2022年考博英语-浙江大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第101期

2022年考博英语-浙江大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题There are a variety of ways to think about the self. Two of the most widely used terms are self-concept and self-esteem. Self-concept generally refers to the totality of a complex, organized, and dynamic system of learned beliefs, attitudes and opinions that people hold about themselves, while self-esteem generally refers to how we feel about or how we value ourselves. There is a great deal of research which shows that the self-concept is, perhaps, the basis for all motivated behavior. It is the self-concept that gives rise to possible selves, and it is possible selves that create the motivation for behavior. Self-concept is related to self-esteem in that people who have good self-esteem have a clear differentiated self-concept. When people know themselves, they can maximize outcomes because they know that what they can and cannot do. It would see, then, that one way to impact self-esteem is to obey the somewhat outworn cline of “Know theyself.”There are several different components of self-concept: physical, academic, social and transpersonal. The physical aspect of self-concept relates to that which is concrete: what we look like, our sex, height, weight, and what kind of clothes we wear. Our academic self-concept relates to how well we do in school or how well we learn. The social self-concept describes how we relate to other people and the transpersonal self-concept describes how we relate to other supernatural or unknown on an emotional or spiritual level.Though self-reflection, people often come to view themselves in a new, more powerful way, and it is through this new, more power way of viewing the self that people can develop possible selves. We develop and maintain our self-concept by taking action and then reflecting on what we have done and what others tell us about what we have done. We reflect in comparison to our expectations and the exceptions of others and to the characteristics and accomplishments of others. Self-concept, thus is not innate, but is developed by the individual through interaction with the environment and reflecting on that interaction. This dynamic aspect of self-concept is important because it indicates that it can be modified or changed.1.It can be inferred from the text that（）.2.The authors attitude towards the ideas of “know themselves” is（）.3.One can conclude from the text that by developing good self-esteem people can（）.4.Which of the following would be identified as transpersonal self- concept?5.The most appropriate title for the text would be（）.问题1选项A.the author believes most behavior is learned, not innateB.the author doesnt believe that ones self-concept can changeC.self-concept and self-esteem are often mistaken for each otherD.the author has doubts about the idea that self-concepts is the basis for behavior问题2选项A.criticalB.positiveC.neutralD.mixed问题3选项A.improve their interactions immenselyB.begin improving their behaviorC.begin to develop a clear self-conceptD.correct deficiencies in their character问题4选项A.Our concept of how interested and well we study supernatural topics.B.Our knowledge of our strange intuition about peoples feelings.C.Our understanding of how we relate to a god we believe in.D.Our understanding of our relationship with other people.问题5选项A.The Characteristics of Self- ConceptB.The Changeability of Self-ConceptC.Self-Concept and Self-EsteemD.New Research on Self-Concepts【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:1.根据原文第一段中说到the self-concept is, perhaps, the basis for all motivated behavior.（自我概念也许是所有动机行为的基础），最后一段，作者再提到Self-concept, thus is not innate（因此，自我概念不是天生的），由此可知，大多数的行为都是习得的，并非与生俱来。因此A选项正确。2.根据最后一段的第一句“.it is through this new, more power way of viewing the self that people can develop possible selves.”可知，作者认为，只有了解了自己，人们才能发展出潜在的自我。所以作者对此的态度是正面的，积极的。选项B正确。3.根据第一段“Self-concept is related to self-esteem in that people who have good self-esteem have a clear differentiated self-concept.”可知，选项C正确。4.根据第二段的最后一句“the transpersonal self-concept describes how we relate to other supernatural or unknown on an emotional or spiritual level.”超个人自我概念描述了我们如何在情感或精神层面与其他超自然或未知的事物相处。选项C符合原文。5.根据原文可知，本文主要是讲自我概念的特征。选项A更符合要求。其他三个选项都只是文中的一部分。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:2. 单选题They gained great influence by（ ）themselves to prominent city institutions.问题1选项A.detachingB.assigningC.dispatchingD.attaching【答案】D【解析】固定搭配。detach通常与 from搭配，意为从分离，拆卸；assign to指定到，分配给；dispatch to调度，派遣；attach to依附，附属。句意：他们通过依附于著名的城市机构获得了巨大的影响力。选项D符合句意。3. 单选题A survey earlier this year found that about 50 percent of South Africans think that “most” or “almost all” governmental officials are involved in（ ）.问题1选项A.robberyB.violationC.corruptionD.stealing【答案】C【解析】robbery抢劫，盗窃；violation侵害； corruption贪污，腐败；stealing偷窃。句意：今年早些时候的一项调查发现，大约50%的南非人认为“大多数”或“几乎所有”政府官员都与腐败 有关。选项C符合句意。4. 单选题Its disturbing to note how many of crimes we do know about were detected（ ）, not by systematic inspections or other security procedures.问题1选项A.by accidentB.on scheduleC.in generalD.at intervals【答案】A【解析】by accident偶然，意外地；on schedule按时；in general通常，一般而言，总之；at intervals不时。句意：令人不安的是，我们所知道的许多罪行都是偶然发现的，而不是通过系统的检查或其他安全程序发现的。选项A符合句意。5. 单选题You many have ever entered a bookstore just to take ( ) from a sudden shower, but you found time spent there was very enjoyable.问题1选项A.shieldB.shelterC.avoidanceD.protection【答案】B【解析】take shelter from为固定搭配，意为躲避。句意：许多人进入书店只是为了躲避骤雨，但你们会发现在那里度过的时光是非常愉快的。6. 翻译题世界人口突破70亿，地球资源日益减少，人们忧心忡忡。中国宣称从1979年计划生育政策实施以来，中国已有效控制了出生率。如果没有计划生育，中国这个人口最多的国家就会多出几千万的人口。事实上，没有一个国家像中国这样大力度地、大规模地执行这项政策。据第六次人口普查报告，中国现在有13.7亿人口。不过，西方社会学家和经济学家一直警告说，再过三十年，中国将成为世界上唯一的在没有进入发达社会之前就面临老龄社会的发展中国家。和欧洲相比，中国面临老龄化危机的进程更快。五年后，中国60岁以上的人口将从现在1.78亿增长到2.21亿。到2050年，中国四分之一的人口将超过65岁。60岁以上的人口有半数是独居老人，这一点是以前不曾想象的，要知道，以前中国人可是四代同堂。现在一个孩子要负担父母两人和祖辈四人，这个倒金字塔对每个人来说都是挑战。越来越多的人移居到城市工作，大城市面临更大的压力，而中小型城市不能给人们提供足够的就业机会。出生于1962年到1972年这十年间的中国人退休后，这种压力会更大。这十年间平均每年有3000万婴儿出生，现在每年却只有600万到700万婴儿出生。国家人口和计划生育委员会没有放开长期的计划生育政策，因为人口过多仍然是中国社会和经济发展面临的主要挑战之一。【答案】With the worlds population breaking through 7 billion and the shrinking of resources on the earth, people are worried about it. China claims that the birthrate has been effectively controlled since the family planning policy was implemented in 1979.If there is no family planning, Chinese, the most populous country, will have additional tens of millions of the population. Actually, there is no county carrying out such policy like China. According to the 6th censes report, China has a population of 1.37 billion. Nevertheless, western sociologists and economists have warned that, after thirty years, China would be the only one developing country facing an aging society before developed.Comparing with Europe, China faces with a faster process of the aging crisis. Five year later, the population elder than 60 would increase to 0.221 billion from 0.178 billion. A quarter people will be older than 65 in 2050. Half of the people over 60 are single, which is unimagined before because Chinese is always four generation in the hall. Now the Inverted Pyramid that a child needs to take the burden of parents and grandparents is a challenge for everyone. As an increasing number of people are moving into the city for jobs, big cities are facing greater pressure. On the other hand, companies are offering inadequate positions to meet these job seekers, needs in middle-small sized cities.After the entry of the decade from 1962 to 1972, the stress will be harder. Over the decade, 30 million infants were born every year on average, whereas in recent years this data have decreased to 6-7 million. Since overpopulation is still one of the main challenges for the development of Chinas society and economy, the National Population and Family Planning Commission has not loosen the long-term family planning policy.7. 单选题It is well known that the popular singer has a/an ( ) car in addition to a large house.问题1选项A.credibleB.incredibleC.believableD.inherent【答案】B【解析】credible可靠的，可信的；incredible难以置信的，惊人的；believable可信的；inherent固有的，遗传的，与生俱来的。句意：众所周知，这位流行歌手除了有一所大房子外，还有一辆好车。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题The（ ） choice for a consumer, therefore, is the choice among the available ones that will enable him or her to maximize utility.问题1选项A.optimalB.optionalC.opticalD.optimistic【答案】A【解析】optimal最佳的，最理想的；optional可选择的，随意的；optical光学的，视觉的；optimistic乐观的。句意：因此，对于消费者来说，最佳选择是在可用的选择中做出选择，从而使他或她能够最大化效用。选项A符合句意。9. 单选题Job-related illnesses are growing in frequency. In 1985, there were 390,000 cases of illnesses that were job related, including lung and bladder（膀胱）cancers, skin ailments, emphysema（肺气肿）, and heart disease. There were also 100,000 deaths. Many of these illnesses and deaths are attributable to chemically hazardous substances.An obvious approach to reducing occupational illnesses is to rid the workplace of the chemical agents or toxins that are the source of many of the problems. However, sometimes that is not financially feasible or technically possible. An alternative approach is to capitalize on the fact that not all individuals are equally susceptible to health hazards in the workplace. For example, until the early 1970s when strict safety standards were introduced, all workers in shipbuilding plants were exposed to excessively high levels of asbestos（石棉） dust, yet only some have, or will develop, respiratory problems such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and emphysema.Researchers have begun only a certain portion to attack the puzzling problem of work groups that are “hyper susceptible” to particular chemical agents or toxins. One approach is to use genetic information as a means of differentiating between those who will and will not have adverse reactions to the toxin. At present, there are several known genetic markers that signal an individuals predisposition to developing health problems in the presence of certain working conditions. For example, people with a pair of genes deficient in an enzyme called G-6-PD are more likely than others to experience a breakdown of red blood cells and consequent anemia（贫血）when they work with chemicals contained in TNT, or types of antimalarial drugs（抗疟药）.Recent research also suggests that presence of a defective gene on the eleventh chromosome（染色体）reduces the bodys ability to remove excess cholesterol（胆固醇）deposits from artery walls（动脉壁）, thus predisposing carriers of the gene to coronary artery（冠状动脉）disease. Presumably, individuals with this genetic anomaly（异常）would be more likely to have heart problems when stressful job situations are encountered than those without it.Accordingly, genetic screening is based on the premise that individuals have different genetic markers and some of these differences can be used to predict predisposition to occupational diseases. There is some evidence that certain companies have used the genetic screening to control the incidence of job-related illnesses. Some of the companies also had taken action as a result of the tests, including warning employees about potential health problems, transferring employees, suggesting that employees seek other jobs, using the data for replacement purposes, or changing the production process.1.The author states in the passage that chemically dangerous substances in the workplace（ ） .2.The author gives an example of workers in shipbuilding plants（ ）.3.How many occupational diseases are listed in this passage?4.According to the passage, when a person has a defective gene on the eleventh chromosome, he or she is at the risk of developing （ ） .5.This passage is mainly about（ ）.问题1选项A.have nothing to do with occupational illnessesB.are responsible for many occupational illnessesC.play a minor role in bringing about such occupational diseases as lung cancer and emphysemaD.usually give rise to skin ailments问题2选项A.to show that workers are usually subject to bad working conditionsB.to prove there were no safety standards before 1970C.to warn workers against respiratory problemsD.to show that not all workers exposed to chemically dangerous substances are liable to occupational illnesses问题3选项A.SixB.SevenC.EightD.Nine问题4选项A.coronary artery diseaseB.pulmonary diseaseC.respiratory diseaseD.bladder cancer问题5选项A.how to reduce job-related diseaseB.the incidence of job-related diseasesC.genetic testing and the prevention of job- related diseasesD.the functions of genetic markers【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.根据第一段的最后一句“Many of these illnesses and deaths are attributable to chemically hazardous substances.”许多这些工作相关的疾病和死亡可归因于化学危险物质。所以选项B正确。2.根据第二段的第三句“An alternative approach is to capitalize on the fact that not all individuals are equally susceptible to health hazards in the workplace.”另一种方法是利用并非所有人在工作场所同样容易受到健康危害这一事实。选项D符合原文。3.根据原文内容可知，第一段列举了lung and bladder cancers, skin ailments, emphysema, and heart disease等5种职业病以及第二段提及的asbestosis，所以一共是6种。选项A正确。4.根据第四段的第一句“Recent research also suggests that presence of a defective gene on the eleventh chromosome reduces the bodys ability to remove excess cholesterol deposits from artery walls, thus predisposing carriers of the gene to coronary artery disease.”选项A正确。5.结合全文内容可知，文章的主要内容是关于基因的测试研究以及职业病的预防。选项C更符合原文。10. 单选题In 2005, President Bush put his political capital where his mouth was, and lost. He went all-out to ( ) Congress and the American people that privatizing Social Security would be good and necessary.问题1选项A.argueB.concedeC.convinceD.confess【答案】C【解析】句意：2005年，布什总统把他的政治资本一直挂在嘴边，结果失败了。他竭尽全力让国会和美国人民相信，将社会保障私有化是好的也是必要的。argue争论、证明； concede 允许，承认；convince 说服，使确信；confess 供认，忏悔。选项C符合句意。11. 单选题Today, cigarette smoking is a widespread habit. About 43 percent of the adult men and 31 percent of the adult women in the US smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. 75 percent of the male population and 46 percent of the female population have smoked cigarettes at some time during their lives, but 26 percent of these men and 11 percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.It is a fact that men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion of smokers is the age group 24-44.Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a persons smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand, if a well-educated man with a higher income smokes at all, he is likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day.The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily.Among teenagers the picture is similar. There are fewer teenaged smokers from upper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who do not plan to continue their education after high school. Children are most likely to start smoking if one or both of their parents smoke.1.What do we know from the first paragraph?2.What determines a persons smoking habits?3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?4.What is the smoking situation for women?5.What can we say about teenage smokers?问题1选项A.More and more people take up the habit of smoking.B.There are more smoking women than smoking men in USAC.It is good news that more people have given up smoking.D.The US has more smoking people than any other city.问题2选项A.Age, income and educationB.Age, sex and income.C.Occupation, income and sexD.Profession, income and education问题3选项A.City people are less likely to smoke.B.People in rural areas are more likely to smoke.C.Men with higher incomes tend to smoke.D.Well-educated men with high incomes are generally less likely to smoke.问题4选项A.The situation is quite the same for women as for men.B.Better-educated women are likely to smoke heavily.C.There are more women smokers with low incomes.D.Women with higher incomes and higher education do not tend to smoke.问题5选项A.The picture about the teenage smokers is similar to that of women smokers.B.The situation among teenagers is quite the same with men.C.High school students are more likely to smoke than college students.D.Farmers children tend to smoke more.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.段落主旨题。第一段的最后一句为本文主旨句“The number of persons who have given upsmoking is increasing.”戒烟的人数正在增加。选项C符合原文。2.根据第三段的第一句“Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a persons smoking habits.”一个人的收入，受教育程度以及职位都决定了其抽烟习惯。选项D与原文一一对应。3.细节判断题。根据第三段的第三句“Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes.”选项D正确。4.细节事实题。根据题第四段的第二句“There are slightly more smokers among womenwith higher family incomes and higher education.”。家里越富有，受教育程度越高的人群中，女性吸烟者更多。选项B符合原文。5.细节事实题。根据最后一段第二句“There are fewer teenaged smokers from upper-income, well-educated families, and fewer from families living in farm areas.”收入高、受过良好教育的家庭中，青少年吸烟者较少，来自农村地区的家庭也一样。所以选项D错误；选项C在文中没有提及；根据第三段第三句“Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes.”可知，青少年的这种情况与成年男性相似。所以选项B正确。12. 单选题The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world , has dramatized how the careless use of the earths resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The overdevelopment of motor transport, with its（1）of more cars, more highways , more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has（2）to the near-destruction of our cities, and the pollution not only of（3）air , but also of the earth satmosphere. The disaster has arrived in the（4）of the energy crisis.Our present（5）is unlike war, revolution or depression. It is also unlike the great natural disasters of the past. Worldwide resources（6） and energy use have brought us to a state（7）long-range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which（8） the future of our country, our children, and our earth,（9）a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss of（10） . There is a strong demand for moral revival and（11）some devotion that is vast enough and yet（12）enough to enlist the devolution of all. In the past it has been only in a war in（13）of their own country（14）any people have been able to（15）themselves wholeheartedly.This is the first time we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in（16）with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who（17）with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a（18）need to reassess our present course, and to（19）new methods through which the world can survive. This is priceless（20）.问题1选项A.manufactureB.increaseC.presenceD.expansion问题2选项A.attributedB.contributedC.amountedD.brought