2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试题库及模拟押密卷70（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-武汉大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题On February 10, the world of psychiatry will be asked, metaphorically, to lie on the couch and answer questions about the state it thinks it is in. For that is the day the American Psychiatric Association (APA) plans to release a draft of the fifth version of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). Mental illness carrying such stigma (污名)as it does, and the brain being as little-understood as it is, revising the DSM is always a controversial undertaking. This time, however, some of the questions asked of the process are likely to be particularly probing.The DSM, the first version of which was published in 1952, lists recognized psychological disorders and the symptoms used to diagnose them. In the United States, what is in it influences whether someone will be diagnosed with an illness at all, how he will be treated if he is so diagnosed, and whether his insurance company will pay for that treatment. Researchers in other countries generally defer to the DSM, too, making the manuals definitions a lingua franca for the science of medical psychology. And, perhaps most profoundly, the DSM influences how mental illness is understood by society at large.A new DSM, then, is an important document. The APA has been working on the latest revision since 1999, and will not release the final version until May 2013. But some people are already accusing it of excessive secrecy and being too ambitious about the changes it proposes. Those critics will be picking over the draft next week to see if their fears have been realized.The original DSM reflected the “psychodynamic” view of mental illness, in which problems were thought to result from an interplay between personality and life history. (Think Freud, Jung and long hours recounting your childhood and dreams. ) The third version, which was published in 1980, took a more medical approach. Mental illnesses were seen as distinct and classifiable, like physical diseases. DSM-III came with checklists of symptoms that allowed straightforward, unambiguous diagnosis. Psychiatry began to seem less like an art form and more like a science.DSM-III also introduced many more diagnoses than had appeared before. These included attention-deficit disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and social phobia. In fact, the number of specific diagnoses more than doubled between DSM-1 and DSM-III, from 106 to 265. DSM-IV, published in 1994, increased the number to 297, but left the underlying model alone.1.The first paragraph of the passage above suggests that（ ）.2.Since its first publication in 1952, the DSM has been influential in that（ ）.3.All the following statements are true EXCEPT（ ） .4.Which version of the DSM is given the least discussion in the passage?问题1选项A.the world of psychiatry are about to undertake a probing experimentB.it is no easy task for the general public to agree on mental disordersC.it is often possible to reach an agreement on the rewriting of the manualD.the latest version of the manual will be more successful than its precedents问题2选项A.it has caused little problem in the actual diagnosis of the illnessB.its stipulation gives exact instructions on the treatment of the illnessC.its principles are adhered to by not only doctors but also patientsD.it is widely recognized as an important part of medical psychology问题3选项A.The final draft of the latest version will take four years to complete.B.The latest version will introduce a number of changes.C.The third version was much more scientific than the earlier versions.D.Freud is cited as a scientific account of mental illnesses.问题4选项A.The second.B.The third.C.The fourth.D.The fifth【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. The first paragraph of the passage above suggests that _. 1. 文章的第一段指出_。A. the world of psychiatry are about to undertake a probing experiment A. 精神病学界即将进行一项探索性实验B. it is no easy task for the general public to agree on mental disorders B. 要让公众对精神障碍达成共识并非易事C. it is often possible to reach an agreement on the rewriting of the manual C. 在重写手册的问题上达成一致意见是常有可能的D. the latest version of the manual will be more successful than its precedents D. 该手册的最新版本将比以往的版本更成功【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段的最后两句“修改精神病诊断和统计手册一直是一个具有争议性的话题。然而，这一次，对这个过程提出的一些问题可能更具探索性。”，从中可知，精神病诊断和统计手册的最新版中提出的一些问题更具探索性，也就是说，这本手册的最新版本将比以前的版本更加成功。因此，选项D符合原文。【干扰项排除】A项“精神病学界即将进行一项探索性实验”，根据解题思路可知，第一段说的是这本手册的最新版本中提出的一些问题更具探索性，而非进行试验，该项曲解原文；B项“要让公众对精神障碍达成共识并非易事”和C项“在重写手册的问题上达成一致意见是常有可能的”在文章中没有提到，属于无中生有。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. Since its first publication in 1952, the DSM has been influential in that _. 2. 自1952年首次出版以来，DSM的影响力在于_。A. it has caused little problem in the actual diagnosis of the illness A. 这对疾病的实际诊断几乎没有造成什么问题B. its stipulation gives exact instructions on the treatment of the illness B. 它的规定对治疗这种疾病给出了确切的指导C. its principles are adhered to by not only doctors but also patients C. 它的原则不仅得到了医生的遵守，也得到了病人的遵守D. it is widely recognized as an important part of medical psychology D. 它一直被广泛认为是医学心理学的重要组成部分【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段最后两句“其他国家的研究人员也普遍遵循DSM，使手册的定义成为医学心理学科学的通用语。也许最深刻的是，DSM影响了整个社会对精神疾病的理解。”可知，DSM也在被其他国家研究人员使用，它影响了社会对精神疾病的理解，这也就是说，它被广泛认为是医学心理学中重要的一部分，故该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“这对疾病的实际诊断几乎没有造成什么问题”和C项“它的原则不仅得到了医生的遵守，也得到了病人的遵守”没有提及，属于无中生有；B项“它的规定对治疗这种疾病给出了确切的指导”，文章第二段提到如果一个人被诊断出某种疾病，手册上的内容会告诉他如何接受治疗，而该项中的exact instructions（确切的指导）表述太绝对，属于曲解原文。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. All the following statements are true EXCEPT _3. 下列的陈述是正确的，除了_A. The final draft of the latest version will take four years to complete. A. 最新版本的最终稿将需要四年时间才能完成。B. The latest version will introduce a number of changes. B. 最新版本将介绍一些改变。C. The third version was much more scientific than the earlier versions. C. 第三个版本比之前的版本更科学。D. Freud is cited as a scientific account of mental illnesses. D. 弗洛伊德被引证为精神疾病的科学解释。【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据第三段第二句“APA自1999年以来一直在编写最新版本，直到2013年5月才会发布最终版本”，可知最新版本的最终版将需要十四年，A项“最新版本的最终稿将需要四年时间才能完成”与原文不符，但符合题意。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“最新版本将介绍一些变化”，定位第三段第三句“但一些人已经在指责它过于保密，对它提出的改变过于雄心勃勃（being too ambitious about the changes it proposes）”可知，一些人指责最新版本提出的改变可能过于雄心勃勃，这也就是说，最新版本将介绍一些改变，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；C项“第三个版本比之前的版本更科学”，定位第四段第二句“第三个版本于1980年出版，采用了更多的医学方法”可知 ，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；D项“弗洛伊德被引证为精神疾病的科学解释”，定位第四段第一句“最初的DSM反映了精神疾病的心理动力学观点，在这种观点中，问题被认为是性格和生活史之间相互作用的结果（想想弗洛伊德、荣格，以及长时间地讲述你的童年和梦想）”可知，弗洛伊德和荣格都被被引证为精神疾病的科学解释，该项也符合原文，属于反向干扰。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. Which version of the DSM is given the least discussion in the passage?4. 文章中对DSM的哪个版本讨论得最少？A. The second. A. 第二版。B. The third. B. 第三版。C. The fourth. C. 第四版。D. The fifth. D. 第五版。【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据文章内容可知，第三段描述了DSM最新版，即第五版，第四段和第五段分别描述了DSM的第三版和第四版，只有第二版没有明确提及，所以该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“第三版”、C项“第四版”和D项“第五版”在文中都有讨论，属于反向干扰。2. 不定项选择题Farmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe, the U. S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U. S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $ 190 billion over the next 10 years, or $ 83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes U. S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step is necessary to “promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations”. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in Novembers mid-term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP, compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $ 14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not as if the developing world wants any favours, says Ugandas Minister of Finance. “What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.”Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap, and as fanning methods develop, new technologies should improve output. This is no pie-in-the-sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the “ least-developed country ” status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americans African Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes, has proven a boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.1.By comparison, farmers（ ） receive more government subsidies than others.2.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （ ） motive behind Bushs signing of the new farm bill.3.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （ ） .4.The authors attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U. S. is（ ）.问题1选项A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America问题2选项A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural问题3选项A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in tradeB.“the least-developed country” status benefits agricultural countriesC.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalizationD.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies问题4选项A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reserved【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】1. By comparison, farmers _ receive more government subsidies than others. 1. 相比之下，农民_获得的政府补贴更多。A. in the developing world A. 在发展中国家B. in Japan B. 在日本C. in Europe C. 在欧洲D. in America D. 在美国【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段的第四句“欧洲、美国和日本的农民则幸运得多：他们获得了大量的政府补贴，以有保障的价格或直接补贴的形式提供的”，下文继续提到“这使得美国的农业资助接近于疯狂的欧洲水平（close to crazy European levels）”，从中可知，欧洲、美国和日本的农民获得了大量政府补贴，而美国接近于疯狂的欧洲水平，也就是说欧洲的农民接受政府补贴最多。选项C正确。【干扰项排除】A项“在发展中国家”由第一段第二句“但它们中的大多数几乎没有选择：它们按照市场设定的价格出售”，可知该项并不符合题干，曲解原文；B项“在日本”和D项“在美国”根据解题思路可知，该两项并不符合题干，曲解原文。第2题:2.【选项释义】2. In addition to the economic considerations, there is a _ motive behind Bushs signing of the new farm bill. 2. 除了经济方面的考虑，布什签署新的农业法案还有一个_的动机。A. partisan A. 党派的B. social B. 社会的C. financial C. 财政方面的D. cultural D. 文化的【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第一段，最后一句指出“该法案还旨在帮助共和党在11月的中期选举中赢得参议院的控制权”，这也就是说，布什签署新的农业法案还有党派的动机。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“社会的”、C项“财政方面的”和D项“文化的”都没提及，无中生有。第3题:3.【选项释义】3. The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that _. 3. 作者试图通过这篇文章传达的信息是_。A. poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade A. 贫穷国家应该在贸易中享有平等的机会B. “the least-developed country” status benefits agricultural countries B. “最不发达国家”的地位有利于农业国家C. poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization C. 贫穷国家应该消除他们对贸易自由化的疑虑D. farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies D. 贫穷国家的农民也应该得到补贴【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据文章第二和第三段的例子，第二段讲到1999年发展中国家每获得一美元的援助，就会因为对其制成品的出口设置贸易壁垒而损失多达14美元，而第三段讲到肯尼亚因为向欧洲出口切花和蔬菜将稍微过于富裕，但是不符合“最不发达国家”的资格，所以它的园艺产业将会迅速萎缩；结合第二段最后一句“我们想要的是富裕国家让我们参与竞争”，以及第三段最后一句“由此得出一个教训：如果发达国家给予第三世界公平的机会，它就能繁荣”，综合理解可知，作者在文章中想要传达的信息是贫穷国家应该在贸易中享有平等的机会。故该题选择A项正确。【干扰项排除】B项“最不发达国家的地位有利于农业国家”表述错误，文中并没有提到“农业国家”就是除了“最不发达国家”以外的其他国家，曲解原文；C项“贫穷国家应该消除他们对贸易自由化的疑虑”根据文章最后一句“布什上个月的施舍使美国对这些谈判的承诺和他个人对自由贸易的忠诚变成了谎言”可知，C项与原文相反，反向干扰；D项“贫穷国家的农民也应该得到补贴”与原文不符，贫穷国家应该得到的是贸易平等，该项曲解原文。第4题:4.【选项释义】4. The authors attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U. S. is _. 4. 作者对美国新的农业补贴的态度是_。A. favorable A. 支持的B. ambiguous B. 模棱两可的C. critical C. 批判的D. reserved D. 保守的【考查点】观点态度题。【解题思路】根据最后一段内容，从第一句“这使得布什上个月增加农业补贴的决定更加令人沮丧”，以及最后一句“布什上个月的施舍使美国对这些谈判的承诺和他个人对自由贸易的忠诚变成了谎言”可以看出，作者对美国新的农业补贴的态度是批判的。故该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】A项“支持的”与解题思路相反，反向干扰；B项“模棱两可的”和D项“保守的”与原文不符，曲解原文。3. 单选题How best to solve the pollution problems of a city sunk so deep within sulfurous clouds that it was described as hell on earth? Simply answered: Relocate all urban smoke-creating industry and encircle the metropolis of London with sweetly scented flowers and elegant hedges.In fact, as Christine L. Corton, a Cambridge scholar, reveals in her new book, London Fog, this fragrant anti-smoke scheme was the brainchild of John Evelyn, the 17th-century diarist. King Charles II was said to be much pleased with Evelyns idea, and a bill against the smoky nuisance was duly drafted. Then nothing was done. Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th-century, was willing to put public health above business interests.And yet its a surprise to discover how beloved a feature of London life these multicolored fogs became. A painter, Claude Monet, fleeing besieged Paris in 1870, fell in love with Londons vaporous, mutating clouds. He looked upon the familiar mist as his reliable collaborator. Visitors from abroad may have delighted in the fog, but homegrown artists lit candles and vainly scrubbed the grime from their gloom-filled studio windows. “Give us light!” Frederic Leighton pleaded to the guests at a Lord Mayors banquet in 1882, begging them to have pity on the poor painter.The more serious side of Cortons book documents how business has taken precedence over humanity where Londons history of pollution is concerned. A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk. Those who could afford it lived elsewhere. The east was abandoned to the underclass. Lord Palmerston spoke up for choking East Enders in the 1850s, pointing a finger at the interests of the furnace owners. A bill was passed, but there was little change. Eventually, another connection was established: between Londons perpetual veil of smog and its citizens cozily smoldering grates. Sadly, popular World War I songs didnt do much to encourage the adoption of smokeless fuel.It wasnt until what came to be known as the “Great Killer Fog” of 1952 that the casualty rate became impossible to ignore and the British press finally took up the cause. It was left to a Member of Parliament to steer the Clean Air Act into law in 1956. Within a few years, even as the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade.1. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 2?2. The word “grime” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to（ ）.3. Which would be most heavily affected by Londons pollution according to Cartons book?4. The author mainly shows in the last paragraph that（ ）.问题1选项A.The fragrant anti-smoke scheme was put forward by John Evelyns child.B.King Charles II was not so much contented with John Evelyns proposal at the very beginning.C.The process of drafting the bill against the smoky nuisance was relatively slow.D.It wasnt until 1950s that someone willingly put public health above commercial interests.问题2选项A.fogB.dirtC.frostD.paint问题3选项A.Rich dwellers in the east.B.The underclass in the west.C.East Londons slum dwellers.D.Servants of furnace owners.问题4选项A.“Great Killer Fog” resulted in huge mortality for BritainB.the British press was also playing a major role in the processC.it was a long way for the Clean Air Act to be passedD.reducing the air pollution worked though in the primary stage【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】D【试题解析】客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Nobody at the time, and nobody right up to the middle of the 20th-century, was willing to put public health above business interests.（在那个时候，直到20世纪中叶，都没有人愿意把公共健康置于商业利益之上。），说明20世纪中叶之前没有人愿意把公共健康置于商业利益之上。因此D选项“直到20世纪50年代，才有人愿意将公众健康置于商业利益之上”正确。A选项“芬芳抗烟计划是由约翰伊夫林的孩子提出的”，原文只说芬芳抗烟计划是约翰伊夫林的想法，所以A错误。B选项“查理二世国王一开始就不满意约翰伊夫林的提议”，与原文的much pleased with（非常满意）相反，所以B错误。C选项“反烟害法案的起草过程比较缓慢”，与原文的duly（按时的）不符，所以C错误。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】词义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第二句Londons vaporous, mutating clouds（伦敦蒸汽缭绕，如同变异的雾霭），再结合第一段的sulfurous clouds（硫磺雾霾）和urban smoke-creating industry（城市里所有制造浓烟的工业），说明在画室窗上的“grime”是煤尘污垢。因此B选项“污垢、灰尘”正确。A选项“雾”，C选项“霜”，D选项“颜料”均不符合题意，所以A，C，D错误。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】客观细节题。根据题干关键词可以定位到文章第四段第二句A prevailing westerly wind meant that those dwelling to the east were always at most risk.（盛行的西风意味着居住在东边的人总是处于最大的危险之中。），说明住在东边的人受到污染的影响更大。因此C选项“伦敦东部的贫民窟居民”正确。A选项“东部的富人居民”，由原文可知有钱人会搬家，所以A错误。B选项“西部的底层居民”，由原文可知西部居民受到的污染影响较小，所以B错误。D选项“大熔炉主人们的佣人”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。4.【试题答案】D【试题解析】观点态度题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段，最后一段前两句指出为治理雾霾而努力的具体事件，第三句总结Within a few years, even as the war against pollution was still in its infancy, the dreaded fog began to fade.（短短几年后，即使与污染的斗争仍处于起步阶段，可怕的雾霾开始消退。），说明虽然刚刚开始，但治理雾霾的措施起作用了。因此D选项“尽管处于初期，但减少空气污染奏效了”正确。A选项“杀人大雾”给英国造成巨大的死亡，C选项“空气清洁法案的通过是一个漫长的过程”只是表层示例，所以A，C错误。B选项“英国媒体在这一过程中也发挥了重要作用”不是作者主要想表达的内容，所以B错误。4. 单选题Self-esteem is what people think about themselveswhether or not they feel valued and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.Successful parent begins by communicating to children that they are loved for no other reasons than just because they exist. Through touch and tone of voice parents tell their infants whether or not they are valued, special, and loved, and it is these messages that form the basis of the childs self-esteem. When children grow up with love and are made to feel lovable despite their mistakes and failures, they are able to interact with others in a responsible, honest, and loving way. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise, making it easier to see a problem as temporary, manageable, and something from which the individual can emerge.If, however, children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth, they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated, taken advantage of, and looked down upon by others. Ultimately their actions invite this treatment, and their self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality. They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy way, and life maybe viewed as just one crisis after another. Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent towards themselves and others. These individuals grow up to live isolated, lonely lives, lacking the ability to give the love that