2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考试题库及模拟押密卷96（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题“Ive never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from his lab at Texas A&M University. “Its a stupid endeavor.” Thats an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two cows and expect to clone a cat soon.They just might succeed in cloning Missy soonor perhaps not for another five years. It seems the reproductive system of mans best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusins experience with cloning animals leaves him upset by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missy project, using hundreds upon hundreds of dogs eggs, the A&M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missys DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when youre dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusins phone has been ringing with people calling in hopes of duplicating their cats and dogs, cattle and horses. “A lot of people want to clone pets, especially if the price is right,” says Westhusin. Cost is no obstacle for Missys mysterious billionaire owner; hes put up $3.7 million so far to fund A&Ms research.Contrary to some media reports, Missy is not dead. The owner wants a twin to carry on Missys fine qualities after she does die. The prototype is, by all accounts, athletic, good-natured and super-smart. Missys master does not expect an exact copy of her. He knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missys owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clones differ from Missy.”Besides cloning a great dog, the project may contribute insight into the old question of nature vs nurture. It could also lead to the cloning of special rescue dogs and many endangered animals.However, Westhusin is cautious about his work. He knows that even if he gets a dog pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when were not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”1. By “stupid endeavor” (Para. 1), Westhusin means to say that _.2. What does the first paragraph tell us about Westhusins dog cloning project?3. By cloning Missy, Mark Westhusin hopes to _.4. We learn from the passage that animal clones are likely to have _.5. It can be seen that present cloning techniques _.问题1选项A.animal cloning is not worth the effort at allB.animal cloning is absolutely impracticalC.human cloning should be done selectivelyD.human cloning is a foolish undertaking问题2选项A.Its success is already in sight.B.Its outcome remains uncertain.C.It is doomed to utter failure.D.It is progressing smoothly.问题3选项A.study the possibility of cloning humansB.search for ways to modify its temperamentC.examine the reproductive system of the dog speciesD.find out the differences between Missy and its clones问题4选项A.a bad temperB.immune deficiencyC.defective organsD.an abnormal shape问题5选项A.still have a long way to go before reaching maturityB.have been widely used in saving endangered speciesC.provide insight into the question of nature vs. nurtureD.have proved quite adequate for the cloning of humans【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.【选项释义】By “stupid endeavor” (Para.1), Westhusin means to say that _. 威斯胡森说的“愚蠢的努力”（Para. 1)的意思是_。A. animal cloning is not worth the effort at all A. 动物克隆根本不值得努力B. animal cloning is absolutely impractical B. 克隆动物是绝对不现实的C. human cloning should be done selectively C. 克隆人应该有选择地进行D. human cloning is a foolish undertaking D. 克隆人是一项愚蠢的事业【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 1与题干信息可定位到第一段第二句“这是愚蠢的尝试。”向前定位到第一段第一句“我从未遇到过值得克隆的人（Ive never met a human worth cloning）”可推断这个愚蠢的努力指的就是克隆人。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“动物克隆根本不值得努力”，文中说的是克隆人而不是克隆动物，属于曲解原文；B选项“克隆动物是绝对不现实的”，文中提到成功克隆牛和猫，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；C选项“克隆人应该有选择地进行”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】What does the first paragraph tell us about Westhusins dog cloning project? 关于威斯胡森的狗克隆计划，第一段告诉了我们什么？A. Its success is already in sight. A. 它的成功已经在望。B. Its outcome remains uncertain. B. 其结果仍不确定。C. It is doomed to utter failure. C. 这注定要彻底失败。D. It is progressing smoothly. D. 进展顺利。【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 1与题干信息可定位到第一段“到目前为止，他和他的团队还没有成功（he and his team have not succeeded），尽管他们已经克隆了两头牛，并希望很快克隆一只猫。”由此可知狗克隆计划还没有取得成功，可推断这项计划结果仍不确定。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“它的成功已经在望。”，由推断可知，该计划的结果不确定，并不是成功在望，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“这注定要彻底失败。”，由推断可知，该计划的结果是不确定的，并没有说注定失败，该选项属于过度推断；D选项“进展顺利。”，文中提到“到目前为止，他和他的团队还没有成功”由此可知进展并不顺利，因此该选项属于反向干扰。3.【选项释义】By cloning Missy, Mark Westhusin hopes to _. 通过克隆米西，马克威斯胡森希望能_。A. study the possibility of cloning humans A. 研究克隆人类的可能性B. search for ways to modify its temperament B. 找到改变它性情的方法C. examine the reproductive system of the dog species C. 检验这种狗的生殖系统D. find out the differences between Missy and its clones D. 找出米西和它的克隆之间的区别【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第三段“都很期待研究她的克隆体与米西的不同之处（her clones differ from Missy）”因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“研究克隆人类的可能性”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“找到改变它性情的方法”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“检验这种狗的生殖系统”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】We learn from the passage that animal clones are likely to have _. 我们从文章中了解到，动物克隆可能会有_。A. a bad temper A. 坏脾气B. immune deficiency B. 免疫缺陷C. defective organs C. 有缺陷的器官D. an abnormal shape D. 畸形【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段“他知道，即使他让一只狗怀孕，如果它们的后代存活下来，也将面临其他克隆动物出生时出现的问题：不成熟的肺和心脏以及体重问题等异常。”不成熟的肺和心脏都是器官出现问题，可推断动物克隆可能会出现有缺陷的器官。因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“坏脾气”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“免疫缺陷”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“畸形”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】It can be seen that present cloning techniques _. 由此可见，目前的克隆技术_。A. still have a long way to go before reaching maturity A. 在达到成熟之前还有很长的路要走B. have been widely used in saving endangered species B. 已被广泛用于拯救濒危物种C. provide insight into the question of nature vs. nurture C. 提供了对先天与后天问题的洞察D. have proved quite adequate for the cloning of humans D. 已经证明足以克隆人类【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章第一段“到目前为止，他和他的团队还没有成功”以及第三段讲到“克隆极其低效，而且危险（Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous）”和最后一段提到克隆动物出现器官上的问题可知目前的克隆技术还不成熟。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B选项“已被广泛用于拯救濒危物种”，文中倒数第二段提到“它还可能导致克隆特殊救援犬和许多濒危动物。”由此可知还未被广泛用于拯救濒危物种，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“提供了对先天与后天问题的洞察”，文中倒数第二段提到“除了克隆一只大狗，这个项目还可能有助于洞察先天与后天的老问题。”文中只是说有可能有助于，并未说提供了，该选项属于过度推断；D选项“已经证明足以克隆人类”，文章最后一段最后一句提到“当我们在动物身上还没有接近成功的时候，你为什么会想要克隆人类呢？”由此可知，目前的克隆技术并不能克隆人类，该选项属于反向干扰。2. 单选题The exposure to foreign cultures gradually led to the _ of peoples way of life in this country.问题1选项A.distributionB.disintegrationC.disorderD.destruction【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. distribution 分配；分布 B. disintegration 分裂；解体C. disorder 骚乱；动乱 D. destruction 摧毁；毁灭【答案】B【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】句意：对外国文化的接触逐渐导致了这个国家人民生活方式的。根据逻辑，接触外国文化会逐渐导致本国人们生活习惯的变化，从而慢慢解体。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项distribution“分配；分布”，不符合语境；C选项disorder“骚乱；动乱”，指大群人的暴力行为，不符合语境；D选项destruction“摧毁；毁灭”，指毁坏某物的行为或被毁灭的过程，而题目中强调的是结果，该选项不符合语境。【句意】外来文化的接触逐渐导致了这个国家人们生活方式的解体。3. 单选题Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotiona world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members or groups. Societys economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to ushurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social lifefrom what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself, it gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal and penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _.2. According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they _.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _.4. Emotions are significant for mans survival and adaptation because _.5. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _.问题1选项A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt each others feelings问题2选项A.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB.benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD.know what is vital to the progress of society问题3选项A.the ability to make moneyB.the will to work for pleasureC.the capacity to enjoy incentivesD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences问题4选项A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC.they encourage people to perform dangerous achievementsD.they generate more love than hate among people问题5选项A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1. 【选项释义】The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that _. 人们可能无法在没有情感的世界中生存的原因是_。A. they would not be able to tell the texture of objects A. 他们无法分辨物体的纹理B. they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them B. 他们不知道什么对他们有益，什么对他们有害C. they would not be happy with a life without love C. 没有爱的生活不会幸福D. they would do things that hurt each others feelings D. 他们会做伤害彼此感情的事【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段“想象一个突然间没有情感的世界一个人类感觉不到爱或幸福、恐惧或仇恨的世界。试着想象一下这种转变的后果。人们可能无法活下去：既不知喜也不知乐，既不知道焦虑也不知道恐惧，他们可能重复伤害自己的行为，就像重复有益的行为一样。（they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial）”由此可推断，没有感情的世界里，人们可能重复伤害或者有益的行为，因为他们不知道什么对他们有益，什么对他们有害。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们无法分辨物体的纹理”，文章第二段第四句提到“但一个物体的物理方面没有它对我们所做或能做的事伤害我们、让我们惊讶、激怒我们或让我们快乐那么重要。”由此可知物体的物理方面对人们影响不大，因此不是人们无法生存的原因，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“没有爱的生活不会幸福”，根据定位点可知，不只是没有爱的生活，还有恐惧和仇恨，该选项属于以偏概全；D选项“他们会做伤害彼此感情的事”，根据定位点可知，人们也会重复有益行为，该选项属于以偏概全。2. 【选项释义】According to the passage, peoples learning activities are possible because they _. 根据文章，人们的学习活动是可能的，因为他们_。A. believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive A. 相信情绪是他们生存的基础B. benefit from providing help and support to one another B. 受益于互相提供帮助和支持C. enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing C. 享受因做正确的事情而得到奖励D. know what is vital to the progress of society D. 知道什么是对社会进步至关重要的【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第五行“他们无法学习：他们无法从经验中获益，因为这个没有情感的世界将缺少奖励和惩罚（they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments）。”由此可推断他们学习是因为可以从经验中获益，从世界里获得奖励。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“相信情绪是他们生存的基础”，文中虽然提到，但该选项与题目无关，该选项属于出处错位；B选项“受益于互相提供帮助和支持”，文中第一段提到“社会很快就会消失：人们互相伤害的可能性和提供帮助和支持的可能性一样大。”由此可知该选项与题目无关，该选项属于出处错位；D选项“知道什么是对社会进步至关重要的”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。3. 【选项释义】It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on _. 从文章中可以推断，社会的经济基础依赖于_。A. the ability to make money A. 赚钱的能力B. the will to work for pleasure B. 为快乐而工作的意愿C. the capacity to enjoy incentives C. 享受激励的能力D. the categorizations of our emotional experiences D. 我们对情感经验的分类【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段最后“社会的经济基础将被摧毁，因为不会有任何形式的激励。因为正如我们将看到的，激励意味着享受它们的能力。”由此可推断，社会的经济基础依赖于享受激励的能力。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“赚钱的能力”，赚钱的能力只是激励能力的一种，该选项属于以偏概全；B选项“为快乐而工作的意愿”，工作的意愿只是享受激励能力的一种表现，该选项属于以偏概全；D选项“我们对情感经验的分类”，文中提到“在我们的家庭、社区和整个社会中，我们也会根据情绪进行分类。”但与经济基础无关，该选项属于出处错位。4. 【选项释义】Emotions are significant for mans survival and adaptation because _. 情绪对人类的生存和适应是重要的，因为_。A. they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects A. 它们提供了人们观察物体大小和形状的方法B. they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained B. 它们是维系社会的社会认同感的基础C. they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements C. 它们鼓励人们去完成危险的成就D. they generate more love than hate among people D. 它们在人们之间产生的爱多于恨【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“在这样一个世界里，人类生存的机会几乎为零，因为情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具。情感以重要的方式为我们构建世界。”以及“我们与对象和事件的情感体验产生一种社会认同感，某些事情的感觉和行动是好和其他的是坏，我们这些类别适用于我们社会的方方面面推而广之，从我们所吃的食物和我们所穿的衣物到我们如何保持承诺，我们这个群体会接受什么样的人。”由此可推断，我们的情感涉及社会认同感，会对某些事物达成好或者坏的情感认同，并且情感是我们构建世界的基础。因此选B。【干扰项排除】A选项“它们提供了人们观察物体大小和形状的方法”，人类对事物的形状大小的认知并不来源于情感，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；C选项“它们鼓励人们去完成危险的成就”，文章最后一段提到“事实上，社会利用我们的情绪反应和态度，如忠诚、道德、骄傲、羞耻、内疚、恐惧和贪婪，为了保持本身，它高度奖励执行重要任务的个人，如手术，使得个人因为不寻常的或危险的成就，如在战争中驾驶战斗机成为英雄，并使用法律和刑法系统让人们不敢从事反社会行为。”可知是社会利用情感去完成危险的成就而不是情感本身，该选项属于偷换概念；D选项“它们在人们之间产生的爱多于恨”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有。5. 【选项释义】The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they _. 一个物体的情感方面比它的物理方面更重要，因为它们_。A. help society exploit its members for profit A. 有助于社会剥削其成员以获取利益B. encourage us to perform important tasks B. 鼓励我们执行重要的任务C. help to perfect the legal and penal system C. 有助于完善法律和刑罚制度D. help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us D. 帮助我们调整我们的行为以适应我们周围的世界【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段第一句“在这样一个世界里，人类生存的机会几乎为零，因为情感是我们生存和适应的基本工具。”以及“我们与时间和对象的情感体验涉及社会认同感，某些事情的感觉和行动是好和其他的是坏，我们这些类别适用于我们社会的方方面面推而广之，从我们所吃的食物和我们所穿的衣物到我们如何保持承诺，我们这个群体会接受什么样的人。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“有助于社会剥削其成员以获取利益”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“鼓励我们执行重要的任务”，文中提到“它高度奖励执行重要任务的个人”是社会利用人们的情绪反应和态度使人们调节行为的具体方式之一，该选项属于以偏概全；C选项“有助于完善法律和刑罚制度”，文中提到“并使用法律和刑法系统让人们不敢从事反社会行为”是社会利用人们的情绪反应和态度使人们调节行为的具体方式之一，该选项属于以偏概全。4. 翻译题人们不会再建造大学校，而是会缩减现今存在的学校的规模以满足不断变化的学生需求，这些学生愿意把很多时间花在不到校学习上。随着每天到校的学生越来越少，需要的设备也就越来越少，那么，在设备上的投资也就越来越少，设备的价值很快也就丧失了。教育机构的电脑会被连接到能提供几乎是没有限制的计算能力和不断更新的软件的网络上。在科技和基础设施上节省下来的资金会被用到为所有学生提供更好的教学设施，通过掌上电脑给所有学生提供可以进入到计算机网络中心的接入口。学生将用这些掌上电脑完成所有的学习任务，上传和下载信息，打印报告，进入网络，还有就是存储他们研究的结果。不公正并不会在2010年就消失。然而，无论是因为经济等级，还是精神或体格的需要，富人和穷人之间的不平等会直接通过政策，管理和经济上的优先权加以削弱。这些优先权会促使将用于建筑和管理的费用转向以学生为驱动的费用，即为所有的学生准备可以进入到先进学习环境的必备的学习工具。所有的学生都将有机会让他们自己为充满竞争的新经济社会做好准备。教育机会不再会因为个人出身低或是没有资源而被损失掉。社区会在教育中扮演更为重要的角色。当地的企业会在学生的专业实习准备中发挥重要的作用。这些企业如果在此活动中表现突出的话，可以接受税务减免。【答案】【参考译文】A Vision of Education in the Year 20105. 单选题Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual” or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners.“With virtual reality well be able to put a surgeon in every trench,” said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S.The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.Although Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patients brain taken before surgery.During these proceduresoperations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.”1. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _.2. Richard Satava has visions of _.3. How is virtual reality surgery performed?4. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because _.5. Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they _.问题1选项A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD.can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield问题2选项A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC.wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD.setting up mobile surgical units overseas