陪审团以10比3的多数_裁定_被告胜诉。本句表示“由陪审员经过商议后得出的结论，所以应该是裁定、裁决”。因此D选项符合题意。2. 单选题Hot metal _ as it grows cooler.问题1选项A.contractsB.reducesC.condensesD.compresses【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项contract“收缩、订约”；B项reduce“减少”；C项condense“浓缩、凝结”；D项compress“压缩、压紧、精简”；句意：热金属一变冷就收缩。因此该题A项正确。3. 单选题When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being over fished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Todays vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.1. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that _.2. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper that _.3. By saying these figures are conservative (line 1, in paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that _.4. Dr. Myers and other researcher hold that _.5. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries _.问题1选项A.large animal were vulnerable to the changing environmentB.small species survived as large animals disappearedC.large sea animals may face the same threat todayD.slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones问题2选项A.the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%B.there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years agoC.the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amountD.the number of large predator dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old问题3选项A.fishing technology has improved rapidlyB.then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recordedC.the marine biomass has suffered a greater lossD.the date collected so far are out of date问题4选项A.people should look for a baseline that cant work for a longer timeB.fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomassC.the ocean biomass should restore its original levelD.people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situation问题5选项A.management efficiencyB.biomass levelC.catch-size limitsD.technological application【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“大型史前动物的灭绝暗示什么？”。第一段最后一句Now something similar could be happening in the oceans（现在类似的事情可能正在海洋中发生），由此推断，文中提到史前动物的灭绝是暗示海洋生物也会面临同样的问题。A项“大型动物很容易受到环境的影响”，B项“小物种幸存下来而大物种消失了”和D项“生长缓慢的鱼比生长迅速的鱼更长寿”都不是大型动物灭绝暗示的现象，所以该题C项正确。2.【试题解析】细节推断题。题干意思是“我们从Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms的论文中可以推测出什么？”。根据本题关键词“Dr. Myers and Dr. Worms paper”定位到本文第二段最后一句According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then（根据他们在自然杂志上发表的最新论文，在新渔场开始捕捞的15年内，大型捕食动物（杀死并吃掉其他动物的动物）的生物量平均减少了80%。在一些长期捕鱼的地区，从那时起，它又减少了一半），由此推断，文中提到大型捕食动物平均减少80%，所以可以推测出在一些老的渔场，已经减少了90%。B项“这里的渔场数量只有15年前的一半”说法错误，文中没有渔场数量15年之间的对比；C项“新渔场的渔获量只有原来的20%”说法错误，是指平均下降80%，没有说就只有20%，该说法过于绝对；D项“新渔场的大型捕食者的数量比旧渔场下降得更快”说法错误，根据第二段最后一句可知，应该是旧渔场下降得更快。所以该题A项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“通过说这些数字是保守的（第三段第一行），Worm博士的意思是？”。根据本题直接定位到本文第三段第四句That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes（这意味着更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕捞，所以现在和过去之间的真正差异可能比捕捞规模变化所记录的更糟糕），由此可知因为科技的进步给捕鱼带来的巨大的方便，但是这些数字是保守估计是因为海洋生物遭受了更大的破坏。A项“捕鱼技术进步很快”是给捕鱼带来了方便，但不符合本题题意；B项“捕鱼量实际上比记录的要小”该说法没有原文依据，原文只提到海洋生物遭受了更大的破坏；D项“到目前为止收集到的日期已经过时了”与本题无关。所以该题C项正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“迈尔斯博士和其他研究人员认为？”。根据本题关键词“Dr. Myers”定位到本文最后一段第一句Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account（迈尔斯和沃姆博士认为，他们的工作给出了一个正确的基线，未来的管理工作必须加以考虑），由此可知应该要调整捕鱼的基线来改变当前的状态。A项“人们应该寻找一个长期不起作用的基准”说法错误，是要寻找一个有效的基线；B项“渔业应将产量保持在生物量的50%以下”，该说法错误，根据倒数第二句可知应当是保持在50%，而不是50%之下；C项“海洋生物量应该恢复到原来的水平”说法不全面，是要恢复到原始水平的50%。所以该题D项正确。5.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者似乎主要关注大多数渔业的什么？”。A项“管理效率”；B项“生物量水平”；C项“捕获的大小限制”；D项“技术应用”。整篇文章都是围绕海洋生物的量展开的，而且文章中反复出现了“biomass”，所以可知，作者大多关注海洋生物总量的变化。所以该题B项正确。4. 单选题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 per cent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four rail roads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace” asks Mar- tin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who is going to pay for the rest of the bill. Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because_.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?.3. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that_.4 The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those_.5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by_.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will continue to existD.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.IndifferentB.SupportiveC.IndignantD.Apprehensive问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a government board ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是支持并购的人为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。根据题干关键词“支持者，合并，不可能”可以定位到第二段。支持者认为“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. ”意思是因为要和卡车竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。”因此C最符合文章原意。A不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，而不是竞争降低成本。B不对是因为文中只是说可以更好协调服务，而不是跨行业。D把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。因此，答案为C。2.【试题解析】：观点态度题。题目问的是许多受控制的托运商对铁路合并的态度是什么。注意问的不是作者的态度 ,，是货主的态度,，根据文中第三段由于铁路运输业之间的合并使得发货商只能求助于一家公司，他们所付的运费要高出20%30%，如果他们觉得收费过高，他们有权提出申诉要求降低费率，但这一过程既昂贵又耗时而且只有在真正极端的情况下才有效果；根据第五段首句“Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases”根据关键词worry一词，可得发货商对于继续增加费用的担忧。所以发货商对于铁路运输业的合并是“充满担忧的”，而选项A“漠不关心的”，以及选项B“支持的”和选项C“义愤的”原文中并没有提及。因此，答案为D。3.【试题解析】：判断推理题。A的意思是说没有竞争的铁路运输公司，运输公司的费用会少一些。根据原文第三段第二句“Railroads typically charge such captive shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.”可知，费用是高了百分之二十到三十，而不是少了些。根据文中第三段首句，大多数托运商将由一家公司服务，但B答案是说只剩下一家公司，意义完全不同。C答案根据原文第三段可知，货主们如果认为铁路公司收费过高，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低费率。但是申诉的过程耗时费钱，可以推断出他们提出申诉的可能性比较小。D答案是说政府可以保证铁路行业内的公平竞争，文中并没有提及，属于无关选项。因此，答案为C。4.【试题解析】:语义推测题。arbiter的意思是“仲裁者”，词义题一般可以根据其上下文推断出来其含义，根据这个单词定位到原文的第四段的“Do you really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace? ” “It is a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”由此，可以得出“arbiter”的意思是能够决定成败，决定输赢的一个职位，即选项B最符合题意。5.【试题解析】：事实细节题。题目问的是铁路成本提高的主要原因，根据关键词“cost increase”，定位到原文中的最后一段的第一句话，可得知许多“受制” 托运商担心他们很快将遭遇一轮新的费率大涨价。目前的铁路公司所赚的钱不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资，然而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行收购。因此，铁路的经营成本提高。选项B，文中虽然提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去满足不断增长的运输需要，但是这并不是经营成本提高的原因。C、D选项文中并没有依据。因此，答案为A。5. 单选题Fumes from the exhaust of an automobile are _.问题1选项A.notoriousB.anxiousC.noxiousD.delicious【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项notorious“声名狼藉的、臭名昭著的”；B项anxious“焦虑的”；C项noxious“有害的、有毒的”；D项delicious“美味的”；句意：汽车排气管排出的烟雾是有害的。因此该题C项正确。6. 单选题At one time, marriages were always_ by the church, but this is not the case now.问题1选项A.sanctifiedB.underpinnedC.scannedD.appreciated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项“sanctified”，意为“认可的，批准的，神圣化的”；B选项“underpinned”，意为“加固的，被加固的”；C选项“scanned”，意为“扫描的”;；D选项“appreciated”，意为“受欢迎的，赞赏的”，句意：过去，婚姻总是受到教会的约束，但现在不是这样了。因此，A选项符合句意。7. 单选题For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn Vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as, Whats the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales(both come in adult and childrens version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Super high scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether its knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.1. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?2. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?3. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savants because _4. We can conclude from the last paragraph that_5. What is the authors attitude towards IQ test?问题1选项A.Answering philosophical questions.B.Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.C.Telling the difference between certain concepts.D.Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.问题2选项A.People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.B.More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.C.The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.D.Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.问题3选项A.the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.B.creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.C.Vos Savants case is an extreme one that will not repeat.D.the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.问题4选项A.test scores may not be reliable indicators of ones ability.B.IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.C.testing involves a lot of guesswork.D.traditional test are out of date.问题5选项A.Supportive.B.Skeptical.C.Impartial.D.Biased.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“下列哪一项在智力测试中可能需要？”。A项“回答哲学问题”，B项“把纸折成或剪成不同的形状”，C项“说明某些概念之间的区别”，D项“选择与所给相似的词或图”。第一段第三句提到IQ test ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks.（智商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析，要求你在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，要求你推论数字的顺序，以及其他类似的项目）以及最后一段第二句Sternberg提到traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.（传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，但没有测量创造性和实际知识，这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素），由此可知智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。A项和C项文中没有提及，属于无中生有；B项与题意不符，文中只是提到在纸张被折叠、剪切后想象它的形状，不是折叠或剪纸张。因此该题只有D项正确。2.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“从第三段关于智力测试的描述我们可以推断出？”。第三段的内容主要是描述智力测试的两种形式，斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表，这两种都有成人和儿童测试类型；由于测试价格昂贵，通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试，现在一些测试的变种在网上流行。由此可知，儿童和成人的智力测试类型不同。A项“人们不再使用IQ分数作为智力的指标”，第三段最后一句提到Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test(SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.（其他标准测试，比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试，包含了智商测试的主要方面），因此A项错误。B项“现在网上有更多的IQ测试版本”，第三段第四行提到although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.（尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环球网上流行），可知网上流行的是上文提到的斯坦福比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表这两种测试的变种，而非更多的测试版本，B项与题意不符。D项“科学家们已经确定了人类智力的重要组成部分”文中无提及。因此该题C项“成人和儿童的测试内容和形式有所不同”正确。3.【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“现在的人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为？”。第三段第四行有提到Super high scores like Vos Savants are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age pecks, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.（得到像Vos Savant这样的超高分数再也不可能了，因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况，而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以100来划分智能年龄），由此得知，人们不能再达到像Vos Savant那样高的智商分数是因为计算方法与以前不同。A项“分数是通过不同的计算程序得到的”与题意符合；B项“现在强调的是创造力而不是分析能力”是第四段的信息，内容与题意不符；C项“Vos Savant的案例是一个极端的案例，不会重演”和 D项“智商测试的定义特征已经改变”文中没有提到，属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。4.【试题解析】判断归纳题。题干意思是“从最后一段我们可以推断出？”。文章最后一段指出，有专家认为，标准测试不可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因素，随后解释了这种观点，指出传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力，而且一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确，并且应试能力也很重要。这说明智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。A项“考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标”符合题意；B项“智商分数和SAT成绩高度相关”与文意相反；C项“测试涉及大量的猜测”属于夸大其词；D项“传统测试过时了”属于无中生有。因此该题A项正确。5.【试题解析】主观态度题。题干意思是“作者对智力测试的态度是怎样的？”。A项“支持的”，B项“怀疑的”，C项“公平的”，D项“有偏见的”。文章最后一段，作者引用了Sternberg的话，IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change（一旦人口或环境发生变化，智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确），以及后面提到IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership that is, it predicted the opposite（如果在低压力状况下进行智商测试，那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能，但是，在高压力状况下，智商测