考研考博-考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题含答案11

考研考博-考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题含答案1. 单选题The decision _, the next problem was how to make a good plan.问题1选项A.has been madeB.were madeC.having been madeD.making【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. has been made 被做 B. were made 被做C. having been made 被做 D. making 做【考查点】独立主格结构。【解题思路】句子主谓宾结构完整，所以空格处只能做非谓语，而decision和the next problem不是同一个逻辑主语，所以前半部分只能做独立主格结构；decision和make之间是被动的关系，而且是决定做出后，下个问题是怎么制定计划，所以只能用having been made，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项为谓语动词，不符合语法结构；D选项不符合时态，排除。【句意】决定做好之后，下一个问题是如何制定一个好的计划。2. 单选题The space project requires more money than _ because it needs the most modern and advanced equipment which is extremely expensive.问题1选项A.to be put inB.to have been put inC.putting inD.having put it【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. to be put in 被投入 B. to have been put in 被投入C. putting in 投入 D. having put it 把它【考查点】比较级的用法。【解题思路】空格处为被比较部分，前面提到“太空计划需要的资金比更多”，结合选项，可知是“比投入的更多”，需要用到完成时；而money和put in之间为被动语态，所以要用现在完成时的被动语态，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项表示将来，不符合句子意思；C、D选项表示主动，排除。【句意】太空计划需要的资金比投入的要多，因为它需要最现代和最先进的设备，这是极其昂贵的。3. 单选题In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (16) half of the 19th century; most of (17) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S. the day-nursery movement received great (18) during the First World War, when (19) of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented (前所未有的) numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (20) in munitions (军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship. (21) the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose (22), this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First Word War (23), Federal, State, and local government gradually began to exercise a measure of control (24) the day nurseries, chiefly by (25) them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.The (26) of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (27) called upon to replace men in the factories. On this (28) the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (29) $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (30) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (31) in day-care centers receiving Federal (32). Soon afterward, the Federal government (33) cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (34) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (35) at the end of the war only partly fulfilled.问题1选项A.latterB.laterC.otherD.first问题2选项A.thoseB.themC.whoseD.whom问题3选项A.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiative问题4选项A.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reduction问题5选项A.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.even问题6选项A.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.Although问题7选项A.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantly问题8选项A.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreover问题9选项A.overB.inC.atD.about问题10选项A.formulatingB.labelingC.patentingD.licensing问题11选项A.outsetB.outbreakC.breakthroughD.breakdown问题12选项A.againB.thusC.repeatedlyD.yet问题13选项A.circumstanceB.occasionC.allocatingD.transferring问题14选项A.regulatingB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferring问题15选项A.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensated问题16选项A.byB.afterC.ofD.for问题17选项A.pensionsB.subsidiesC.revenuesD.budgets问题18选项A.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drastically问题19选项A.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precluded问题20选项A.nurseriesB.homesC.jobsD.children【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D第6题:D第7题:B第8题:C第9题:A第10题:A第11题:B第12题:A第13题:B第14题:C第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:D第19题:A第20题:C【解析】16.【选项释义】A. latter 后者的 B. later 更迟的，更后的C. other 其他的 D. first 第一个的【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上文说“美国第一家日托所建于1854年”，也就是19世纪中期，下文提到“日托所在各地普遍建立是在19世纪的_”，可以推知，是在“19世纪后期”；表示“后半期”，half只能与latter搭配。A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C选项不能与half搭配；D选项不符合上下文语义衔接。【句意】19世纪后半叶，各地都建立了托儿所。17.【选项释义】A. those 这些 B. them 他们（宾格）C. whose 谁的（主格） D. whom 谁的（宾格）【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】most of后面要用人称代词，指代上文提到的Nurseries（托儿所），所以B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项是指示代词；C、D选项是关系代词。【句意】大多数都是慈善性质的。18.【选项释义】A. impetus 动力，促进 B. input 输入C. imitation 模仿，仿造 D. initiative 主动权，首创精神【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】根据该句意思“在欧洲和美国，日托所的运动在第一次世界大战期间获得了巨大的_”，结合上文提到“各地都建立了托儿所”，可推测空格处为“促进”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】第一次世界大战对建立日托所的运动是个促进。19.【选项释义】A. sources 来源 B. abundance 充裕，丰富C. shortage 短缺 D. reduction减少，下降【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】由cause可知，后面部分的内容是空格部分的结果，根据后面的句意“空前数量的妇女就业”可知，当时的manpower（劳动力）是处于“短缺”的状态，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句子语义逻辑。【句意】第一次世界大战对建立日托所的运动是个促进，当时劳动力短缺使得大量妇女就业。20.【选项释义】A. hardly 几乎不 B. entirely 完全地，彻底地C. only 只有 D. even 甚至【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】这一句说到“在军火工厂里建立了托儿所”，而上一句是说“第一次世界大战对建立日托所的运动是个促进”，可知前后是递进关系，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】在一些欧洲国家的政府直接倡导下，甚至在军火工厂里也建了日托所。21.【选项释义】A. Because 因为 B. As 作为，因为C. Since 自从，因为 D. Although 尽管【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前半部分说“美国的托儿所数量也增加了”，后半部分说“这种增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下实现的”，从前后语义逻辑可知，这是一个让步状语从句，D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】虽然美国的托儿所数量也大幅增加，但这一增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下实现的。22.【选项释义】A. unanimously 全体一致地 B. sharply 急剧地C. predominantly 主要地 D. militantly 好战地【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处填入副词修饰rose，rose表示“增长”，只有sharply能够修饰rose，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项修饰rose与语义逻辑不符。【句意】虽然美国的托儿所数量也大幅增加，但这一增长是在没有任何政府援助的情况下实现的。23.【选项释义】A. therefore 因此 B. consequently 结果，所以C. however 然而 D. moreover 而且【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】这一句提到“开始实施某种控制措施”，与前面的托儿所数量增长语气上有所转折，所以C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合句间逻辑。【句意】然而，在第一次世界大战之后的几年里，联邦、州和地方政府逐渐开始实施某种程度的控制。24.【选项释义】A. over 翻转，关于 B. in 在里面C. at 在 D. about 关于【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】the day nurseries（日托所）是control的对象，而control通常与over搭配，表示“对的控制”，故A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合搭配。【句意】然而，在第一次世界大战之后的几年里，联邦、州和地方政府逐渐开始对日托所实施控制措施。25.【选项释义】A. formulating 系统地阐述，规范 B. labeling 贴标签于，把称为C. patenting 取得专利权 D. licensing 许可，批准【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】空格处与后面的inspecting and regulating（检查和管理）为并列成分，所以空格处的语义与inspect和regulate接近，选项中只有A项符合。【扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语义逻辑。【句意】然而在第一次世界大战之后的几年中，联邦政府和地方政府开始采取措施，主要通过规范化来管理控制托儿所。26.【选项释义】A. outset 开始，开端 B. outbreak（暴力、疾病等坏事的）爆发，突然发生C. breakthrough 重大进展，突破 D. breakdown 故障，崩溃【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】由后面的the Second World War（第二次世界大战），以及后面an increase in the number of day nurseries（日托所数量的增加），联系上一段提到一战促使日托所数量增加，可推测，空格处表示“战争爆发”，B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合上下文联系。【句意】第二次世界大战爆发后，几乎所有国家的日间托儿所数量都迅速增加。27.【选项释义】A. again 又，再一次 B. thus 所以C. repeatedly 反复地，再三地 D. yet 还是【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】由women可知，此处与上一段第一次世界大战的情况相呼应，所以女性是“又一次”进入工厂，所以A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项不符合上下文联系；C选项侧指“反反复复的重复某件事情”，不符合上下文语义。【句意】随着第二次世界大战爆发，几乎各国托儿所的数量都增加很快，妇女又一次被号召在工厂中代替男人。28.【选项释义】A. circumstance 经济状况，环境 B. occasion 时机，场合C. allocating 分配 D. transferring 转移【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处是接在介词on后面，四个选项中只有occasion可以与介词on搭配，on this occasion表示“值此之际，这一次”，因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项一般与under连用；C、D选项不符合搭配。【句意】这一次，美国政府立即出面支持保育员学校。29.【选项释义】A. regulating（用规则条例）约束，控制调节，控制（速度、压力、温度等） B. summoning 召唤，召集C. allocating 分配，拨出 D. transferring 转移【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】空格处后面跟的是$6,000,000，这表示“款额”，要用allocate搭配，表示“拨款”，故C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合搭配。【句意】这次，美国政府立即支持保育员学校，于1942年7月拨款600万美元。30.【选项释义】A. expanded 扩张 B. facilitated 促进，使便利C. supplemented 增补，补充 D. compensated 补偿，赔偿【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】上文提到“美国政府拨款600万美元给保育员学校”，这里说“各州和地方团体对联邦援助进行_”，可推测，州和地方团体与美国政府一样，在资金上支持保育员学校，所以这里空格处表示“补充”符合语义。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项表示领土或业务上的扩张；B、D选项不符合句子语义。【句意】许多州和地方团体对联邦政府资助进行补充。31.【选项释义】A. by 通过 B. after 在之后C. of 的 D. for 对于，因为【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由空格前的care可知，care for为常用搭配，表示“照顾”。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项不符合搭配；C选项常用于take care of（照顾），排除。【句意】到1945年8月战争结束时，超过10万名儿童在日托中心接受照顾。32.【选项释义】A. pensions 退休金，抚恤金 B. subsidies 补助金C. revenues 财政收入，税收收入 D. budgets 财政预算【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】前一句提到联邦政府对日托所给予了资金支持，所以空格处应该表示“联邦政府的资助金”，B项符合。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语义。【句意】到1945年8月战争结束时，超过10万名儿童在接受联邦津贴的日托中心里受到照顾。33.【选项释义】A. prevalently 流行地，普遍地 B. furiously 狂暴地C. statistically 统计地 D. drastically 彻底地，激烈地【考查点】关联上下文。【解题思路】前一句还在说“联邦政府拨款600万美元，并且超过10万名儿童在接受联邦津贴的日托中心里受到照顾”，这一句却用到了soon afterward（不久之后），随后讲到“联邦政府削减了这项支出”，可以推测，这次削减是大幅度的；D项符合这一描述，故选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项不符合语义。【句意】不久之后，联邦政府大幅度地削减这项支出。34.【选项释义】A. abolished 彻底废除，摧毁 B. diminished 减少，缩小C. jeopardized 危害，使受危困 D. precluded 排除，妨碍【考查点】语义逻辑。【解题思路】空格这一部分与前半部分相呼应，前半部分提到“联邦政府大幅度地削减对日托所的支出”，后面自然是“彻底废除”，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合语义。【句意】联邦政府大幅度地削减这项支出，并在后来将其废止。35.【选项释义】A. nurseries 托儿所 B. homes 家C. jobs 工作 D. children 孩子【考查点】搭配。【解题思路】由mother前面的定语employed（被雇佣的）可知，后面的leave跟的应该是job，表示“离开工作”。因此，C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合语义。【句意】然而，让大多数被雇佣的母亲离开她们的工作，这一愿望在战后只是部分地得到实现。4. 单选题You can order _ books online as you would like at one time.问题1选项A.as manyB.manyC.muchD.as much【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. as many 一样多（可数） B. many 许多（可数）C. much 许多（不可数） D. as much 一样多（不可数）【考查点】固定搭配【解题思路】本题考查的是固定搭配as+形容词或副词+as“和什么一样怎么样”。首先，原句中空格后有“像你想买的一样（as you would like）”；其次，空格后的名词为复数可数名词books，因此，A选项as many“一样多（可数）”符合要求。【干扰项排除】B选项many“许多（可数）”，缺少as；C选项much“许多（不可数）”，缺少as，且与复数可数名词books搭配不当；D选项as much“一样多（不可数）”，与复数可数名词books搭配不当。【句意】你在网上一次想买多少书就能买多少书。5. 翻译题You should, for example, dress neatly and modestly. If you dress too informally, the interviewer may think that you are not serious about the interview or that you may be casual about your future work. Clothes that are too expensive or too colorful may suggest that you do not understand what behavior is appropriate for the job. It may not be true that “clothes make the man”, but the first and often lasting impression of you is determined by the clothes you wear.【答案】例如，你应该着装整洁且恰当。如果你穿得太随便，面试的人可能会认为你对面试不认真，或者认为你不在意未来的工作。太贵或太鲜艳的衣服可能表明你不懂什么行为适合这份工作。“人靠衣装”这句话也许不对，但你给人的第一印象，往往是持久的印象，这是由你的着装所决定的。6. 单选题Paul was so _ about his baldness that he wore a hat, whether it was winter or summer.问题1选项A.self-composedB.self-consciousC.self-confessedD.self-confident【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. self-composed 镇定的，沉着的 B. self-conscious 难为情的，自己意识到的C. self-confessed 自动坦白的，公开承认的 D. self-confident 自信的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】由baldness（秃顶）可知，Paul对此是难为情的，所以self-conscious符合句意。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项都不符合句意。【句意】保罗对自己的秃顶感到很难为情，无论是冬天还是夏天，他都戴帽子。7. 单选题The girl in the photo wears a broad smile, her wavy hair _ over her shoulders.问题1选项A.flowsB.flowC.flowingD.flowed【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. flows 流动，飘垂（单数形式） B. flow流动，飘垂（原形）C. flowing流动，飘垂（现在分词） D. flowed流动，飘垂（过去分词）【考查点】独立主格结构。【解题思路】这个句子已经有主谓宾，所以空格处的动词只能以非谓语的形式出现；而空格处的逻辑主语与主句的逻辑主语不一致，所以后半部分应该为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的形式是：名词/代词 + 分词/不定式/介词短语/名词/副词，这里flow和hair之间是主动关系，所以用flowing，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B选项不是非谓语形式，不符合句子语法结构；D选项表示被动，不符合语义逻辑。【句意】照片中的女孩笑容灿烂，波浪般的头发飘垂在肩上。8. 单选题Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine where we “fit” in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits the buyer choose style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by fit, as well as by our pocketbook. Having made a choice from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores choice among them is limited.41. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _.42. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _.43. The word “appraisal” most probably means _.44. According to the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it” refers to “_”.45. By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”, the writer means _.问题1选项A.determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB.behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC.protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD.make friends with other people问题2选项A.in order to identify themselves with othersB.in order to better identify othersC.as their mental processes changeD.as the situation changes问题3选项A.involvementB.appreciationC.assessmentD.presentation问题4选项A.fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB.identification of other peoples statusesC.selecting ones own statusesD.constant mental process问题5选项A.different people have different styles of clothesB.ready-made clothes may need alterationsC.statuses come ready made just like clothesD.our choice of statuses is limited【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】41.【选项释义】41. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _. 41. 在第一段，作者告诉我们，身份可以帮助我们_。A. determine whether a person is fit for a certain job A. 确定一个人是否适合某一份工作B. behave appropriately in relation to other people B. 在与他人的关系中举止得体C. protect ourselves in unfamiliar situations C. 在不熟悉的情况下保护自己D. make friends with other people D. 与他人交朋友【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段，第一段的段意是：身份是人类奇妙的发明，它使我们能够彼此相处（get along with one another），帮助人们确定在社会中所“适合”的位置。日常生活中，我们头脑里经常根据别人的身份试着判断别人。例如，我们必须判断图书馆的这个人是读者，还是图书馆管理人员，打来电话的人是朋友还是推销商。登门拜访的不速之客是小偷还是抄表工等等。从中我们可以看出，身份可以帮助我们做出判断，无论是对自己还是对他人的身份，所以身份可以帮助我们在与人交往中做出恰当的行为。B项符合题意。【干扰项排除】A选项“确定一个人是否适合某一份工作”是确定身份，而不是适合的工作，属于曲解原文；C选项“在不熟悉的情况下保护自己”没提到，无中生有；D选项“与他人交朋友”并不全面，以偏概全。42.【选项释义】42. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _. 42. 根据作者的观点，人们通常会假设不同的身份，_。A. in order to identify themselves with others A. 以与他人认同B. in order to better identify others B. 为了更好地识别他人C. as their mental processes change C. 随着心理过程的变化D. as the situation changes D. 随着情形的变化【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“我们所假定的身份常常随着我们遇到的人的不同而变化，并且在一生中不断变化”，综合理解可推断，我们的身份是随着情形场合的变化而有所不同，所以D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“以与他人认同”没提到，无中生有；B选项“为了更好地识别他人”中的others应该改为status，该项曲解原文；C选项“随着心理过程的变化”是“我们的行为符合他人的行为”的基准，与题干无关，张冠李戴。43.【选项释义】43. The word “appraisal” most probably means _. 43. appraisal这个词的意思很可能是_。A. involvement A. 参与B. appreciation B. 欣赏C. assessment C. 评估D. presentation D. 展示【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】根据appraisal定位至第二段倒数第二句“这意味着，我们的行为符合他人的行为，这是基于一个持续的appraisal和解释的心理过程”，从a constant mental process（一个持续的心理过程）可推测，这里涉及到一个动脑的过程，而在做出interpretation（解释，阐述）之前自然需要评价或鉴定的环节，所以选择项assessment应该是最为接近的词义，C项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“参与”、B选项“欣赏”、D选项“展示”曲解原文。44.【选项释义】44. According to the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun “it” refers to “_”. 44. 根据第二段最后一句，代词“it”指的是“_”。A. fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately A. 使我们的行为与他人的行为相适应B. identification of other peoples statuses B. 对他人身份的认同C. selecting ones own statuses C. 选择自己的身份D. constant mental process D. 持续的心理过程【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段最后一句“尽管有些人觉得这个任务（task）比其他人更难，但大多数人都毫不费力地完成了它（it）”，可知it指代的是前面的task，而根据上一句“这意味着，我们的行为符合他人的行为（that we fit our actions to those of other people），这是基于一个持续的评估和解释的心理过程”，可看出task指的是上一句中的that we fit our actions to those of other people（我们的行为符合他人的行为）。因此，A项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“对他人身份的认同”、C选项“选择自己的身份”、D选项“持续的心理过程”都指代错误，曲解原文。45.【选项释义】45. By saying that “an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”, the writer means _. 45. 作者说“美国人不能自由选择中国农民或印度王子的服装”，意思是_。A. different people have different styles of clothes A. 不同的人有不同风格的衣服B. ready-made clothes may need alterations B. 现成的衣服可能需要修改C. statuses come ready made just like clothes C. 身份就像衣服一样是现成的D. our choice of statuses is limited D. 我们对身份的选择是有限的【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至文章最后一段第二句“但是，美国人并不能自由选择中国农民或印度王子的服装”，根据第一句“身份被比作现成的衣服”，以及最后一句“在做了一些小的调整后，我们往往被限制在商店的选择是有限的”，可知，身份就像衣服一样，可以选择合适的衣服的商店是有限的，那么综合理解，“美国人不能自由选择中国农民或印度王子的服装”是说明身份的选择是受限制的。因此，该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“不同的人有不同风格的衣服”和B选项“现成的衣服可能需要修改”中的衣服在文中只是一个比喻，该两项曲解原文；C选项“身份就像衣服一样是现成的”不符合原文，曲解原文。9. 翻译题孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派(Confucianism)的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”(sage)。他的言论和生平活动记录在论语 (The Analects) 一书中。论语是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究论语，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。【答案】【参考译文】Confucius is a famous thinker and educator in Chinese history. He is the founder of Confucianism and is respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life activities are recorded in The Analects.The Analects of Confucius is a classic work of ancient Chinese culture, which has exerted a great influence on the thinkers, writers and statesmen of successive dynasties. Without studying the Analects of Confucius, one cannot truly grasp the traditional Chinese culture of thousands of years. Many of Confucius thoughts, especially his educational thoughts, have had a profound impact on Chinese society.In the 21st century, the teachings of Confucius are not only valued by the Chinese people, but also increasingly by the whole international community.10. 单选题There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, sillicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditure that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditure for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industrie