2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第26期

2022年考博英语-西北农林科技大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 填空题Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision. He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks. Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community,（1） supermarkets, drive-ins, restaurants, and food counters in drug stores. These selections make a （2） in how an individual looks, how he feels, and how well he can work and play.When a good assortment of food in （3） amounts is selected and eaten, the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to （4） one to be as active as he needs and wants to be. When choices are less than desirable, the （5） are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.Studies of diets of individuals in the United States （6） that food selection is a highly individual matter, even among young children. Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now （7） with the consequences or will be（8） the future.Nutritionists and （9） in allied professions have been（10） about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can（11） to a good diet.Most people believe that they are（12） that the choices they make are good ones. After all, they are not really sick, neither are they hungry. However, their nutrition is really poor in one respect or （13） . Milk and milk products, such as cheese, ice-cream, （14） , and yogurt, are often neglected. Then people may leave out in their diets many fruits and vegetables, （15） those that are good sources of vitamins A and C. These include dark green leafy vegetables; deep yellow vegetables; and citrus fruits and vegetables, such as cabbages, tomatoes, and green peppers.【答案】1.such as2.difference3.appropriate4.allow5.consequences6.show7.living8.in9.workers10.concerned11.add up12.well-fed13.another14.buttermilk15.particularly【解析】1.前文提到“at many places in the community在社区的很多地方”，下文出现各种地方如supermarkets, drive-ins “超市、免下车餐厅”等为上文的举例，故选such as “例如”。2.前文提到“人们对食物的各种选择”，下文提到“how an individual lookswork and play 一个人的外表工作和娱乐”等推断此处应选择difference，“make a difference 有影响、起作用” 整句话的含义为：这些选择对一个人的外表、感觉以及他工作和娱乐的能力产生了影响。3.由下文关键词“amounts数量”及句子“the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health.结果是更有可能获得理想的健康水平” 可推断此处应选择“适量的食物”，故选appropriate “合适的；恰当的”。4.前文提到“适量且好的食物选择更可能让人健康和有充足的能量”可推断此处应选“允许”，表示“允许人们像他需要和想要的那样活跃”，故选allow “容许；允许”。5.前文提到“ When choices are less than desirable但食物选择较不理想时”，下文“are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both可能不健康或者精力有限，或者两者皆有”，根据句意知前后为因果关系，故此处选consequences“结果，后果”。6.由前文关键词“studies调查，研究”及下文“that”后的调查结果“食物选择是一个高度个性化的问题，即使在幼儿中也是如此”可推断此处选择show“显示”符合题意。7.上文提到“far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day 很多各个年龄阶层的个人每天的食物选择都很糟糕”及下文关键词“with the consequences带着这些后果”可推断此处选“living生活”最符合题意。8.in the future 为固定短语“在将来”，故选“in”。整句话含义为“此外，很多各个年龄阶层的个人每天的食物选择都很糟糕，他们要么已经生活在这些糟糕选择所带来的后果中，要么将在未来遭遇这些。”9.由空格前表并列关系的连接词and “和；与”可知此处应选择与“Nutritionists营养学家”同类词，选项中workers “工人；劳动者”最符合题意，故选“workers”。10.“ be concerned about关心” 为固定短语，故选concerned “关心的”。11.上文提到“a wide variety of food combinations各种各样的食物组合”可推断此处指“合计或总计”的意思，故选add up“合计；总计”符合题意。整句话的含义为：营养学家和相关专业的工作人员一直在关注帮助人们学会选择和享受各种各样的食物组合，这些食物组合可以构成好的饮食。12.下文提到“that the choices they make are good ones.认为自己的食物选择是很好的”及“However, their nutrition is really poor.然而，他们的营养实际上很不好”可推断此处含义为“很多人认为他们营养充足”，故选well-fed “营养充足的”。13.in one respect“表示在一个方面”，or “或者；或”表示并列关系，由此可推断another “另外的”符合题意。整句话的含义为：然而，他们的营养在某方面实际上很不好。14.此处为对“Milk and milk products牛奶及牛奶制品” 举例，选项中只有buttermilk “脱脂牛奶”符合题意，故选“buttermilk”。15.前文提到 “Then people may leave out in their diets many fruits and vegetables 然后是人们可能在自己的食物中漏掉很多水果和蔬菜”，下文中 those that are good sources of vitamins A and C，那些富含维他命A与C的水果和蔬菜”可推断此处表示“特别是那些常含维他命A与C的水果和蔬菜”，选项中particularly “特别地”符合题意。2. 单选题The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validityThere is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers and governments.The behaviors under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behavior are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behavior and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection process of medical students might be expected to favor candidates with integrity and positive ethical behavior-if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical school should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behavior of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a schools culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the schools examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm，fair, transparent, and consistent.1.What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?2.According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because（ ）.3.What does the author say about the cause(s) of cheating?4.According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating?5.The author will probably agree with which of the following statements?问题1选项A.Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon.B.We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible.C.We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale.D.Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.问题2选项A.the medical profession is based on trustB.there is zero tolerance of cheating in medicineC.the medical profession depends on the governmentD.cheating exists extensively in medical schools问题3选项A.Family, culture and society play an active part.B.Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating.C.Parents are always to blame for their childrens cheating behavior.D.Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV.问题4选项A.Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.B.Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.C.Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.D.There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behavior of their students.问题5选项A.Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition.B.Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.C.Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.D.Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。文章第一段提到 “Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity. 虽然我们没有足够的可靠数据来说明这一现象的严重程度，也不了解如何预防和进行有效管理，但可以根据常识和看似有效的观念得出很多结论并采取行动”可知，D项“有关这种现象的程度、预防和管控的可靠数据是缺乏的” 正确；也由此知A、B、C三项不正确。2.事实细实题。第二段中提到 “There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. 人们普遍认为，在基于信任和有关生命安全的职业中的作弊应该零容忍”可知A“医疗职业基于信任”正确；B“医疗作弊是零容忍的”是结果不是原因；C“医疗行业依靠政府”和D“作弊在医学院中广泛存在”原文均未提及，故选A。3.事实细节题。文章第三段提到“The behaviors under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school.导致这些作弊行为的原因很多。这些原因包括在就读医学院之前受到的家庭、宗教及文化影响。” 可知A“家庭，文化和社会发挥重要作用”正确，故选A。4.事实细节题。A项“医学院应该建立一个可靠的道德标准来淘汰低水平的申请者”，文章第四段提到“if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance.如果医学院有可靠的方法提前识别学生的品质的话”，此句为条件状语从句，由此可知目前还没有找到这种识别方法，故A不正确；B项 “医学院应该努力纠正所有的社会问题”，文章第四段中提到 “Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. 医学院的问题反映了整个社会问题，我们不能指望社会的所有弊病都能被纠正”可知B不正确；C项“医学院应该培养未来医生诚信和道德价值观”，第四段中提到“ Medical school should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity.医学院应该成为未来医生灌输诚信和道德观念的中心”可知C正确；D项“医学院无法改善学生的道德行为”，文章最后一段列举了一些解决学生道德行为问题的方法，如“在医学院中创建一个普遍的诚信文化制度；让医学院的学术领袖树立个人诚信榜样可知D不正确，故选C。5.判断推理题。A项“医学院应该让学生考试更容易，以缓解激烈的竞争。”和D项“考试作弊的学生应该立即被开除出学校”在文中均未提及；B项“医疗机构中的杰出人物应该制定一套道德标准应用于医学院。”原文最后一段提到 “it is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity.医学院的学术领袖树立个人的诚信榜样是很关键的”，可知B项中“create a set of moral standards 创建道徳标准”不正确；C项“医学生应在创建和维护诚信文化方面发挥积极作用”，最后一段提到“The development of a schools culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. 学校诚信文化的发展需要与学生建立伙伴关系，使他们在学校的创建和培养中发挥积极作用。”可知C项正确。3. 单选题The standard of living of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces.（1） , Wealth in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: goods such as food and clothing, and services such as transport and entertainment.A countrys capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. （2） . Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate; other regions possess none of them. （3） Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources, but suffered for many years from civil and external wars, and for this and other reasons have been unable to develop their resources. Sound and stable political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a countrys people. （4） . A countrys standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. （5） .Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. A countrys wealth is, therefore, much influenced by its manufacturing capacity, provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures. 问题1选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题2选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题3选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题4选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.问题5选项A.industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilledB.next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to useC.A countrys standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealthD.For example, Britains wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if it had to depend only on those grown at home.E.Wealth should be properly used only to enhance the standard of living of people in all countriesF.Wealth depends to a great extent upon a countrys natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.【答案】第1题:C第2题:F第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一句提到“任何国家的生活水平是指国家生产的商品和服务的平均份额”，空格后关键词“wealth财富”可推断中间内容应与 “生活标准和财富”有关，C项“因为，一个国家的生活水平首先取决于其创造财富的能力”符合题意，故选C。2.文章第二段第一句提到“一个国家创造财富的能力取决于许多因素，其中大多数因素相互影响”，空格后提到“世界上有些地区的煤炭和矿物供应充足，土壤肥沃，气候宜人，其他地区则没有。”推断中间内容应该是阐述“财富与煤、矿产等资源的关系”，F 项“财富在很大程度上取决于一个国家的自然资源，如煤炭、黄金和其他矿产、供水等”符合题意，故选F。3.空格后提到“有些国家自然资源虽然很丰富，但由于多年来战争和一些其他原因一直无法开发其资源”可推断此处应阐述“自然资源与开发自然资源的能力”，B项“排在自然资源后的是将自然资源转化使用的能力”符合题意，故选B。4.空格前文提到“另外一个重要因素是一个国家人民技术效率”可推断此处应阐述与“技术相关的内容”， A项“已经培训了许多熟练工人和技术人员的工业化国家比其他工人不熟练的国家更有能力创造财富”符合题意，故选A。5.空格前文提到“一个国家的生活水平不仅取决于在本国境内生产和消费的财富，而且还取决于通过国际贸易间接生产的财富”，空格后提到“贸易使她剩余的制成品能够在国外进行贸易，以换取自身所缺乏的农产品。”可推断空格处“应该列举一个例子”由此导出下文的结论，D项“例如，如果它只能依靠国内生产，英国在食品和其他农产品方面的财富要少得多”符合题意，故选D。4. 写作题Directions: Write a short essay of about 300 words on the following topic. Do remember to provide a title for your essay. Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET.Some people believe that the best way of learning about life is by listening to the advice of family and friends. Other people believe the best way is through personal experience.Compare the advantages of these two different ways. Which do you think is preferable? Use specific examples to support your preference.【答案】略5. 单选题When Spanish explorers first entered the area now known as Hollywood, Native Americans were living in the canyons of the Santa Monica Mountains. Before long, the Indians had been moved to missions and the land which Hollywood now occupies was divided in two by the Spanish Government. Acreage to the west became part of Rancho La Brea and settlements to the East became Rancho Los Feliz.By the 1870s an agricultural community flourished in the area and crops ranging from hay and grain to subtropical bananas and pineapples were thriving. During the 1880s, the Ranchos were sub-divided. In 1886, H. H. Wilcox bought an area of Rancho La Brea that his wife then christened Hollywood. Within a few years, Wilcox had devised a grid plan for his new community, paved Prospect Avenue (now Hollywood Boulevard) for his main street and was selling large residential lots to Wealthy Midwesterners looking to build homes so they could winter in California.Prospect Avenue soon became a prestigious residential street populated with large Queen Anne, Victorian, and Mission Revival houses. Mrs. Daeida Wilcox raised funds to build churches, schools and a library and Hollywood quickly became a complete and prosperous community. The community incorporated in 1903, but its independence was short-lived, as the lack of water forced annexation in 1910 to the city of Los Angeles, which had a surplus supply of water.In 1911, the Nestor Company opened Hollywoods first film studio in an old tavern on the comer of Sunset and Gower. Not long thereafter Cecil B. DeMille and D. W. Griffith began making movie in the area drawn to the community for its open space and moderate climate.The needs of this thriving new industry created radical changes in the community, causing a clash between older and newer residents. Acres of agricultural land south of what-is-now Hollywood Boulevard were subdivided and developed as housing for the enormous numbers of workers that movie-making required.High-rise commercial buildings began to spring up along Hollywood Boulevard, three competing real-estate interests caused concentrations of development at Highland, Cahuenga, and at Vine. It wasnt long before nearly all the homes along the Boulevard were replaced by commercial buildings linking the three comers.Banks, restaurants, clubs and movie palaces sprang up, catering to the demands of the burgeoning film industry during the 1920s and 1930s. The architectural styles of the buildings were representative of those most popular between the World Wars. Banks were typically designed in the more formal Beaux Arts styles, but other buildings in the community took on more playful personalitiesThe ornamental Spanish Colonial Revival style