2022年考博英语-江苏大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第89期

2022年考博英语-江苏大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 不定项选择题Our ignorance about the underlying truth of human nature has not been for want of trying. Philosophers took up the question as one of the very first that human systematically asked about themselves. But philosophers produced answers as various as Aristotles and Rousseaus. Since the late 1900s, behavioral and social scientists too have tried to understand human nature. But while they have illuminated many useful bits and pieces, they have failed as system-builders. What is left of Freuds theories, out of the beliefs that were so intellectually pervasive in mid-century? Psychotherapy remains, in abundant variety, but only remnants of Freudianism. What is left of B. F. Skinner? Behaviorism is still a productive branch of psychology, but the Skinnerian Vision of human nature that once seemed so compelling is dead.How can we have expended so much of our collective genius on understanding human nature and still know so little for certain? Because up until now, we have been able to observe only behavior. People can hold very different views of human nature because we observe in the human being, in abundance, every sort of behavior. Or to put it statistically, human nature does not consist of universal human characteristics but of distributions. Is mankind altruistic or selfish? From everyday experience, we know that some people behave selfishly and some behave altruistically. The implications of a distribution in which, for example, the average value is “fairly selfish” are very different from the implications of a bell curve in which the average value is “fairly altruistic”. The implications of a curve that is narrow and steep (meaning that almost all human beings are very close to the median value) are very different from those of a shape that is wide and short (meaning that human nature for this characteristic is all over the map).The problem is that, while scientists can measure the observed shape of these behaviors, they have been stymied by the nature/nurture problem. This is not to say that we know nothing. Just as geologists know a lot about the probability of finding oil based on rock formations on the surface, psychologists have learned to infer a lot about the heritability of observed traits. But in both cases, the observer is dealing with outcroppings and probabilities, while the exact, inarguable truth lies hidden.1. It can be inferred from the passage that Freuds theories _.2. The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means _.3. The author suggests that people are able to hold varying views of human nature because _.4. What does the author mean by saying “.human nature for this characteristic is all over the map” (paragraph 2)?5. Which of the following is in accordance with the point of view presented in the passage?问题1选项A.are less influential than they once wereB.provide key insight into the human psycheC.have become more popular as the years have gone byD.provide the foundation for all psychotherapy问题2选项A.persuasiveB.widespreadC.misunderstoodD.ridiculous问题3选项A.not enough research has been doneB.by nature, humans tend to disagreeC.no one knows for sure how to draw conclusions from behavioral patternsD.human exhibit all sorts of different kinds of behaviors问题4选项A.Human nature is impossible to define.B.Humans exhibit a wide variety of values for this particular characteristic.C.People with this characteristic are distributed over a wide geographical area.D.Values can vary depending on location.问题5选项A.It is impossible to know the truth about human nature.B.After centuries of investigation, we still know nothing about human nature.C.Despite our efforts, there is still much we dont know about human nature.D.We must not give up in our efforts to understand human nature.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】1. It can be inferred from the passage that Freuds theories _. 1. 从文章中可以推断出，弗洛伊德的理论_。A. are less influential than they once were A. 影响力不如从前B. provide key insight into the human psyche B. 提供对人类心理的关键洞察C. have become more popular as the years have gone by C. 随着时间的流逝变得越来越受欢迎D. provide the foundation for all psychotherapy D. 为所有的心理治疗提供基础【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段六、七句“弗洛伊德的理论还剩下些什么呢？心理疗法仍然存在，虽然种类繁多，但只是弗洛伊德理论的残余（but only remnants of Freudianism）。”可知，弗洛伊德的心理疗法即便存在，但也不足以揭示人性内在真相，从而可推断，弗洛伊德的理论影响力不如以前，A项“影响力不如从前”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“提供对人类心理的关键洞察”，弗洛伊德对心理的洞察，只是一些残余，该项属于反向干扰；C项“随着时间的流逝变得越来越受欢迎”根据解题思路可知，该项与原文表述相反，属于反向干扰；D项“为所有的心理治疗提供基础”没有提到，该项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means _. 2. 第一段中的“pervasive”这个词很可能意味着_。A. persuasive A. 有说服力的B. widespread B. 普遍的C. misunderstood C. 误解的D. ridiculous D. 可笑的【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】首先，根据关键词pervasive定位至第一段第六句“在上世纪中叶pervasive的思想信仰中（out of the beliefs that were so intellectually pervasive in mid-century），弗洛伊德的理论还剩下些什么呢？”，可知pervasive是用来形容弗洛伊德理论，其中提到了一个时间mid-century（上世纪中叶），根据历史常识可推知，上世纪中叶，弗洛伊德理论是盛行的，且下文“心理疗法仍然存在，虽然种类繁多，但只是弗洛伊德主义的残余”也证实了这一点，自20世纪后期以来，弗洛伊德理论只剩下一些残余，与上世纪中叶形成鲜明对比，故pervasive的意思是“普遍的，盛行的”的意思，该题选择B项“普遍的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“有说服力的”、C项“误解的”和D项“可笑的”没有信息可以推断，这三项属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】3. The author suggests that people are able to hold varying views of human nature because _. 3. 作者建议人们能够对人性持有不同的观点，因为_。A. not enough research has been done A. 没有做足够的研究B. by nature, humans tend to disagree B. 出于天性，人类倾向于分歧C. no one knows for sure how to draw conclusions from behavioral patterns C. 没有人确切知道如何从行为模式中得出结论D. human exhibit all sorts of different kinds of behaviors D. 人类表现出各种不同的行为【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段第三句“人们可以对人性持有非常不同的看法，因为我们大量地观察到人类的各种行为”理解可知，作者建议人们能够对人性持有不同的观点，因为人类表现出各种行为，D项“人类表现出各种不同的行为”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“没有做足够的研究”，根据第二段第二句“因为到目前为止，我们只能观察到行为”可知，人们能够对人性持有不同的观点不是因为没有足够的研究，而是只能观察到行为，且行为表现不同，该项属于曲解原文；B项“出于天性，人类倾向于分歧”和C项“没有人确切知道如何从行为模式中得出结论”没有提到，这两项属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. What does the author mean by saying “.human nature for this characteristic is all over the map” (paragraph 2)? 4. 作者在第二段说“这种特征的人性遍布地图”是什么意思？A. Human nature is impossible to define. A. 人性是无法定义的。B. Humans exhibit a wide variety of values for this particular characteristic. B. 对于这一特殊的特性，人类表现出各种各样的价值观。C. People with this characteristic are distributed over a wide geographical area. C. 具有这种特征的人分布在广阔的地理区域。D. Values can vary depending on location. D. 值可以根据位置而变化。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段最后一句“窄而陡峭的曲线（意味着几乎所有人都非常接近中值）的含义与宽而短的曲线（这意味着这种特征的人性遍布地图）的含义非常不同”，结合第四句“或者从统计学上讲，人性不是由普遍的人类特征组成的，而是由分布组成的”可知，此处是把人性的特征分布比喻成一条曲线，宽而短的曲线意味着具备这种特征的人分布广，也就是说all over the map在这的含义指的是“遍布广阔的地理区域”，故该题选择C项“具有这种特征的人分布在广阔的地理区域”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“人性是无法定义的”、B项“对于这一特殊的特性，人类表现出各种各样的值”和D项“值可以根据位置而变化”在原文没有根据，这三项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Which of the following is in accordance with the point of view presented in the passage? 5. 下面哪一项与文章中提出的观点一致？A. It is impossible to know the truth about human nature. A. 要了解人性的真相是不可能的。B. After centuries of investigation, we still know nothing about human nature. B. 经过几个世纪的调查，我们仍然对人性一无所知。C. Despite our efforts, there is still much we dont know about human nature. C. 尽管我们做出了努力，但我们对人性仍有很多不了解的地方。D. We must not give up in our efforts to understand human nature. D. 我们决不能放弃了解人性的努力。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“我们花了这么多的集体智慧去理解人性，却仍然对其知之甚少”，以及最后一段的内容“问题是，虽然科学家可以测量观察到的这些行为的形状，但他们已经被先天/后天的问题所阻碍。这并不是说我们一无所知。就像地质学家知道很多根据地表岩层找到石油的可能性一样，心理学家也学会了对观察到的特征的遗传力进行推断。但在这两种情况下，观察者面对的都是表面和可能性，而确切的、不容置疑的真相却被隐藏起来。”可知，对于人性的探索，人们做了很多的努力，但是对于人性的真相还是知之甚少，但也不是一无所知，也就是说尽管做了很多努力，但是我们对人性还有很多没有了解到的，所以C项“尽管我们做出了努力，但我们对人性仍有很多不了解的地方”与文章中提出的观点一致。【干扰项排除】A项“要了解人性的真相是不可能的”表述太绝对，该项属于曲解原文；B项“经过几个世纪的调查，我们仍然对人性一无所知”，我们并不是一无所知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；D项“我们决不能放弃了解人性的努力”文中没有提到，该项属于无中生有。2. 翻译题Markets in stocks and commodities form a vital part of the American economic system. Millions of individuals buy and sell small lots of stocks and commodities while mutual funds and trusts trade in large lots. In good times, when it appears that prices will rise, money from savings or from other types of investment comes into market. When this happens, prices are driven higher. Often a period of speculation follows in which the “bull”, those who make money on a rising market, are in the ascendancy. When the market can no longer sustain the speculative fever, a reaction sets in, selling develops, and prices begin to fall. At this point the “bears”, or those who make money in a falling market, are fortunate. Americans buy almost everything on credit, and stocks are no exception. Usually an investor can make a stock purchase by paying 50 percent down and getting a loan on the remainder. This is called “margin” of 50 percent. The balance is borrowed from the brokerage as security.【答案】股票和期货市场构成了美国经济系统中的一个重要环节。数以百万计的个人买卖少量的股票和期货，而进行大量共同基金和信托的交易。在景气时期，当价格上涨时，储蓄资金或其他类型的投资资金就会进入市场。当这种情况发生时，价格就会被推高。通常接下来会有一段时间的投机买卖，在这段时间里，趁市场行情上涨而赚钱的“多头”占了上风。当市场不再持续投机热，就会出现抛售反应，价格开始下跌。在这一点上，“看跌者”或那些在市场行情下跌中赚钱的人是幸运的。美国人几乎什么都是赊购，股票也不例外。通常情况下，投资者可以先付50%的首付，剩下的部分再贷款购买股票。这叫做用50%的“定金”来购买股票。投资人向经纪行借差额，把股票存放在经纪行里作抵押。3. 单选题Let us begin with two vignettes.问题1选项A.slogansB.maximsC.caveatsD.sketches【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. slogans口号 B. maxims格言；箴言C. caveats警告；告诫 D. sketches幽默短剧，小品；素描【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】vignette是表示“人物特征、局势等的简介；（表演）小品”，四个选项中只有D项词义与之相近，故该题选择D项。【干扰项排除】A、B、C项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】让我们从两个小品开始。4. 单选题I got up so late this morning 1 had to cook up some excuse about my car breaking down.问题1选项A.initiateB.challengeC.inventD.appreciate【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. initiate开始；发起 B. challenge挑战C. invent发明；编造 D. appreciate欣赏；赏识【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词some excuse（一些借口）可知，cook up表示“编造”的意思，C项词义与之相近，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合划线单词词义。【句意】我今天早上起得这么晚，我不得不编造一些借口，说我的车坏了。5. 不定项选择题The Gulf Stream, which runs like a friendly blue river across the cold green Atlantic Ocean, is one of the mightiest powers in the world. By comparison, the Mississippi and the mighty Amazon are but small rivers. Two million tons of coal burned every minute would not equal the heat that the Stream gives forth in its Atlantic crossing. Without the Streams warmth Englands pleasant green countryside would be as cold as Labrador, which is no farther north than England. If this “river of blue” were cooled as much as 15 degrees, England, Scandinavia, northern France and Germany would probably become a region for the Eskimos.The general course of the blue river has never been known to change. From Florida north the Stream follows the curve of the coast but stays well away from the shore. When the warm waters meet the icy Labrador currents, the Stream loses some speed and heat, but even with icebergs at its margin it stays warm enough for tropical sea life.As the Stream nears Europe it divides north and south. The northern drift mixed with the Arctic Ocean. The southern drift comes again into the path of Africas hot trade winds, and the waters hurry back to the Gulf of Mexico, gathering again their store of heat. The complete course of the Stream, therefore, is like a tremendous 12,000-mile whirlpool.Scientists think that it takes three years for the Stream to make a complete trip. Their belief is based on the courses of bottles that have been thrown into the Stream to drift. These bottles contain papers, printed in many languages, requesting the finders to note the places and dates of finding and mail them back. Government experts on ocean currents have records of thousands of there “bottle papers”.Other oceans have such currents. In the North Pacific, for example, the Japanese Current makes the climate of coastal Alaska and Americas west coast mild. Science is still not satisfied with what it knows about these currents. But for most of us it is enough to know that the Gulf Stream and similar currents give warmth to countries that would otherwise be very cold indeed.1. The phrase that best expresses the main idea of this selection is _.2. The water in the Gulf Stream is _.3. The effect of the Gulf Stream on England is to _.4. Scientists have used papers in bottles to determine the number of _.5. Many countries should be thankful to the Gulf Stream and similar currents for _.问题1选项A.interesting facts about the Gulf StreamB.scientific experiments on the Gulf StreamC.currents similar to the Gulf StreamD.tropical sea life in the Gulf Stream问题2选项A.pleasantly greenB.icy and blueC.cold and greenD.warm and blue问题3选项A.make possible the green countrysideB.make England a region for EskimosC.cool pleasantly the air in EnglandD.make necessary the burning of coals in winter问题4选项A.beliefs about the experiments of the bottlesB.languages spoken along the course of the Gulf StreamC.years needed for the Stream to make a complete tripD.similar currents that have not yet been found问题5选项A.cool summersB.moderate climatesC.scientific findingsD.specific records of ocean currents【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.【选项释义】1. The phrase that best expresses the main idea of this selection is _. 1. 最能表达这篇文章主旨的短语是_。A. interesting facts about the Gulf Stream A. 关于墨西哥湾流的有趣事实B. scientific experiments on the Gulf Stream B. 关于墨西哥湾流的科学实验C. currents similar to the Gulf Stream C. 类似于墨西哥湾流的洋流D. tropical sea life in the Gulf Stream D. 墨西哥湾流中的热带海洋生物【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，定位首段第一句“墨西哥湾流就像一条友好的蓝色河流，穿过寒冷的绿色大西洋，是世界上最强大的力量之一”，和末段最后一句“但对我们大多数人来说，知道墨西哥湾流和类似的洋流给那些本来会非常寒冷的国家带来温暖就足够了”可知，文章讨论的主题是墨西哥湾流；然后，文章第二、三段描述了墨西哥湾流的旅行过程，以及第四段谈到了关于墨西哥湾流旅行的科学实验，全文用一种生动有趣的语言的来描写，故A项“关于墨西哥湾流的有趣事实”最能表达文章主旨，该题选择A项符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“关于墨西哥湾流的科学实验”和C项“类似于墨西哥湾流的洋流”是最后两段的内容，不足以概括文章主旨，这两项属于以偏概全；D项“墨西哥湾流中的热带海洋生物”只在文章第二段最后一句有提及，该项也属于以偏概全。2.【选项释义】2. The water in the Gulf Stream is _. 2. 墨西哥湾流中的水是_。A. pleasantly green A. 亲切的绿色B. icy and blue B. 冰冷的和蓝色的C. cold and green C. 冷的和绿色的D. warm and blue D. 温暖的和蓝色的【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第一段第一句“墨西哥湾流就像一条友好的蓝色河流”，和第四句“如果没有这条小溪的温暖，英格兰宜人的绿色乡村就会像拉布拉多一样寒冷，而拉布拉多并不比英格兰更靠北”可知，墨西哥湾流是蓝色河流，且带来温暖，D项“温暖的和蓝色的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“亲切的绿色”和C项“冷的和绿色的”，墨西哥湾流是蓝色河流而非绿色，这两项属于曲解原文；B项“冰冷的和蓝色的”中的icy与原文相反，该项属于反向干扰。3.【选项释义】3. The effect of the Gulf Stream on England is to _. 3. 墨西哥湾暖流对英国的影响是_。A. make possible the green countryside A. 让绿色乡村成为可能B. make England a region for Eskimos B. 使英格兰成为爱斯基摩人的领地C. cool pleasantly the air in England C. 使英国的空气凉爽宜人D. make necessary the burning of coals in winter D. 使冬天烧煤成为必要【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第一段第四句“如果没有这条小溪的温暖，英格兰宜人的绿色乡村就会像拉布拉多一样寒冷”，理解可知，如果没有墨西哥湾暖流，那么英国就没有宜人的绿色乡村，换句话说，墨西哥湾暖流让英国宜人的绿色乡村成为可能，A项“让绿色乡村成为可能”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“使英格兰成为爱斯基摩人的领地”，根据第一段最后一句“如果这条蓝色河流的温度降低到15度，英国、斯堪的纳维亚、法国北部和德国可能会成为爱斯基摩人的一个地区”可知，如果墨西哥湾流温度降低，英国就会沦为爱斯基摩人地区，但这并不是暖流带来的影响，该项属于反向干扰；C项“使英国的空气凉爽宜人”没有提到，该项属于无中生有；D项“使冬天烧煤成为必要”，墨西哥湾带来了暖流，所以不需要烧煤，该项属于反向干扰。4.【选项释义】4. Scientists have used papers in bottles to determine the number of _. 4. 科学家们用瓶子里的纸张来确定_的数量。A. beliefs about the experiments of the bottles A. 关于瓶子实验的信念B. languages spoken along the course of the Gulf Stream B. 沿墨西哥湾暖流行进过程中所说的语言C. years needed for the Stream to make a complete trip C. 河流完成一次完整旅行所需的年数D. similar currents that have not yet been found D. 尚未发现的类似洋流【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第四段“科学家们认为，这条河流需要三年时间才能完成一次完整的旅行。他们的信念是基于瓶子被扔进河中漂流的过程。这些瓶子里装着用多种语言印制的纸张，要求发现者记下发现的地点和日期，然后寄回。”从中理解可知，科学家们在瓶子里装着纸张，然后扔进河中，瓶子的发现者还要记录发现地点和日期，这都是为了证实科学家的猜想，即这条河流完成一次完整的旅行需要的时间，C项“河流完成一次完整旅行所需的年数”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“关于瓶子实验的信念”和B项“沿墨西哥湾暖流行进过程中所说的语言”根据解题思路可知，这两项属于曲解原文；D项“尚未发现的类似洋流”没有提到，该项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Many countries should be thankful to the Gulf Stream and similar currents for _. 5. 许多国家应该感谢墨西哥湾流和类似的洋流带来的_。A. cool summers A. 凉爽夏季B. moderate climates B. 温和的气候C. scientific findings C. 科学发现D. specific records of ocean currents D. 海洋洋流的具体记录【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据文章最后一句“但对我们大多数人来说，知道墨西哥湾流和类似的洋流给那些本来会非常寒冷的国家带来温暖就足够了”可知，许多国家应该感谢墨西哥湾流和类似的洋流带来的温暖气候，B项“温和的气候”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“凉爽夏季”没有提到，该项属于无中生有；C项“科学发现”和D项“海洋洋流的具体记录”是科学家们的研究，与题干无关，这两项属于张冠李戴。6. 单选题The foreign student in China is _ with a good deal of Chinese culture.问题1选项A.scatteredB.overflowedC.permeatedD.manipulated【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. scattered分散的；零散的 B. overflowed溢出的；挤满的C. permeated全面影响；弥漫D. manipulated操作；控制【考查点】形容词和动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息with a good deal of Chinese culture（丰富的中国文化）可推知，中国的留学生受到中国文化的影响，故该题选择C项符合句意。【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合句意。【句意】在中国的外国学生深受中国文化的熏陶。7. 不定项选择题We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a persons knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations text what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a persons true ability and aptitude.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success of failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesnt matter that you werent feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that dont count: the exam goes on. No one can give of his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do. The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of drop-outs: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judges decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiners. There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a persons true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.1. The main idea of this passage is _.2. The authors attitude toward examinations is _.3. The fate of students is decided by _.4. According to the author, the most important of a good education is _.5. Why does