2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷28（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-黑龙江大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost-much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central-usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firms hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is as lower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half cant effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that to with these processes will disappear.1.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?2.What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?3.The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to（ ）.4. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firms competitive advantage is（ ）.5.What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B.They see the gaining of skills as their employees own business.C.They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D.They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.问题2选项A.He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B.His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C.He is directly under the chief financial executive.D.He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.问题3选项A.workers who can operate new equipmentB.technological and managerial staffC.workers who lack basic background skillsD.top executives问题4选项A.the introduction of new technologiesB.the improvement of workers basic skillsC.the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD.the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees问题5选项A.American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B.Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C.The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firms hierarchy.D.The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段“Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility.在美国，人力资源管理传统上并不被视为企业竞争生存的核心。技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。”可知B项“技能的获得是自己的事情”正确。2.推理判断题。由第二段“The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). 人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一个专门的工作，位于公司等级制度的边缘。人力资源高管在重大战略决策上从不被征求意见，也没有机会晋升为首席执行官(CEO)。”可知人力资源主管在做决策时没有发言权。故D项正确。3.细节事实题。由第三段“The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. 他们投资的钱也更集中在专业和管理人员身上。”可知B项正确。4.推理判断题。由第一段“If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. 如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于劳动力的技能，美国公司就有问题了。”以及第四段“As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. 因此，当新的突破性技术出现时，问题就出现了。”可知保持公司竞争优势的决定性因素是员工的技能。故B项正确。5.主旨大意题。全文第一句指出如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于劳动力的技能，美国公司就有问题了。接着说明美国公司的人力资源管理没有得到足够重视，不注重员工技能的培训，并提出对应的影响，即导致美国公司可持续的竞争优势受损。故D项正确。2. 单选题My pain（ ）apparent the minute I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”问题1选项A.must beB.had beenC.must have beenD.had to be【答案】C【解析】考查语法。must have done表示对过去肯定的假设。句意：我的疼痛一定很明显，因为当我走进房间时，我见到的第一个人问道“你还好吧？”。由for可推断我的疼痛比较明显。故C项正确。3. 单选题Since the early nineties, the trend in most businesses has been toward on-demand always-available products and services that suit the customers （ ）rather than the companys.问题1选项A.benefitB.availabilityC.suitabilityD.convenience【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。benefit“好处”；availability“可用性，有效性”；suitability“合适性”；convenience“方便，便利”。句意：自上世纪90年代初以来，大多数企业的趋势一致是按需提供随时可用的产品和服务，以满足客户的方便，而不是公司的方便。产品和服务对于客户来说是提供了便利，故D项符合题意。4. 单选题It was 1961 and I was in the fifth grade. My marks in school were miserable and the thing was, I didnt know enough to really care. My older brother and I lived with Mom in a dingy multifamily house in Detroit. We watched TV every night. The background noise of our lives was gunfire and horses hoofs from Wagon Train, or Cheyenne, and laughter from I love Lucy or Mister Ed. After supper, wed sprawl on Moms bed and stare for hours at the tube.But one day Mom changed our world forever. She turned off the TV. Our mother had only been able to get through third grade. But she was much brighter and smarter than we boys knew at the time. She had noticed something in the suburban houses where she cleaned books. So she came home one day, snapped off the TV, sat us down and explained that her sons were going to make something of themselves. “You boys are going to read two books every week,” she said, “and youre going to write me a report on what you read.” We moaned and complained about how unfair it was. Besides, we didnt have any books in the house other than Moms Bible. But she explained that we would go where the books were: “Id drive you to the library.”So pretty soon there were these two peevish boys sitting in her white 1959 Oldsmobile on their way to Detroit Public Library. I wandered reluctantly among the childrens books. I loved animals, so when I saw some books that seemed to be about animals, I started leafing through them. The first book I read clear through was Chip the Dam Builder. It was about beavers. For the first time in my life I was lost in another world. No television program had ever taken me so far away from my surroundings as did this verbal visit to a cold stream in a forest and these animals building a home.It didnt dawn on me at the time, but the experience was quite different from watching TV. There were images forming in my mind instead of before my eyes. And I could return to them again and again with a flip of a page.Soon I began to look forward to visiting this hushed sanctuary from my other world. I moved from animals to plants, and then to rocks. Between the covers of all those books were whole worlds, and I was free to go anywhere in them. Along the way a funny thing happened; I started to know things. Teachers started to notice it too. I got to the point where I couldnt wait to get home to my books.Now my older brother is an engineer and I am chief of pediatric neurosurgery at John Hopkins Childrens Center in Baltimore. Sometimes I still cant believe my lifes journey, from a failing and indifferent student in a Detroit public school to this position, which takes me all over the world to teach and perform critical surgery.But I know when the journey beganthe day Mom snapped off the TV set and put us in her Oldsmobile for that drive to the library.1.We can learn from the beginning of the passage that（ ）.2.Which of the following is NOT true about the authors family?3.The mother was（ ）to make her two sons switch to reading books.4.How did the two boys feel about going to the library at first?5.The author began to love books for the following reasons EXCEPT that（ ）.问题1选项A.the author and his brother had done poorly in schoolB.the author had been very concerned about his school workC.the author had spent much time watching TV after schoolD.the author had realized how important schooling was问题2选项A.He came from middle-class family.B.He came from a single-parent family.C.His mother worked as a cleaner.D.His mother had received little education.问题3选项A.hesitantB.unpreparedC.reluctantD.determined问题4选项A.They were afraid.B.They were reluctant.C.They were indifferent.D.They were eager to go.问题5选项A.he began to see something in his mindB.he could visualize what he read in his mindC.he could go back to read the books againD.he realized that book offered him new experience【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。由第一段“We watched TV every night.和After supper, wed sprawl on Moms bed and stare for hours at the tube. 我们每天晚上都看电视。晚饭后,我们就会躺在妈妈的床上,再看几个小时电视。”可知作者每天放学后花了很多时间看电视。故C项正确。2.推理判断题。由第一段“My older brother and I lived with Mom in a dingy multifamily house in Detroit. 我和哥哥、妈妈住在底特律一所肮脏的多户住宅里。”可知作者来自于单亲家庭。故B项正确。“Our mother had only been able to get through third grade. But she was much brighter and smarter than we boys knew at the time. She had noticed something in the suburban houses where she cleaned books. 我们的母亲只上完了三年级。但她比我们男孩当时所知道的要聪明得多。她注意到在她打扫书籍的郊区房子里有一些东西。”可知作者的母亲接受的教育很少，并且是个清洁工，故C、D项正确。题干问的是哪一项不正确，故选答案A。3.推理判断题。由第二段“So she came home one day, snapped off the TV, sat us down and explained that her sons were going to make something of themselves. 所以有一天她回到家，关掉电视，让我们坐下来，解释说她的儿子们将要做些改变。”可知作者母亲让他俩读书的态度是十分坚决的。故D项正确。4.细节事实题。根据第三段“So pretty soon there were these two peevish boys sitting in her white 1959 Oldsmobile on their way to Detroit Public Library. I wandered reluctantly among the childrens books. 所以没过多久，就有两个脾气暴躁的男孩坐在她那辆1959年产的白色奥兹莫比尔汽车上，准备去底特律公共图书馆。我不情愿地在儿童读物间徘徊。”可知他们第一次去图书馆是不情愿的。故B项正确。5.推理判断题。由第四段“It didnt dawn on me at the time, but the experience was quite different from watching TV. 当时我并没有意识到这一点，但这种体验与看电视完全不同。”可知作者当时并没有意识到书本给他带来的新体验。故D项“他意识到书籍给他带来全新的体验”不正确。5. 单选题After he was _ from the army, he had intended to return to the world of teaching.问题1选项A.dischargedB.enrolledC.awardedD.promoted【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. discharged 准许（某人）离开；释放 B. enrolled 登记；使加入C. awarded 授予；判定 D. promoted 促进；宣传；促销【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】空格前用after连接表示从军队之后。后半句意思为他曾想回到教学界。根据句子逻辑，应该是在离开军队后，想要回到教书世界。用discharge的被动形式，表示被允许从军队离开。因此选A. discharged 准许（某人）离开；释放。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】退伍后，他曾打算回到教学界。6. 单选题The prospect of increased price has already（ ）worries.问题1选项A.provokedB.irritatedC.inspiredD.hoisted【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。provoke“激起，挑起，引起”；irritate“刺激，使兴奋，激怒”；inspire“激发，鼓舞，启示”；hoist“把吊起，升起”。句意：价格上涨的前景已经引起了人们的担忧。A项符合题意。7. 单选题He admitted that he was _ cocaine and couldnt get himself out of it.问题1选项A.condemnedB.committedC.addictedD.abandoned【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. condemned 判了死刑的 B. committed 尽心尽力的；坚信的；坚定的C. addicted 入了迷的；上了瘾的D. abandoned 被离弃的；被遗弃的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】句中couldnt get himself out of it，这里的it指的是and前面的 cocaine“可卡因”，句意为不能摆脱可卡因。因为是由and连接两个句子，两个句子表并列关系，综合理解and前面的句子表示他对可卡因上瘾。选C. addicted，形成固定搭配be addicted to，对上瘾。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系【句意】他承认他对可卡因上瘾，而且戒不掉。8. 单选题He had the good fortune to（ ）with Prof. Wang for 3 years.问题1选项A.studyB.be studyingC.have studiedD.have been studying【答案】C【解析】考查语法。由时间状语“for 3 years”可知该句应该用完成时，故排除AB两项，学习与主语之间是主动的关系，故C项正确。句意：他有幸与王教授一起学习了3年。9. 单选题An airplane（ ）in the mountain.问题1选项A.crashedB.smashedC.clashedD.crushed【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。crash“损毁，坠毁”；smash“粉碎，使破产”；clash“发出撞击声，碰撞”；crush“压坏，损坏”。句意：飞机在山区坠毁了。A项符合题意。10. 单选题The microscope can（ ）the object 100 times in diameter.问题1选项A.magnifyB.increaseC.developD.multiply【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。magnify“放大，扩大”；increase“增加”；develop“发展，开发”；multiply“增加，繁殖”。句意：显微镜可以把一个物体的直径放大一百倍。A项符合题意。11. 单选题Before the interview, each candidate had to have a（ ）medical examination.问题1选项A.porousB.vigorousC.thesaurusD.rigorous【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。porous“能渗透的，有气孔的”；vigorous“精力充沛的”；thesaurus“宝库，辞典”；rigorous“严格的，严厉的”。句意：在面试之前，每个候选人都必须进行严格的体检。D项符合题意。12. 翻译题从一定角度上看，教育的目的实质上就是通过生存知识的获得和生存能力的提高而使受教育者为未来的生活做好准备；而社会教育就是通过社会方式来实现这一目的。对于任何人来说，生活可以有两个目标：一是达到或维持基本的生存水平，二是提高到更高层次。为达到这两个目标其实生活中它们是融合在一起的，一般不会有人把两者割裂开来任何时代、任何区域和社会阶层都会对作为社会成员生活在这一时空与社会交叉点上的人有一个基本或起码的知识和能力客观要求。【答案】From a certain point of view, the purpose of education is to make the educated prepare for the future life through the acquisition of survival knowledge and the improvement of survival ability. Social education is to achieve this goal through social means. For anyone, life can have two goals. One is to achieve or maintain a basic level of survival, and the other is to improve to a higher level. In order to achieve these two goalsin fact, they are integrated in life, and generally no one will cut them apartany era, any region and social class will have a basic or minimum objective requirement of knowledge and ability for people living at the intersection of time, space and society as members of the society.13. 单选题His ideas are invariably condemned as（ ）by his colleagues.问题1选项A.imaginativeB.ingeniousC.impracticalD.denied【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。imaginative“富于想象力的，有创造力的”；ingenious“有独创性的，机灵的”；impractical“不切实际的”；denied“否定”。由“condemned谴责”可知此空应填贬义词，故C项符合题意。句意：他的想法总是被同事们指责为不切实际。14. 单选题Although these states and their people are_, they share the common goal of economic development.问题1选项A.controversialB.involvedC.diverseD.visible【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. controversial有争议的；有争论的 B. involved有关的；卷入的；复杂的C. diverse不同的；多样化的 D. visible明显的；看得见的；现有的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据“共同目标（common goal）”可知：这些地区经济发展的目标相同。空格处的从句用although连接，表示尽管。这句话的意思为尽管这些地区和人所以空格处应该填一个与后面“相同”的反义词表示转折。综上所述，C选项diverse“不同的；多样化的”可引申为此句所需的逻辑“不同的”以满足上述条件。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】尽管这些国家及其人民各不相同，但他们都有共同的经济发展目标。15. 单选题Most of his fellow workers dont like him because he often_ of his past glory.问题1选项A.burstsB.bawlsC.boastsD.bans【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. bursts爆发 B. bawls大叫C. boasts自夸；夸耀 D. bans禁止【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】空格处接of组成固定短语。空格处的动词与光辉事迹相连接，与前文同事们不喜欢他相照应。C选项boast of“自夸”在这里表示他总是自己夸耀自己，符合句子逻辑。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】他的大多数同事都不喜欢他，因为他经常吹嘘自己过去的辉煌。16. 翻译题Which would you choose: an online course delivered by one of the worlds most knowledgeable instructors, supported by award winning documentary filmmakers and a team of graduate teaching assistants, or the same course taught in person by an average instructor? Different students would of course choose differently. But there is ample reason to believe that experience with the first option would eventually lead a substantial proportion of students to prefer it, even if they were charged the same amount for either approach. But because of economies of scale, the remote option would enjoy a substantial cost advantage. As Philip Cook wrote in his 1995 book, “The Winner-Take-All Society,” these are precisely the conditions that give rise to winner-take-all markets. As technology has expanded the reach of the most able performers, they have been capturing ever larger shares of worldwide markets across a host of domains.【答案】你会选择哪一种课程：是由世界上最有知识的导师之一讲授，由获奖纪录片制片人和研究生助教团队支持的在线课程，还是由一名普通教师亲自教授的课程？不同的学生当然会做出不同的选择。但我们有充足的理由相信，第一种选择的经验最终会让相当一部分学生更喜欢它，即使这两种方式收取的费用相同。但由于规模经济，远程选项将享有巨大的成本优势。正如菲利普库克在他1995年的著作赢者通吃的社会中所写的那样，正是这些条件催生了赢者通吃的市场。随着科技扩大了最有能力的执行者的范围，他们在许多领域的全球市场中占据了越来越大的份额。17. 单选题It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well- mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good- tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays dont even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the part of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams once at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists cant even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-owner-ship explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.1. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by（ ）.2. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rule.”(Para l)implies that（ ）.3. By “good sense”(Line 1, Para 2), the writer means（ ）.4. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion, （ ）.5. In the writers opinion（ ）.问题1选项A.peoples attitude towards the road-hogB.the rhythm of modern lifeC.the behavior of the driverD.traffic conditions问题2选项A.our society