2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第94期

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the court in effect supported the medical principle of “ double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effectsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenis permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as good doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery, he says. “We dont call those deaths homicides because the doctors didnt intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If youre a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide. ”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modem medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Courts ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospitals, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “A large number of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”，to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.1.We learn from the passage that （ ）2.George Annas may agree that （ ）.3.According to the NASs report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is（ ） .4.Whats the possible meaning of “ aggressive”( Line 3, Para. 7) ?5.According to George Annas，which of the following medical behaviors should be punished?问题1选项A.doctors never increase drug dosages to control their patients painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide问题2选项A.a doctors medication shouldnt be justified by his intentionsB.doctors cannot give patients large dosages of medication on any accountC.high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribedD.doctors should be held guilty if they risk their patients death问题3选项A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care问题4选项A.Bold.B.Harmful.C.Positive.D.Energetic.问题5选项A.Treating patient impatiently.B.Giving patients more medicine than needed.C.Reducing drug dosages for patients.D.Prolonging the needless suffering of the patients.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章第一段和第二段的第一句话提到最高法院关于医生协助自杀的裁决有重要的意义，最高法院支持流传了几个世纪的道德准则，这说明最高法院认为医生没有协助病人自杀的权利，所以选项B符合题意。2.文章在第五段和最后一段提到了George Annas。在第五段中，他认为只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，即使这些药会加速病人的死亡，医生也没有违法。最后一段最后一句他提出如果病人痛苦死去是医生护理不好的表现，从两段可以看出，他支持医生大剂量用药，所以选项C符合题意。3.文章第七段第二句话提及临终护理存在的问题，一个是 the undertreatment of pain (没有对病人的疼痛采取有效的措施)，一个是ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying （强行使用无效的治疗方法来延长病人的生命，使其失去最后的尊严）。选项B符合题意。4.单词出现的句子是：It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 句意：对病人疼痛处理不力和_无效的治疗方法来延长病人的生命，使其失去最后的尊严。由这句话中的ineffectual，forced, dishonor这些词推出这样的治疗是没有效果的，是不积极的。选项A符合题意。harmful 与use搭配不符合语意。5.文章最后一段George Annas否定了大量医生无视病人的痛苦，用药延长病人痛苦这些做法。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题The greatest devastation of old age is the loss of mental faculties, and with the near doubling of life expectancy in the past century has come the mixed blessing of living longer and losing more. A few great thinkers and artists remained productive in their later years Galileo, Monet, Shaw, Stravinsky, Tolstoy but even they were not what they had been in their primes. In science, the boom falls sooner still:“ person who has not made his great contribution to science before the age of 30 will never do so,”said Einstein.Imagine if we could transplant old brains into younger bodies: would our minds stay young, or would we be senile teenagers, scaling mountains and skateboarding at 120, but forgetting where we put the car keys? Is the brain uniquely vulnerable to the ravages of time? Can anything be done?Incontrovertible evidence from many studies shows that a higher level of education and greater mental activity throughout life correlate with lower cognitive losses in old age. These benefits apply to all sorts of cognitive losses, including those associated with Alzheimers. Some researchers believe that mental application in early life produces complex neural connections that provide a reserve later onothers argue that education merely gives people the means to cope with and compensate for their losses.K. Warner Schaie, a professor of human development and psychology at Pennsylvania State University, has studied age-related change in more than 5, 000 people, some for more than 40 years.Comparing earlier with later recruits, Mr. Schaie concludes that the rate of mental decline is slowing，a change he attributes to better education, healthier diet, lessened exposure to serious disease, and more mental activity. “Youve got to practice,” Mr. Schaie says, “If you dont solve problems, you no longer can solve problems. ” Retirement can be particularly hard, he adds, because for many people, work is their most challenging activity. “Retirement is good for people who,ve had routine jobs they may find something more stimulating. But its disadvantageous for people in high-level jobs, who are less likely to find something as stimulating as the job they had. ”K. Anders Ericsson, a psychology professor at Florida State University, confirms Mr. Schaies emphasis on the virtue of practice. Initially interested in expert performers like musicians, he found that many ostensible geniuses arent really so different from everyone else they just practice harder and longer, benefiting from sheer labor, rather than from some special gift. Professional musicians who continue to practice assiduously as they age continue to play well, while amateurs who just play for pleasure show age-related declines.Mr. Ericssons studies failed to show significant generalized benefits from mental exercise. “If you play tennis, you improve your general fitness, but the greatest improvement is specific to tennis, not to other sports. Its the same with cognitive exercise. You have to look at your life and pick what you want to improve. ”1.According to the text, most great thinkers and artists（ ）2.The third passage tells us that higher levels of education（ ） .3.In this text the authors main intent is to（ ） .4.Retirement can be good for people who（ ） .5.The last paragraph tells us that mental exercise（ ）.问题1选项A.were productive even in their later yearsB.were most successful before the age of 30C.made contributions regardless of ageD.contributed the most before old age问题2选项A.can help prevent AlzheimersB.are related to greater mental awareness in youthC.are related to lower levels of mental decline in old ageD.are only of many factors that can slow the rate of mental decline问题3选项A.underscore the difficulties related to agingB.critique different theories of mental decline in old ageC.argue that old age need not be a barrier to great accomplishmentsD.understand how people can counter the impacts of aging on mental faculties问题4选项A.have always had very busy work livesB.can find more stimulating activities than they had through workC.have had high-level jobs or very stimulating work experiencesD.have previously had unsatisfying work experiences问题5选项A.offers benefits specific to that kind of exerciseB.should be paired with physical exercise for maximum benefitC.is comparable to physical activities in terms of its importance to overall healthD.can counter age-related mental decline【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段第二句提到很少的思想家和艺术家在他们晚年依然保持创造力，比如伽利略，莫内，肖恩等，但是远远不及他们的壮年时期。选项D符合题意。2.文章第三段第一句话Incontrovertible evidence from many studies shows that a higher level of education and greater mental activity throughout life correlate with lower cognitive losses in old age。选项C的表述与之相近，所以符合题意。3.文章在第一段提出年老会使人智力下降，接着列举了几位研究人员关于这个问题的研究，主要关于老年脑力和认知能力衰退的情况，还有受教育程度和工作种类对智力衰退的影响。 A、C两个选项很容易排除；文章并没有将重点放在如何解决年老带来的问题，所以D选项也排除。选项B符合题意。4.文章第四段Retirement is good for people whove had routine jobsthey may find something more stimulating.选项B的描述与之相近，所以符合题意。5.文章最后一段第一句话提到研究并不能表明脑力锻炼能够产生全面的好处。之后举打网球的例子进一步说明脑力锻炼只能获得与此锻炼相关联的好处，选项A与此信息一致。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication （ ）the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.问题1选项A.in whichB.in this wayC.in thatD.in order that【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。空格后面是一个完整的句子，不缺任何主要成分。in which 引导定语从句，可以排除；in this way “以 的方式”，不符合题意。in that 在句中引导原因状语从句，符合句意：广告与其他的交流方式不同，因为广告人需要为要发表的信息付费。选项C符合题意。4. 单选题Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to ones side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that Gift means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arms length away from others, Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public: buildings or monuments, we do not have multilingual waiters bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. The, attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives-usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nations diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are, slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.1.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably（ ） .2.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their（ ） .3.American people ignore cultural differences in other countries because （ ）.4.According to the author, Americans culture blindness and linguistic ignorance will （ ）.5.The authors intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that（ ） .问题1选项A.stand stillB.step forwardC.jump asideD.draw back问题2选项A.cultural self-centerednessB.indifference towards foreign affairsC.casual mannersD.arrogance towards other cultures问题3选项A.they can afford it with powerful economy and great wealthB.they are aggressive by nature and proud of their own cultureC.people in other cultures respect the American cultureD.people in other cultures are particularly tolerant问题4选项A.affect their image in the new eraB.cut themselves off from the outside worldC.limit their role in world affairsD.weaken the position of the US dollars问题5选项A.it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB.it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC.it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD.it is time to get acquainted with other cultures【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章第二段Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable提到拉丁裔人和中东人喜欢靠得更近并且彼此接触，这让美国人感到不舒服，因此可以推测，当美国人遇上中东人这种靠近的行为会后退。选项D符合题意。2.stand still “站着不动，静止不动”；step forward “走出，向前进”；jump aside “闪开”；draw back “后退”。文章中的例子主要是用来批判美国人对自己文化的过分自信，而对他国文化的忽视（linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness）。选项A中的“文化自我中心”符合题意。3.文章第六段For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor of needed funds and goods.提到美国和美国人的文化愚昧和语言无知能够维系是因为美国是世界上最强的国家，是资金和物资的提供者。由此可知，美国人之所以这样文化自信，忽略他国文化，是因为本国的经济实力足够强大。选项A符合题意。4.文章第三段Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world提到由于语言和文化的无知和看到他国的品味、姿势、习俗和语言等的态度，使得美国正在世界中失去朋友、生意和尊重。选项C符合题意。5.文章提到了美国对他国文化的盲目和无知导致他们会在生活上失去伙伴，会影响美国在世界事务中的地位，因此，熟悉他国的文化非常有必要。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题I wanted to buy a colour TV set this year, but my brother rejected the idea （ ）a trip to the beach.问题1选项A.instead ofB.in view ofC.in favour ofD.in case of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。instead of “代替；而不是 ”；in view of “鉴于；考虑到”；in favour of “支持；赞成”;in case of “万一；如果发生；假设”。句意：虽然我今年想要购买一台彩电，但是我的弟弟想去海滩所以拒绝了我的这个想法。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题I remember（ ） to help us if we ever were in difficulties.问题1选项A.once offeringB.him once offeringC.him to offerD.to offer him【答案】B【解析】考查remember的用法。remember sb. doing sth. “记得某人做过某事”。remember sb. to do sth. “记得某人要去做某事”。根据后面的动词 were 可知是发生在过去的事情，所以选项B符合题意。7. 单选题How many times did the clock（ ） ?问题1选项A.hitB.knockC.beatD.strike【答案】D【解析】考查动词的固定搭配。strike可以用来表示“敲打钟表”，其他的词则不行，所以选项D符合题意。8. 单选题Research can have no economic impact if the new scientific discoveries are not （ ）into marketable good and service.问题1选项A.launchedB.translatedC.dissectedD.conveyed【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。launch “发射，发行”；translate “翻译，转化”；dissect “仔细分析”；convey “传达，运输”。根据句意“如果新的科学发现没有转化为市场商品和服务，科学研究没有经济影响”，选项B符合题意。9. 单选题Although he is in his fifties, his（ ） arms are as powerful as those of a young man.问题1选项A.energeticB.giganticC.muscularD.effective【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。energetic “精力充沛的”；gigantic “巨大的，庞大的”；muscular“肌肉的，强健的”；effective“有效的”。句意：尽管他已经五十多岁了，他充满肌肉的手臂像年轻人一样充满力量。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题Since about 1800,near the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, coal, petroleum, and gas have been used at a rapidly increasing rate. The supply of these（1） is limited, and electric power is very （2） in many places. Some scientists believe solar energy is the only （3） which can meet the worlds enormous（4）for power.Great progress had been made in harnessing the sun. Not only is the sun now used in cooking, （5） it also supplies power for （6） things as beacon lights for ships and airplanes. It（7）telephone lines, portable radios, electric clocks, hearing aids, and even communication. Some homes and office buildings in the United States are now being（8）with solar energy.The three most significant types of solar equipment（9） are the furnace, the still, and the cell. Solar furnaces heat water or air,（10）is then circulated through a building to make it comfortable.Solar stills are （11） important because they can provide （12） water at a relatively cheap rate. Salt can easily be （13） from sea water with a solar still.The most highly developed type of solar （14） equipment is the solar cell. Some cells are so （15）that they can turn 16 percent of the energy they receive from the sun（16） electric energy. One of the cells biggest advantages is （17）it can be made either small enough to carry（18） large enough to produce a current that can run an automobile. Besides, it has a very long life. It is still too expensive for the （19）consumer but when ways are （20）to produce it more cheaply, we can expect its use to be wide-spread.问题1选项A.materialsB.oresC.reservesD.fuels问题2选项A.abundantB.adequateC.scarceD.rare问题3选项A.meansB.sourceC.solutionD.resource问题4选项A.needB.desireC.necessityD.supply问题5选项A.moreoverB.besidesC.howeverD.but问题6选项A.someB.manyC.suchD.these问题7选项A.connectsB.operatesC.drivesD.manufactures问题8选项A.heatedB.burntC.equippedD.built问题9选项A.ever sinceB.no wonderC.in allD.so far问题10选项A.thatB.whatC.whichD.it问题11选项A.speciallyB.especiallyC.essentiallyD.specifically问题12选项A.freshB.healthyC.boiledD.cool问题13选项A.dissolvedB.distinguishedC.dividedD.removed问题14选项A.electricB.electronicC.powerD.heating问题15选项A.powerfulB.resourcefulC.efficientD.reliable问题16选项A.throughB.intoC.byD.with问题17选项A.howB.thatC.becauseD.which问题18选项A.butB.soC.orD.too问题19选项A.tipicalB.normalC.averageD.general问题20选项A.discoveredB.inventedC.disclosedD.revealed【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D第6题:C第7题:B第8题:A第9题:D第10题:C第11题:B第12题:A第13题:D第14题:C第15题:C第16题:B第17题:B第18题:C第19题:C第20题:A【解析】（1）考查名词词义辨析。从上下文可知，these指的是前面提到的coal, petroleum, gas这几种燃料，所以空格处应该也填写表示