2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷29（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-四川师范大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Bob takes pride in doing a job and getting it done _ much time is required.问题1选项A.no matter howB.the matter soC.in a matter ofD.for the matter of【答案】A【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项no matter how“无论怎样；无论如何；不管如何；不管怎样”；C选项in a matter of“左右；大约只不过在之内”；B选项和D选项无实际意义。句意：无论工作需要多少时间，鲍勃都能把它完成，并以此为傲。因此A选项正确。2. 单选题I am sure that with your remarkable ability and rich experience, the current session you _ over will be a success.问题1选项A.presumeB.propelC.presideD.prick【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项presume“假定；推测；擅自；意味着”；B选项propel“推进；驱使；激励；驱策”；C选项preside“负责；主持”；D选项“戳；扎破；（使）感到刺痛”。根据固定搭配preside over“主持；执掌；负责；管理”可知句意为：我相信，以你卓越的能力和丰富的经验，你主持的本届会议将取得成功。因此C选项正确。3. 单选题This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important _ of American life.问题1选项A.fashionsB.frontiersC.facetsD.formats【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项fashions“时尚；时装；样式；方式；时髦人物”；B选项frontiers“前沿；边界；国境”；C选项facets“面；方面；小平面”；D选项formats“格式；版式；开本”。句意：这本书大致介绍了这些根本的信仰和价值观对美国人生活各个重要层面的影响。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists. After all, there is no natural reason why 2,500 people should accidentally shoot themselves each year or why 7,000 should drown or 55,000 die in their cars. No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.A few years ago a Canadian psychologist named Gerald Wilde became interested in this phenomenon. He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time. Wilde developed an intriguing theory called “risk homeostasis”. According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger. If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers. Other studies have shown that where an intersection is made safer, the accident rate invariably falls there but rises to a compensating level elsewhere along the same stretch of road. It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.In all events, it is becoming clearer and clearer to scientists that the factors influencing our lifespan are far more subtle and complex than had been previously thought. It now appears that if you wish to live a long life, it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care. You must also have the right attitude. Scientists at the Duke University Medical Center made a 15-year study of 500 persons personalities and found, somewhat to their surprise, that people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition. Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.1. What social scientists have long felt puzzled about is why _.2. In his research, Gerald Wilde finds that technological advances and increases in safety standards _.3. According to the theory of “risk homeostasis”, some traffic accidents result from _.4. By saying “.statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers” (Para. 2), the author means _.5. Which of the following may contribute to a longer life span?问题1选项A.the mortality rate can not be predictedB.the death toll remained stable year after yearC.a quota for each type of death has not come into beingD.people lost their lives every year for this or that reason问题2选项A.have helped solve the problem of so high death rateB.have oddly accounted for mortality rates in the past centuryC.have reduced mortality rates for violent and accidental deathsD.have achieved no effect in bringing down the number of deaths问题3选项A.our innate desire for riskB.our fast and reckless drivingC.our ignorance of seat belt benefitsD.our instinctive interest in speeding问题4选项A.wearing seat belts does not have any benefits from the statistic point of viewB.deaths from wearing seat belts are the same as those from not wearing themC.deaths from other reasons counterbalance the benefits of wearing seat beltsD.wearing seat belts does not necessarily reduce deaths from traffic accidents问题5选项A.Showing adequate trust instead of suspicion of others.B.Eating the food low in fat and driving with great care.C.Cultivating an optimistic personality and never losing heart.D.Looking on the bright side and developing a balanced level of risk.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The predictability of our mortality rates is something that has long puzzled social scientists.No one establishes a quota for each type of death. It just happens that they follow a consistent pattern year after year.（死亡率的可预测性长期以来一直困扰着社会科学家没有人为每种死亡类型设定一个限额。他们只是年复一年地遵循着一种一成不变的模式。）”由此可知B选项“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”说法正确。A选项“死亡率无法预测”，文章的意思为死亡人数年复一年保持稳定，所以社会科学家很难预测死亡率的变化，并不是说死亡率不可预测，所以A选项说法错误；C选项“还没有形成每种死亡类型的限额”和D选项“人们每年因为这个或那个原因而失去生命”虽然文中都有提到，但这些都是死亡人数保持稳定的原因，不是主要困扰社会科学家们的问题。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“He noticed that mortality rates for violent and accidental deaths throughout the Western world have remained oddly static throughout the whole of the century, despite all the technological advances and increases in safety standards that have happened in that time.（他注意到，整个世纪以来，尽管在这段时间里发生了所有的技术进步和安全标准提高，西方世界的暴力和意外死亡死亡率一直保持着奇怪的稳定。）”，由此可知技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数，所以D选项“没有达到降低死亡人数的效果”说法正确。A选项“帮助解决了高死亡率的问题”、B选项“在过去的一个世纪中对死亡率的解释很奇怪”以及C选项“减少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事实，因此D选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“According to this theory, people instinctively live with a certain level of risk. When something is made safer, people will get around the measure in some way to reassert the original level of danger.It appears, then, that we have an innate need for danger.（根据这一理论，人们本能地生活在一定程度的风险中。当某物变得更安全时，人们会以某种方式绕过该措施，重新确认原来的危险水平这样看来，我们对危险有一种天生的需求。）”，由此可知A选项“我们天生的冒险欲望”说法正确。B选项“我们的快速和鲁莽驾驶”；C选项“我们对安全带好处的无知”；D选项“我们对超速的本能兴趣”文章虽然都有提到，但那些都并不是体内风险平衡理论主要阐述的导致交通事故的根本原因，因此A选项正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“If, for instance, they are required to wear seat belts, they will feel safer and thus will drive a little faster and a little more recklessly, thereby statistically canceling out the benefits that the seat belt confers.（例如，如果他们被要求系上安全带，他们会感到更安全，因此会开车更快一点，更鲁莽一点，从而从统计学上抵消了安全带带来的好处。）”，由此可知从统计学的角度说，开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加抵消了系保险带引起的死亡人数减少的好处，所以C选项“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全带的好处”符合题意。A选项“从统计的角度来看，系安全带没有任何好处”和B选项“系安全带和不系安全带造成的死亡是一样的”以及D选项“系上安全带不一定能减少交通事故的死亡人数”都不是作者想要表达的意思。因此C选项正确。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“people with a suspicious or mistrustful nature die prematurely far more often than people with a sunny disposition.（性格多疑的人比性格开朗的人更容易过早死亡）”可知A选项“对他人表现出足够的信任而不是怀疑”说法错误，文章提到的是要保持性格开朗，C选项“培养乐观的性格，永不气馁”正确；根据最后一段“it isnt simply a matter of adhering to certain precautions: eating the right foods, not smoking, driving with care.（这不仅仅是坚持某些预防措施的问题：吃正确的食物，不吸烟，小心驾驶。）”可知B选项“吃低脂肪的食物，小心驾驶”说法错误，正确的食物不等于低脂肪的食物；根据文章最后一句话“Looking on the bright side, it seems, can add years to your life span.（往好的方面看，它似乎可以延长你的寿命。）”可知D选项“看到光明的一面，发展一个平衡的风险水平”说法错误，后半句文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。5. 单选题Englands team, who are now superbly fit, will be doing their best next week to _ themselves for last years defeat.问题1选项A.reviveB.retortC.revengeD.remedy【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项revive“复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神”；B选项retort“反驳，回嘴；蒸馏；在曲颈瓶里加热；（对侮辱或伤害）进行报复”；C选项revenge“报复；替报仇；雪耻”；D选项remedy“补救，纠正，改进；治疗”。句意：英格兰队现在状态极佳，下周将竭尽全力为去年的失败复仇。因此C选项正确。6. 单选题There are several _ between the original estimates of the cost and the actual bills.问题1选项A.exaggerationsB.discrepanciesC.breakthroughsD.compliances【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项exaggeration“夸张；夸大之词；夸张的手法”；B选项discrepancy“不符；矛盾；相差”；C选项breakthrough“突破；突破性进展”；D选项compliance“顺从，服从；符合；屈从；可塑性”。句意：费用的原始估计和实际账单之间有几处不一致。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题It is _ who decides whether the accused is innocent or guilty.问题1选项A.the jury and only juryB.the jury and only the juryC.only the jury and juryD.the jury and the only jury【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。原句是一个强调句，意思是“陪审团，也只有陪审团才能决定被起诉的人是否有罪。”此处，“陪审团”应该是特指的，在结构上应为the jury。形容词only修饰一个特指的名词，可以放在定冠词之前，此处，构成only the jury，意为“只有陪审团”；也可以放在定冠词之后，此处，构成the only jury，意为“那唯一的陪审团”。从结构上讲，只有B选项和D选项符合上述要求；从意义上讲，B选项（陪审团，只有陪审团）才符合句义，因为在法律上，只要组织了陪审团，就有资格参与审判，而不论“这个”还是“那个”。因此B选项正确。8. 单选题In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences, that it is not even questioned. There are countries where the white man imposes his rule by brute force; there are countries where the black man protests by setting fire to cities and by looting and pillaging. Important people on both sides, who would in other respects appear to be reasonable men, get up and calmly argue in favor of violenceas if it were a legitimate solution, like any other. What is really frightening, what really fills you with despair, is the realization that when it comes to the crunch, we have made no actual progress at all. We may wear collars and ties instead of war-paint, but our instinct remain basically unchanged. The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing. We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute. The sheer horror, the bloodshed, the suffering means nothing. No solution ever comes to light the morning after when we dismally contemplate the smoking ruins and wonder what hit us.The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement. If half the energy that goes into violent acts were put to good use, if our efforts were directed at cleaning up the slums and ghettos, at improving living-standards and providing education and employment for all, we would have gone a long way to arriving at a solution. Our strength is sapped by having to mop up the mess that violence leaves in its wake. In a well-directed effort, it would not be impossible to fulfill the ideals of a stable social program. The benefits that can be derived from constructive solutions are everywhere apparent in the world around us. Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.Before we can even begin to contemplate peaceful co-existence between the races, we must appreciate each others problems. And to do this, we must learn about them: it is a simple exercise in communication, in exchanging information. “Talk, talk, talk,” the advocates of violence say, “all you ever do is talk, and we are none the wiser.” Its rather like the story of the famous barrister who painstakingly explained his case to the judge. After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser. “Possibly, my Lord,” the barrister replied, “none the wiser, but surely far better informed.” Knowledge is the necessary prerequisite to wisdom: the knowledge that violence creates the evils it pretends to solve.1. What is the best title for this passage?2. Recorded history has taught us _3. It can be inferred that truly reasonable men_4. “He was none the wiser” means _5. According to the author the best way to solve race prejudice is _.问题1选项A.Advocating Violence.B.Violence Can Do Nothing to Diminish Race Prejudice.C.Important People on Both Sides See Violence As a Legitimate Solution.D.The Instincts of Human Race Are Thirsty for Violence.问题2选项A.violence never solves anything.B.nothing.C.the bloodshed means nothing.D.everything.问题3选项A.cant get a hearing.B.are looked down upon.C.are persecuted.D.have difficulty in advocating law enforcement.问题4选项A.he was not at all wise in listening.B.he was not at all wiser than nothing before.C.he gains nothing after listening.D.he makes no sense of the argument.问题5选项A.law enforcementB.knowledgeC.nonviolenceD.mopping up the violent mess【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开头说道“In some countries where racial prejudice is acute, violence has so come to be taken for granted as a means of solving differences（在一些种族偏见十分严重的国家，暴力被理所当然地视为解决分歧的一种手段）”，接着第一段的后文中又提到“We have still not learnt that violence never solves a problem but makes it more acute.（我们仍然没有认识到，暴力永远解决不了问题，反而会使问题更加严重。）”，并且全文的基调都是反暴力的，由此可知该文主要说明了暴力无法消除种族偏见。A选项“崇尚暴力”；B选项“暴力无法消除种族偏见”；C选项“双方重要人士都认为暴力是一种合法的解决方案”；D选项“人类的本能是对暴力的渴望”。因此B选项正确。2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“The whole of the recorded history of the human race, that tedious documentation of violence, has taught us absolutely nothing.（整个有记录的人类历史，那些冗长乏味的暴力记录，没有教会我们任何东西。）”，由此可知那些历史没有教会我们任何东西。A选项“暴力解决不了任何问题”；B选项“什么都没有教会”；C选项“流血毫无意义”；D选项“所有事情”。因此B选项正确。3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段的第一句话“The truly reasonable men who know where the solutions lie are finding it harder and harder to get a hearing. They are despised, mistrusted and even persecuted by their own kind because they advocate such apparently outrageous things as law enforcement.（真正合理的人知道解决办法在哪里，他们发现越来越难得到听证，他们被自己的同类所鄙视、不信任甚至迫害，因为他们提倡执法等明显令人愤慨的事情。）”。A选项“得不到听证”；B选项“被轻视”；C选项“被迫害”；D选项“难以提倡执法”。A、B、C选项出现的情况是由于真正明事理的人在推行执法，由此可推断出难以提倡执法才是真正明事理的那些人面临的主要问题。因此D选项正确。4.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章最后一段“After listening to a lengthy argument the judge complained that after all this talk, he was none the wiser.（法官听了一场冗长的辩论后抱怨说，经过这么多的谈话，他什么都没有搞明白。）”。A选项“他根本不善于倾听”；B选项“他一点也不比以前聪明”；C选项“他听了之后没有一点收获”；D选项“他并不理解这场辩论”。none the wise“不理解；不明白”；与make no sense of 意思相同，因此D选项正确。5.作者意图题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段最后一句“Genuine and lasting solutions are always possible, providing we work within the framework of the law.（只要我们在法律框架内工作，就总是可能有真正和持久的解决办法。）”。A选项“执法”；B选项“知识”；C选项“非暴力”；D选项“收拾暴力的烂摊子”。因此A选项正确。9. 单选题The sun frizzled the grasses and blazed on the rocks of Kasauli. All was either _ or blackened by heat and glare.问题1选项A.quenchedB.breachedC.bleachedD.white【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项quenched“熄灭，淬火；解渴；结束；冷浸；平息”；B选项breach“违反，破坏；打破”；C选项bleached“漂白，晒白；（使）变成淡色；（使）失去活力；（使）失去实质内容；用漂白剂给清洗，消毒”；D选项white“使变白，把涂白”。句意：阳光使青草卷曲，在卡索利的岩石上发出耀眼的光芒。所有的东西都被热得失去活力或被强光变黑了。因此C选项正确。10. 单选题Accuracy is _ to the programming of computer.问题1选项A.elementalB.baseC.fundamentalD.inherent【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项elemental“基本的；主要的；自然力的；四大要素的（土、水、气、火）”（强调属于事物的基础或本质）；B选项based“基地在的；在居住（或工作）；（以某事）为基础，为根据”；C选项fundamental“基本的，根本的”（强调重要性，根基作用等，指重要程度即非常重要）；D选项inherent“固有的；内在的；与生俱来的，遗传的”。句意：准确性是计算机编程的基础。be fundamental to.“基础的；基本的”。因此C选项正确。11. 单选题The detective and his assistant have begun to _ the mysterious murder.问题1选项A.come throughB.look intoC.make overD.see to【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项come through“经历；安然度过；获得成功”；B选项look into“调查；观察；窥视；浏览；看”；C选项make over“转让；移交；修改”；D选项see to“注意；负责；照料”。句意：侦探和他的助手已经开始调查那宗神秘的谋杀案。因此B选项正确。12. 单选题Academic records from other institutions often become part of a university official file and can neither be returned to a student nor _.问题1选项A.explicatedB.complicatedC.duplicatedD.implicated【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项explicated“说明，解释”；B选项complicated“使复杂化；使恶化；使卷入”；C选项duplicated“复制；使加倍”；D选项implicated“使卷入；涉及；暗指；影响”。句意：来自其他机构的学术记录通常会成为一所大学的官方所有文件，并且不会被返还给学生或者被复制。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题All the rows, all the ethical problems and all the money spent in pursuing the human code for life will have been well worth it if it fulfils even some of its medical promise.The potential prizes certainly glitter. In the far future, it may be possible to prevent genetic diseases from being inherited by cutting them out of the gene pool once and for all, so-called gene engineering. At the nearer end of the time scale, genetic tests are allowing people to choose suitable therapies and life styles to beat disease. And in between, lie further tantalizing prospects: thousands of new drugs for previously untreatable diseases; drugs tailored to individuals, so with far fewer side effects, the ability to replace faulty genes, short-circuiting diseases at source.But the work of turning the base pair data into the gold of new treatments has already begun, according to Dr. Francis Collins, head of the US National Human Genome Research institute. I keep a tally of the genes that are responsible for human diseases that are identified over the course of year. In a good year, in times gone by, there might have been two or three. Last year, there have been 29 discovered.Private companies have also combed the data to find genes that play roles in diabetes, asthma, psoriasis and migraines. The most extreme suggested use for the human genome data is editing the DNA inheritance passed down from one generation to the next. Such a scenario involves identifying an abnormal gene and then correcting it in the cells which are used to pass genetic information to offspring. No subsequent generation would then be affected by their ancestors gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention generation would then be affected by their ancestors gene defect. However, such irreversible intervention with the code for life will only be allowed after major ethical reservations and safety concerns over possible unexpected results of the changes are addressed.There is little doubt that the revelation of human genome will benefit healthcare in the short and long term. But many of the treatments will be expensive and will do nothing to avoid the damage caused by viral and bacterial diseases. It has been suggested that a brave new world awaits us in which all ailments can be monitored from a daily mouth swab inserted into a DNA reader in our bathroom cabinets. But Dr. Ian Purvis says, “It could be that like, a long time in the future, but that is based on the rather arrogant view humanity has that it will understand everything we findand we never have in the past.”1. By saying that the “potential prizes certainly glitter”, the author means that _.2. The chief purpose of gene engineering is to _.3. From the first sentence of the third paragraph we learn that _.4. The author warns that in trying to alter human genes, special attention should be paid to _.5. According to Dr. Purvis, human beings _.问题1选项A.pursuing the human code for life certainly provokes much debateB.gene engineering fails to fulfil some of its medical promisesC.gene engineering will certainly prove to be a fruitful researchD.potential prizes for gene research have actually proved to be small问题2选项A.develop drugs suited to each individual with fewer side effectsB.prevent faulty genes from passing on to the next generationC.develop drugs for previously untreatable diseasesD.work out the best therapy for the terminally ill问题3选项A.actual work on gene engineering has been under wayB.getting away with faulty genes has proved to be a tough taskC.the prospect of finding the new treatments seems brightD.researchers have begun to collect the human genome data问题4选项A.ethical problems involvedB.abnormal genes to be alteredC.the code of life to be searched forD.protecting healthy genes问题5选项A.are more arrogant than we were in the pastB.will be able to monitor all ail