2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库及模拟押密卷92（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题When I（ ）my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.问题1选项A.woke upB.took toC.picked upD.came to【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。come to ones sense 意为“清醒过来；恢复理性”。句意：当我回过神来，发现自己正裹在小房间的床上，奶奶正俯身看着我。选项D符合语境。2. 单选题Technological developments（ ）new skills in many industries，leaving those workers with outdated skills out of work.问题1选项A.necessitateB.associateC.negotiateD.differentiate【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项necessitate“使成为必要，需要”，B选项associate“联想，联系”，C选项negotiate“谈判，商议”，D选项differentiate“区分，使有差别”。句意：技术的发展使许多行业产生了新技能，使那些拥有过时技能的工人失业。因此，A选项符合句意。3. 单选题Please（ ）yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.问题1选项A.restrainB.hinderC.restrictD.prohibit【答案】A【解析】考查近义词辨析。A选项restrain“控制，约束”；B选项hinder“阻碍，打扰”；C选项restrict“限制，约束”；D选项prohibit“阻止，禁止”。根据句意可知，这里是说控制自己不要抽烟，对自身的控制和管理应使用restrain，而restrict多指限制在一定的范围内。所以选项A最为恰当。4. 单选题From this material we can（ ）hundreds of what you may call direct products.问题1选项A.deriveB.discernC.diminishD.displace【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项derive“源自，获得”；B选项discern“觉察出，识别”；C选项diminish“减少，缩小”；D选项displace“取代”。根据句意：我们能够从这个材料中 数百个你称之为直接产品的东西。根据介词短语from this material 可知，这里应该是表示来源并且能够与介词 from搭配，所以只有选项A符合要求。5. 单选题I have no idea of fashion, so my choice of clothes seems quite arbitrary.问题1选项A.assertiveB.decisiveC.optionalD.tasteful【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项assertive“肯定的”；B选项decisive“决定性的”；C选项optional“随意的”；D选项tasteful“有品位的”。句意：我对时尚一窍不通，所以我对衣服的选择似乎很随意。划线部分arbitrary是随意的意思。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important（ ）of American life.问题1选项A.facetsB.formatsC.formulasD.fashions【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项facets“方面”；B选项formats“构成”；C选项formulas“方案”；D选项fashions“风尚”。句意：这本书是关于这些基本信念和价值观如何影响美国生活的重要方面。本句表示美国生活的重要方面。因此A选项正确。7. 单选题Modern liberal opinion is sensitive to problems of restriction of freedom and abuse of power. Indeed, many hold that a man can be injured only by violating his will, but this view is much too narrow. It fails to recognize the great dangers we shall face in the uses of biomedical technology that stem from an excess of freedom, from the unrestrained exercise of will. In my view, our greatest problems will be voluntary self-degradation, or willing dehumanization, as the unintended yet often inescapable consequence of sternly and successfully pursuing our humanization goals.Certain desires and perfected medical technologies have already had some dehumanizing consequences. Improved methods of resuscitation (复苏) efforts to save the severely ill and injured. Yet these efforts are sometimes only partly successful. They succeed in rescuing individuals but those individuals may have severe brain damage and be capable of only a less-than-human, vegetating existence. Such patients found with increasing frequency in the intensive care units of university hospitals, have been denied a death with dignity. Families are forced to suffer seeing their beloved ones so reduced and are made to bear the burden of a prolonged “death watch”.Even the ordinary methods of treating disease and prolonging life have changed the context in which men die. Fewer and fewer people die in the familiar surroundings of home or in the company of family and friends. At that time of life when there is perhaps the greatest need for human warmth and comfort, the dying patient is kept company by cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators, respirators aspirators, oxygenators, catheters and his intravenous drip. Ties to the community of men are replaced by attachments to an assemblage of machines.This loneliness, however, is not confined to the dying patient in the hospital bed. Consider the increasing number of old people still alive thanks to medical progress. As a group, the elderly are the most alienated members of our society. Not yet ready for the world of the dead, not deemed fit for the world of the living, they are shunted aside. More and more of them spend for the extra years medicine has given them in “homes for senior citizens”, in hospitals for chronic diseases, and in nursing home waiting for the end. We have learned how to increase their years, but we have not learned how to help them enjoy their days. Yet we continue to bravely and sternly push back the frontier against death.1. What is the main point of the passage?2.According to the author, biomedical technology（ ）.3.Which of the following is not true according to paragraph 2?4.By saying “they are shunted aside” (lines 3, para. 4), the author means（ ）.问题1选项A.The problem of restriction of freedom.B.The possible dehumanizing consequence of medical technology.C.The development of biomedical technology.D.The significance of prolonging humans life.问题2选项A.results in an excessive use of freedomsB.brings little benefits to human beingsC.should not be applied in medical treatmentD.might cause grave negative consequences in its application问题3选项A.Improved medical technology can save extremely severe patient.B.Some patients, though saved, can no longer lead a normal human life.C.Families often suffer when some patients maintain a vegetating existence.D.To a patient, survival is always better than death.问题4选项A.they are all sent to homes for senior citizensB.they are completely isolated from the outside worldC.they are treated with extreme indifferenceD.they are shut from their families【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开头说到our greatest problems will be voluntary self-degradation, or willing dehumanization（我们最大的问题将是自愿的自我退化，或自愿的非人性化），接下来介绍了医疗技术的发展产生的一些非人性化后果，可知文章的主题是医疗技术造成的非人性化。因此B选项“医疗技术可能造成的非人性化后果”最符合文章主旨。A选项“限制自由的问题”，文章提到这些危险源于过度的自由，可知不是限制自由的问题，所以A错误。C选项“生物医学技术的发展”只说了技术发展的一方面，没有说它带来的后果，所以C错误。D选项“延长人类生命的意义”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第三句It fails to recognize the great dangers we shall face in the uses of biomedical technology（它没有意识到我们在使用生物医学技术时将面临的巨大危险），说明生物医学技术可能在使用中产生危险的后果。因此D选项“可能在其应用中造成严重的负面后果”正确。A选项“导致了对自由的过度使用”，由that stem from an excess of freedom（这些危险源于过度的自由）可知是过度的自由导致了生物医学技术带来危害，所以A错误。B选项“对人类几乎没有好处”，文章说到它们成功地拯救了一些个体，可知还是有一定好处的，所以B错误。C选项“不适用于医疗”，文中介绍了生物医学技术在医疗上的应用，所以C错误。3.推理判断题。由A选项关键词“severe patient”可以定位到第二段第二句Improved methods of resuscitation efforts to save the severely ill and injuredThey succeed in rescuing individuals（改进的复苏方法努力挽救重症病人和重伤患者它们成功地拯救了一些个体），说明改进的医疗技术可以挽救一些重症病人，所以A选项“改进的医疗技术可以挽救极其严重的病人”表述正确。由B选项关键词“normal human life”可以定位到文章第二段第四句They succeed in rescuing individuals but those individuals may have severe brain damage and be capable of only a less-than-human, vegetating existence.（它们成功地拯救了一些个体，但这些个体可能有严重的脑损伤，只能过一种不像人类那样的植物人生活。），说明有些病人虽然能得救，但不能过上正常人的生活，所以B选项“有些病人虽然得救了，但不能再过正常人的生活了”表述正确。由C选项关键词“Families”可以定位到第二段第六句Families are forced to suffer seeing their beloved ones so reduced（家人被迫忍受他们心爱的人如此堕落的痛苦），说明病人家属们看到病人过着植物人的生活会感到很痛苦，所以C选项“当一些病人维持着植物人的生活时，他们的家人常常会感到痛苦。”表述正确。D选项“对病人来说，活下来总是比死亡好”在第二段中没有提及，所以本题选D选项。4.语义推测题。由题干关键词“they are shunted aside”可以定位到文章第四段第四句Not yet ready for the world of the dead, not deemed fit for the world of the living, they are shunted aside.（还没有准备好进入死人的世界，也没有被认为适合活人的世界，他们就被分流到一边。），前一句说到As a group, the elderly are the most alienated members of our society.（老年人是我们社会中最受冷落的群体。），说明老年人很不被重视。因此C选项“他们极度不受重视”正确。A选项“他们都被送到了老人之家”，由文章可知有些老人还被送到了慢性病医院、养老院等地，所以A错误。B选项“他们完全与外部世界隔离”，D选项“他们被家人拒之门外”在文中没有提及，所以B，D错误。8. 单选题The supervisor didnt have time so far to go into it（ ）, but he gave us an idea about his plan.问题1选项A.at handB.in turnC.in conclusionD.at length【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项at hand“在手边，即将到来”；B选项in turn“轮流，依次”；C选项in conclusion“总之，最后”；D选项at length“详细地”。句意：导师目前没有时间进行详细说明，但他就自己的计划给了我们一个大概的看法。根据后半部分的“gave us an idea”可知，选项D符合语境。9. 单选题There is a standard method（ ）officers are selected for promotion.问题1选项A.wherebyB.thatC.whereD.whereas【答案】B【解析】考查从句。A选项whereby“凭此，借以，由于”，B选项that“那个”，C选项where“哪里”，D选项whereas“然而，尽管”。句意：选拔军官晋升有一个标准的方法。因此, B选项符合句意。10. 单选题After newspaper reports claimed the company was dumping toxic waste illegally. It came under（ ）from the authorities.问题1选项A.insultB.solitudeC.nuisanceD.scrutiny【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项insult“侮辱”；B选项solitude“孤独”；C选项nuisance“损害”；D选项scrutiny“详细审查”。句意：在报纸报道这家公司非法倾倒有毒废料之后，它受到了当局的审查。本句表示公司受到审查。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题I waited until he had（ ）before I told him I was leaving and headed for the front door.问题1选项A.handed downB.calmed downC.turned downD.tracked down【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项handed down“把.传给，流传下来”，B选项calmed down“冷静，平静”，C选项turned down“拒绝，调低”，D选项tracked down“追捕，查出”，句意：我一直等到他平静下来，才告诉他我要离开并朝前门走去。因此，B选项符合句意。12. 翻译题剪纸是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。形式多样的剪纸手法可以说是很绝妙的，但剪纸艺术之独特、栩栩如生的美的表现还要靠每一个艺术家的艺术造诣。【答案】【参考译文】Paper-cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk art forms in China. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years and was particularly popular during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The diverse forms of paper-cutting techniques can be described as wonderful, but the unique, lifelike beauty of the art of paper-cutting depends on the artistic attainment of each artist.13. 单选题While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New Yorks Veterans Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “Its not necessarily that women dont cope as well. Its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family numbers, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarezs experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs？2.Dr. Yehudas research suggests that women（ ）3.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be（ ）4.The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 4, Para. 5) shows that（ ）5.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?问题1选项A.Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.B.Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.C.Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.D.Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.问题2选项A.have limited capacity for tolerating stress.B.need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.C.are exposed to more stress.D.are more capable of avoiding stress.问题3选项A.domestic and temporary.B.durable and frequent.C.irregular and violent.D.trivial and random.问题4选项A.Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.B.Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.C.Alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.D.Alvarez paid practically everything by check.问题5选项A.Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B.Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC.Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD.Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。题目问的是：根据前两段的内容，下列哪一项是正确的？根据原文第一段的第二句Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men（与男性相比，女性在面对压力时特别容易患上抑郁症和焦虑症）以及第二段第一句Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.（对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响应激反应，使处于压力下的女性比处于相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。）由此可知，C选项“从生理上来看，女性更容易受到压力的影响”表述正确。故本题正确答案为C选项。2.判断推理题。题目问的是：Dr. Yehuda的研究表明女性。根据原文第三段第一句Adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress.（女性压力大的原因除了是因为激素增加导致压力大外，还因为增加了造成压力的“机会”。）由此可知，C选项“会承受更多的压力”正确。因此本题正确答案为C选项。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：根据第四段的内容，女性面临的压力往往是？根据第四段第二句women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.（女性所面临的压力更多是慢性或重复性的性质。）由此可知，B选项的“持久的，频繁的”符合原文表述。A选项“家庭内部的，暂时性的”；C选项“不规律的，暴力的”；D选项“琐碎的，偶然的”均不正确。4.语义推断题。题目问的是：“我生活在不停的支票支付中”是什么意思？根据原文第五段的内容可知，Alvarez作为单身母亲，有很大的生活压力，她要照顾十几岁的孩子，还要工作，付房租，付汽车费用，还要还债务。由此可见，她的工资早已捉襟见肘，难以支撑家庭开支。选项C与原文表述一致，所以正确。5.主旨大意题。题目问的是：这篇文章最恰当的标题是？本文通过讲述两性在生理以及实际生活中的差异，描述了女性在压力面前的表现，侧重分析了女性压力大的主要原因。A选项没有集中于体现男女之间的差异，因此A选项错误；B选项只是表明男女之间在压力方面存在差异，并未侧重表现女性要面对更多压力；C选项表示只是属于造成压力的其中一个因素，不能概括文章全部内容。因此本题正确答案为D选项。14. 单选题People will be looking in to see how good we are now and whether our success has just been a（ ）in the pan.问题1选项A.flareB.glitterC.sparkD.flash【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项flare“闪耀”；B选项glitter“灿烂”；C选项spark“火花”；D选项flash“闪光”。句意：人们会来看看我们现在有多好，我们的成功是否只是昙花一现。flash in the pan，固定搭配，“昙花一现”。因此D选项正确。15. 翻译题在西方，启蒙思想的支撑源于人们对于客观规律的认知，如哥白尼的“日心说”、牛顿的“万有引力”、伽利略的“宇宙论”等，认为整个宇宙中的一切物体都遵守同一定律，进而冲破千年的宗教束缚，将这一一理性思考引入了人类社会，从而开创了一个不断进取的新时代。在中国，几千年的封建农业社会，使得科技落后、法治传统缺乏，只是受到近代西方启蒙思想(包括马克思主义)的影响，才引入了科学、民主、法治的概念，开始与世界文明接轨。【答案】In the west, the enlightenment of the support from the people for the objective laws of cognition, such as Copernicusheliocentric theory , “gravity” of Newton, Galileos “cosmology” etc, think that everything in the universe are subject to the same law, to shake off the yoke of the religion in one thousand will be the one to think rationally the introduction of human society, which opened a new era of continuous improvement. In China, the thousands of years of feudal agricultural society made science and technology backward and the tradition of rule of law lacking. It was only under the influence of modern western enlightenment thoughts (including Marxism) that the concepts of science, democracy and rule of law were introduced and began to connect with the world civilization.16. 翻译题In fact, the robots that are doing the most for you and me the industrial robots dont even have a head. A tiny microprocessor capable of fitting on a silicon chip the size of a pea makes up part of the robots “brain”. Several of these silicon chips are placed on two or three printed circuit boards to provide the input and memory bank functions. When plugged into an electrical outlet, this assembly of microprocessors, much like the human brain, transmits electrical impulses along pathways which run from the computer itself down the robots arm and into its hand. In humans, these pathways are the nerve fibers; in robots, they are electrical cables.【答案】【参考译文】事实上，那些对人类贡献最大的机器人工业机器人甚至连头都没有。一个能装在豌豆大小的硅芯片上的微型处理器，构成了机器人“大脑的一部分”。几块这样的芯片被放置在两到三块印刷电路板上，提供输入和记忆库的功能。当插入电源插座时，这组微型处理器就像人类的大脑一样，将电脉冲从计算机本身传递到机器人的手臂，再传递到它的手。对人类来说，这些路径是神经纤维，而对机器人来说，它们就是电缆。17. 单选题（ ）native to North America, corn has now spread all over the world.问题1选项A.In spite ofB.That it isC.It wasD.Although【答案】D【解析】考查让步状语从句。A选项In spite of“尽管”，后应接名词；B选项That it is“那是”；C选项It was“这是”；D选项Although“尽管”。句意：虽然玉米原产于北美，但现在已遍布世界各地。如果状语从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致，就可以省略状语从句中的主语和be动词，从而使句子更加简洁明了。在这句话中，从句中的主语也是corn，因此其主语corn和is可以省略。因此D选项正确。18. 单选题We object to the idea that it is military force that should be（ ）in settling international disputes.问题1选项A.applied toB.resorted toC.fallen back onD.restrained from【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。A选项applied to“向申请”；B选项resorted to“依靠、求助于”；C选项fallen back on“没有其他办法时救助”；D选项restrained from“克制”。句意：我们反对用军事力量来解决国际争端的观点。本句表示依靠军事力量，因此B选项正确。19. 单选题The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal heath choices based upon current medial knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal heath choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because（ ）.2.To “live a completely sedentary life-style” (Para. 1) most probably means（ ）.3.Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because（ ）.4.To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to（ ）.5.According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on（ ）.问题1选项A.personal heath choices help cure most illnessesB.it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC.it is essential