2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷79（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-北京师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Cultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.1.The examples of birds and fish are used to （）2. The term parochialism (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means （）3. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that （）4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?5. The passage might be entitled “（）问题1选项A.show that they, too, have their respective culturesB.explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC.illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD.demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking问题2选项A.open-mindednessB.provincialismC.superiorityD.discrimination问题3选项A.everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB.the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in peoples habit of thinkingC.provided ones brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD.childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture问题4选项A.Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B.People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C.Peoples visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.D.If cultural norms are something tangible, they wont be so confining.问题5选项A.How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB.Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC.Harms of Cultural MyopiaD.Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective Neurosis【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:根据第一段的倒数第二句“Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. ”，选项C符合原文。第2题:根据第三段的一、二句，似乎在任何地方，人们都渴望打破自己的经验世界的界限。他们对更广泛的事件和人民作出敏感反应的能力需要克服这种文化狭隘主义。“cultural parochialism”是指文化的狭隘主义，选项B更符合原文。第3题:根据最后两段的内容以及关键词“cultural parochialism”、“cultural myopia”可以推测，如果一个人长期生活在一种文化环境中，在做文化评论的时候会有偏见。选项C符合原文。第4题:根据第二段的最后一句“Whether it is .from others.”，它限制了我们所能体验到的，也限制了我们从他人身上学到的东西，也就是阻碍了与他人的沟通交流，选项A正确。第5题:根据全文内容，主要是讲文化局限的定义和背景，所以选项D更贴切。2. 翻译题关于疾病及其起因的说法有很多。有人认为疾病不仅反映出身体差，它还反映了精神和社会的整体状况。战争、不良居住环境、失业、不稳定的政治体制、不平等的权利及生存条件以及社会医疗服务的匮乏均可引发疾病。同时，我们也应当记住良好的精神状态对健康和长寿是非常重要的。【答案】People have different opinions about diseases and their causes. Some think that diseases reflect not only physical weakness but also the overall psychological and social conditions. Wars, unhealthy living environment, unemployment, unstable political systems, unequal rights and living conditions, the lack of social medical services can all contribute to diseases. At the same time, we should also bear in mind that psychological soundness is crucial to health and longevity.3. 单选题Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design.Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die.Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space temperature is tolerable for the processes of life. Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air that is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water.This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants in different habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants.1. Which of the following characteristics of plants does the passage primarily focus on?2.According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic?3.The author suggests that the sticklike shape of desert plants in Line 3 (Paragraph 4) can be attributed to the（）4.All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributions to the plants,balancing their heat EXCEPT .5. Which is the TRUE statement about the different plants?问题1选项A.Their ability to grow equally well in all environments.B.Their effects on the Earths atmosphere.C.Their ability to store water for dry periods.D.Their ability to balance heat intake and output.问题2选项A.The hard, frozen ground.B.The small amount of available sunshine.C.The cold, destructive winds.D.The large amount of snow that falls each year.问题3选项A.inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around themB.presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desertC.large surface area that the plants must expose to the SunD.extreme heat and aridity of the habitat问题4选项A.radiating heat to the atmosphereB.warming the air around themC.absorbing heat from the sunD.evaporating water问题5选项A.Arctic plants expose the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation.B.Tropical plants are usually not affected by the strong sunshine.C.Desert plants grow densely close to the ground.D.Plants in different regions show no relations to the seasons.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】第1题:主旨思想题。根据第二段的第一句plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets.植物作为生物体要保持热量的平衡，之后的段落主要说明植物是如何保持热量平衡的。所以本文主要围绕植物吸收与散发热量的平衡来展开说明。选项D正确。第2题:根据第三段的内容可知，只要北极植物靠近地面，就能平衡热量收支，如果北极植物过高，则会受到北极风的影响，从而无法从太阳吸收足够的热量。所以，北极植物长得矮主要是受北极的风影响，选项C正确。第3题:信息推断题。根据文章第四段第三句It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating它缺少水，所以不脱水就不能通过蒸发来冷却自己。选项D符合原文。第4题:细节判断题。根据第三段的第一句Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere。只有选项C没有提及。第5题:信息判断题。根据第四段的内容可知选项A指的是沙漠植物而不是北极植物；根据倒数第二段的最后一句 In tropical rain forests, . the scorching sun is not a problem for plants. 可知选项B正确；选项C描述的是北极植物；根据最后一段的第一句可知，不同地区的植物与季节相关，所以选项D也错误。4. 案例题A new study from the Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement (CIRCLE) at Tufts University shows that todays youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations, and a 2008 study from the Center for American Progress adds that increasing numbers of young voters and activists support traditionally liberal causes. But theres no easy way to see what those figures mean in real life. During the presidential campaign, Barack Obama assembled a racially and ideologically diverse coalition with his message of hope and change; as the reality of life under a new administration settles in, some of those supporters might become disillusioned. As the nation moves further into the Obama presidency, will politically engaged young people continue to support the president and his agenda, or will they gradually drift away?The writers of Generation O (short for Obama), a new Newsweek blog that seeks to chronicle the lives of a group of young Obama supporters, want to answer that question. For the next three months, Michelle Kremer and 11 other Obama supporters, ages 19 to 34, will blog about life across mainstream America, with one twist: by tying all of their ideas and experiences to the new president and his administration, the bloggers will try to start a conversation about what it means to be young and politically active in America today. Malena Amusa, a 24-year-old writer and dancer from St. Louis sees the project as a way to preserve history as it happens. Amusa, who is traveling to India this spring to finish a book, then to Senegal to teach English, has ongoing conversations with her friends about how the Obama presidency has changed their daily lives and hopes to put some of those ideas, along with her global perspective, into her posts. Shes excited because, as she puts it, I dont have to wait until 15 years from now to make sense of the world.Henry Flores, a political-science professor at St. Marys University, credits this younger generations political strength to their embrace of technology. The Internet exposes them to more thinking, he says, and groups that are like-minded in different parts of the country start to come together. Thats exactly what the Generation O bloggers are hoping to do. The result could be a group of young people that, like their boomer（二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人）parents, grows up with a strong sense of purpose and sheds the image of apathy（冷漠）theyve inherited from Generation X（60 年代后期和 70 年代出生的美国人）. Its no small challenge for a blog run by a group of ordinaryif ambitiousyoung people, but the members of Generation O are up to the task.1. What is the finding of a new study by CIRCLE?A. More young voters are going to the polls than before.B. The young generation supports traditionally liberal causes.C. Young voters played a decisive role in Obamas election.D. Young people in America are now more diverse ideologically.2. What is a main concern of the writers of Generation O?A. How Obama is going to live up to young peoples expectations.B. Whether America is going to change during Obamas presidency.C. Whether young people will continue to support Obamas policy.D. How Obamas agenda is going to affect the life of Americans.3. What will the Generation O bloggers write about in their posts?A. Their own interpretation of American politics.B. Policy changes to take place in Obamas administration.C. Obamas presidency viewed from a global perspective.D. Their lives in relation to Obamas presidency.4. What accounts for the younger generations political strength according to Professor Henry Flores?A. Their embrace of radical ideas.B. Their desire to change America.C. Their utilization of the Internet.D. Their strong sense of responsibility.5. What can we infer from the passage about Generation X?A. They are politically conservative.B. They reject conventional values.C. They dare to take up challenges.D. They are indifferent to politics.【答案】1.A2.C3.D4.C5.D【解析】1.根据第一段的第一句“shows that todays youth vote in larger numbers than previous generations”可知，选项A正确。2.根据第二段的第一句“seeks to chronicle the lives of a group of young Obama supporters”可知，选项C符合原文。3.根据第二段的内容“ will blog about life across mainstream America, with one twist: by tying all of their ideas and experiences to the new president and his administration.”选项D符合原文。4.根据最后一段Professor Henry Flores说的话“The Internet exposes them to more thinking”可以看出正确答案为C。5.根据关键词“Generation X”定位到文章最后一段的后半部分“The result could be.the image of apathy theyve inherited from Generation X.”所以选项D正确。5. 案例题In the college-admissions wars, we parents are the true fights. We are pushing our kids to get good grades, take SAT preparatory courses and build resumes so they can get into the college of our first choice. Ive twice been to the wars, and as I survey the battlefield, something different is happening. We see our kids college background as e prize demonstrating how well weve raised them. But we cant acknowledge that our obsession（痴迷） is more about us than them. So weve contrived various justifications that turn out to be half-truths, prejudices or myths. It actually doesnt matter much whether Aaron and Nicole go to Stanford.We have a full-blown prestige panic; we worry that there wont be enough prizes to go around. Fearful parents urge their children to apply to more schools than ever. Underlying the hysteria（歇斯底里） is the belief that scarce elite degrees must be highly valuable. Their graduates must enjoy more success because they get a better education and develop better contacts. All that is plausibleand mostly wrong. We havent found any convincing evidence that selectivity or prestige matters. Selective schools dont systematically employ better instructional approaches than less selective schools. On two measuresprofessors feedback and the number of essay examsselective schools do slightly worse.By some studies, selective schools do enhance their graduates lifetime earnings. The gain is reckoned at 2-4% for every 100-point increase in a schools average SAT scores. But even this advantage is probably a statistical fluke（偶然）. A well-known study examined students who got into highly selective schools and then went elsewhere. They earned just as much as graduates from higher-status schools. Kids count more than their colleges. Getting into Yale may signify intelligence, talent and ambition. But its not the only indicator and,paradoxically,its significance is declining. The reason:so many similar people go elsewhere.Getting into college is not life only competition.Old-boy networks are breaking down. Princeton economist Alan Krueger studied admissions to one top Ph.D.program. High scores on the GRE helped explain who got in;degrees of prestigious universities didnt. So, parents, lighten up. The stakes have been vastly exaggerated up to a point, we can rationalize our pushiness. America is a competitive society; our kids need to adjust to that.but too much pushiness can be destructive. The very ambition we impose on our children may get some into Harvard but may also set them up for disappointment. One study found that, other things being equal,graduates of highly selective schools experienced more job dissatisfaction. They may have been so conditioned to being on top that anything less disappoints.1. Why does the author say that parents are the true fighters in the college-admissions wars?A.They have the final say in which university their children are to attend.B.They know best which universities are most suitable for their children.C.They have to carry out intensive surveys of colleges before children make an application.D.They care more about which college their children go to than the children themselves.2. Why do parents urge their children to apply to more school than ever?A.they want to increase their children chances of entering a prestigious college.B.they hope their children can enter a university that offers attractive scholarships.C.Their children all have a wider choice of which college to go to.D.Elite universities now enroll fewer student than they used to.3. What does the author mean by “kids count more than their colleges”. (Line1, para.4)?A.Continuing education is more important to a person success.B.A person happiness should be valued more than their education.C.Kids actual abilities are more important than their college background.D.What kids learn at college cannot keep up with job market requirements.4. What does Krueger study tell us?A. Getting into Ph.D. programs may be more competitive than getting into college.B. Degrees of prestigious universities does not guarantee entry to graduate programs.C. Graduates from prestigious universities does not care much about their GRE scores.D. Connections built in prestigious universities may be sustained long after graduation.5. One possible result of pushing children into elite universities is that ( ).A.they earn l