2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第46期

2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 填空题One night, standing out on the deck, I felt destroyed by my burden. I was about $50,000 in debt. My publisher and my agent were at me constantly, to ask when I would finish this endless book. A B C D【答案】D to ask改为asking【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】D部分是句子的非谓语动词，ask和此句的主语My publisher and my agent是主动关系，所以用现在分词asking。【句意】一天晚上，我站在甲板上，觉得不堪重负。我当时欠了5万美元。我的出版商和经纪人不断地问我，什么时候能写完这本永无终止的书。2. 单选题According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, todays traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.Not surprising in these hard times, the students major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life”. It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.Interest in teaching, social service and the “altruistic” fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.Thats no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the jobeven before she completed her two-year associate degree.While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributionsbe they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company, no job. How shortsighted in the long run!But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom, “Miss Baxter,” he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”From the long-term point of view, thats what education really ought to be about.1. According to the authors observation, college students _.2. The students criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with _.3. By saying “While its true that.be they scientific or artistic” (Para. 5), the author means that _.4. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?问题1选项A.have never been so materialistic as todayB.have never been so interested in the artsC.have never been so financially well off as todayD.have never attached so much importance to moral sense问题2选项A.the influences of their instructorsB.the financial goals they seek in lifeC.their own interpretations of the coursesD.their understanding of the contributions of others问题3选项A.business management should be included in educational programsB.human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speedC.human intellectual development has reached new heightsD.the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked问题4选项A.Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded.B.Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong.C.Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.D.People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the authors observation, college students _. 根据作者的观察，大学生_。A. have never been so materialistic as today A. 从来没有像今天这样唯物主义B. have never been so interested in the arts B. 从未对艺术如此感兴趣C. have never been so financially well off as today C. 从没有像今天这样富裕过D. have never attached so much importance to moral sense D. 从未如此重视道德感【答案】A【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词college students定位到第一段，该处讲到“调查显示（According to a survey），如今传统年龄的大学新生比以往任何时候都更多奉行物质享乐主义（more materialistic），更少奉行利他主义。”，可知在作者看来，大学生从未像如今这样唯物主义，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B选项“从未对艺术如此感兴趣”：文中没有提到大学生对艺术感兴趣，属于无中生有；C选项“从没有像今天这样富裕过”：对应第二段第一句“在这样的困难时期，学生的主要目标是实现经济富裕（be financially well off）。”，这里没有把过去和现在的学生进行比较，而且学生并不富裕，属于偷换概念；D选项“从未如此重视道德感”：对应第一段“大学新生比以往任何时候都更少奉行利他主义（less altruistic）。”，可知如今的大学生没有以前那么重视道德感，属于反向干扰。第2题:【选项释义】The students criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with _. 如今，学生们选择专业的标准与_有很大关系。A. the influences of their instructors A. 他们的导师的影响B. the financial goals they seek in life B. 他们在生活中追求的财务目标C. their own interpretations of the courses C. 他们自己对课程的理解D. their understanding of the contributions of others D. 他们对他人贡献的理解【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词selecting majors定位到第二段，该处讲到“在这样的困难时期，学生的主要目标是实现经济富裕（financially well off）由此可见（It follows then），如今最受欢迎的课程（most popular course）不是文学或历史，而是会计。”，可知学生对专业的选择和其财务目标相关，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“他们导师的影响”：对应第四段第二句“我的一个朋友是一家化学公司的销售代表，她工作的第一年挣的钱是她大学老师的两倍（twice the salary of her college instructors）。”，这里只是讲到学生和老师工资的差异，并没有表达老师和学生选择专业的关系，属于偷换概念；C选项“他们自己对课程的理解”：文中没有提到学生对课程的理解导致对专业的选择不同，属于无中生有；D选项“他们对他人贡献的理解”：对应第五段第一句“我们的文明已经在与我们自身相距甚远的领域积累了大量的知识，我们更好地理解了这些领域的其他贡献。”，这里指的是这些领域的贡献，而非大学生自己的贡献，属于张冠李戴。第3题:【选项释义】By saying “While its true that.be they scientific or artistic” (Para. 5), the author means that _. 他说“While its true that.be they scientific or artistic”（第五段），作者的意思是_。A. business management should be included in educational programs A. 企业管理应该包括在教育计划中B. human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed B. 人类智慧以极快的速度积累C. human intellectual development has reached new heights C. 人类智力发展达到了新的高度D. the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked D. 广泛教育的重要性不应被忽视【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中出处提示词Para. 5和信息词While its true定位到第五段第一句，该处讲到“诚然，我们都需要一份职业，但同样不可否认的是（it is equally true that），我们的文明已经在与我们自身相距甚远的领域积累了大量的知识（an incredible amount of knowledge），我们更好地理解了（better for our understanding）这些领域的其他贡献无论是科学上的还是艺术上的（be they scientific or artistic）。”，除了职业需要的知识，我们还积累了大量非职业需要的知识，这里强调这些知识人们已经知道，并且非常重要，需要更多推广，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“企业管理应该包括在教育计划中”：这里没有提到企业管理，属于无中生有；B选项“人类智慧以极快的速度积累”：这里提到人类文明积累了大量知识，但不代表人类智慧增长速度很快，属于偷换概念；C选项“人类智力发展达到了新的高度”：这里没有说到人类智力到了新高度，属于无中生有。第4题:【选项释义】Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? 根据文章，下列哪个陈述正确？A. Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded. A. 专心于事业的商人心胸狭窄。B. Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong. B. 老板们常常认为很难分清是非。C. Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only. C. 求职者不应该只关注眼前的利益。D. People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life. D. 从事技术工作的人生活更有意义。【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】此题定位到第六段，该处讲到“每周我们都能读到工会（unions）为提高工资而罢工（strike for higher wages），结果却把他们的雇主赶出了市场从长远来看，这是多么目光短浅（shortsighted）啊！”，可知工会罢工这件事目光短浅，求职者不应目光短浅，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“专心于事业的商人心胸狭窄”：文中没有提到商人心胸狭窄，属于无中生有；B选项“老板们常常认为很难分清是非”：对应第七段“但支持广泛教育最重要的理由是，在学习时代积累的智慧中，我们提高了自己的道德感（improve our moral sense）其中一个商人正在对讲机里说：巴克斯特小姐，请您派一个能明辨是非的人（can distinguish right from wrong）来好吗？”，这里的明辨是非指的是分清道德上的对错，不是说很难分辨对错，而是说人们道德感低，属于偷换概念；D选项“从事技术工作的人生活更有意义”：对应第二段第二句“培养一种有意义的人生哲学已经不那么重要了（meaningful philosophy of life）。”，这里指的是有意义的人生哲学，而不是人生因为从事技术工作而有意义，属于偷换概念。3. 填空题The professional fields that deal with ethical issues in medicine including medicine, nursing, law, sociology, philosophy, and theology, though in the late 20th century medical ethics has come to berecognized as its own discipline. A B C D【答案】B including改为include【解析】【考查点】动词。【解题思路】B部分在句子中是谓语动词，时态为一般现在时，主语The professional fields为复数，这里应该用include。【句意】处理医学伦理问题的专业领域包括医学、护理、法律、社会学、哲学和神学，尽管在20世纪后期，医学伦理已经被视为一门独立的学科。4. 填空题The family is a cooperative enterprise which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems. A B C D【答案】A which改为where或for which【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】it is difficult to lay down rules是修饰enterprise的定语从句，enterprise表示地点，所以可以用where引导。结合固定句型It is difficult for sb. to do sth.，此题为for enterprise，在这里for which相当于where。【句意】家庭是合作式企业，很难制定规则，因为每个家庭都需要找到适合自己的办法来解决属于自己的问题。5. 单选题He told Arab lawmakers who took part in the protest that “the day will come when we will banish you from the national home”.问题1选项A.conquerB.transferC.departD.exile【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. conquer 占领，攻克 B. transfer 转职，转学，改变（环境）C. depart 离开，离去 D. exile 流放，放逐【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】banish的意思为“放逐，流放，把（某人）驱逐出境”，这里指把参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员驱逐出境，exile与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】他告诉参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员：“我们把你们赶出国家的那一天终将到来。”6. 填空题In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the citys buildings and highways, to make them more resistant to quakes. A B C D【答案】C to make改为making【解析】【考查点】非谓语动词。【解题思路】C部分到句尾是句子的状语，前面说到洛杉矶修改了建筑法规，这一举措使城市建筑和高速公路更坚固，伴随而来的是抗震能力提高了，C部分到句尾这部分为伴随状语，因此C部分应为making。【句意】此外，在过去20年里，洛杉矶对建筑法规进行了修改，加强了城市建筑和高速公路的抗震能力。7. 填空题People with depression may have low self-esteem, a sense of hopelessness about the future, and a lack of interest in people and activities once found _. (pleasure)【答案】pleasurable【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】once found _是修饰people and activities的后置定语，指的是曾经让抑郁症患者感到愉快的人和活动，横线所在内容修饰people and activities，应为形容词，pleasurable的意思为“愉快的”，符合语境。【句意】抑郁症患者可能自尊心较低，对未来感到绝望，对曾经令其愉快的人和活动缺乏兴趣。8. 单选题The Romans were hardworking and frugal, self-reliant, serious about their responsibilities and steadfast in the face of adversity.问题1选项A.economicalB.cautiousC.courageousD.righteous【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. economical 节俭的，节约的 B. cautious 小心的，谨慎的C. courageous 勇敢的，无畏的 D. righteous 公正的，正直的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】frugal的意思为“（对金钱、食物等）节约的，节俭的”，用来形容the Romans，指的是罗马人很勤俭节约，economical与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】罗马人勤劳节俭，自力更生，认真履行他们的责任，面对逆境也坚定不移。9. 单选题The brick-and-mortar museum that exists in the real world is unlikely to become obsolete, but “visiting” museums in cyberspace is now a common pastime.问题1选项A.hobbyB.fashionC.modeD.pattern【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. hobby 业余爱好（活动） B. fashion （衣服、发式等的）流行款式，时兴式样C. mode 风格，样式 D. pattern 模式【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】pastime的意思为“消遣，休闲活动”，指的是在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动，只有hobby与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】现实世界中的实体博物馆不太可能过时，但现在在线参观博物馆已成为一种普遍的休闲活动。10. 单选题Vince Cables decision not to come to Oxford because of a peaceful protest is one of the most cowardly acts by a British politician in living memory.问题1选项A.sensibleB.effectiveC.fearfulD.cautious【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. sensible 明智的，理智的 B. effective 有效的C. fearful 惧怕的，胆怯的，担心的 D. cautious 小心的，谨慎的（谨慎说话和行事，尤其是为了避免危险或错误）【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】cowardly的意思为“胆小的，怯懦的”，指的是因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学是懦弱的行为，fearful与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】文斯凯布尔因为和平示威而决定不去牛津大学，这是人们记忆中英国政治家最懦弱的行为之一。11. 填空题Severe government cuts _ reduce social and health programmes that are vital for the poor. (vary)【答案】invariably【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】横线处修饰动词reduce，政府资金的削减会使社会和卫生项目减少，invariably意思为“始终如一地，一贯地”，符合语境。【句意】政府资金的削减必然会使社会和卫生项目减少，而这些项目对穷人来说至关重要。12. 单选题A program to deregulate the economy involved the removal of many legal and governmental restrictions that were regarded as hindrances to free competition.问题1选项A.stimuliB.phasesC.parametersD.obstacles【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. stimuli 促进因素，激励因素，刺激物 B. phases 阶段，时期C. parameters 决定因素，规范 D. obstacles 阻碍，绊脚石【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】hindrances的意思为“造成妨碍的人（或事物）”，指的是阻碍自由竞争的法律和政策，obstacles与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】解除经济管制的计划包括取消许多视为阻碍自由竞争的法律和政策限制。13. 单选题Experts said that many ailments associated with a loss of normal tissue may be treatable in this manner.问题1选项A.symptomsB.faultsC.risksD.disorders【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. symptoms 症状 B. faults 责任，过错C. risks 危险，风险 D. disorders 不适，疾病【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】ailments的意思为“轻病，小恙”，指的是这种方式或许可以治好某些疾病，disorders与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】专家说，许多与正常组织损失相关的疾病或许可以用这种方式治疗。14. 单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyre nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brains neural network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors,” he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today _.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from _.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to _.4. Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence developed in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D.It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A【解析】第1题:【选项释义】The author says that the powerful computers of today _. 作者说，如今强大的计算机_。A. are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object A. 能够确切地识别物体的形状B. are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior B. 接近人类行为C. are not very different in their performance from those of the 50s C. 它们的表现和50年代没有很大的不同D. still cannot communicate with people in a human language D. 仍然不能用人类的语言与人交流【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词powerful computers of today定位到第一段第二、三句，该处讲到“但尽管计算机（computers）很有用，它们离实现类似人类行为（humanlike behavior）的早期愿望还差得很远。更别提像对话这样复杂的事情了（Never mind something as complex as conversation）。”，可知作者表达的意思是，计算机不能使用人类的语言和人进行对话，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“能够确切地识别物体的形状”：对应第一段最后一句“最强大的计算机也很难确切地识别物体的形状（struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object）。”，可知计算机不能确切地识别物体的形状，属于反向干扰；B选项“接近人类行为”：对应第一段第二句“它们离实现类似人类行为（humanlike behavior）的早期愿望还差得很远（remotely resembling）。”，可知计算机还不能接近人类行为，属于反向干扰；C选项“它们的表现和50年代没有很大的不同”：对应第一段第一句“上世纪50年代，人工智能的先驱者预测（predicted）”，这里指的是上世纪50年代对人工智能的预测情况，没有对比计算机在不同时期的客观情况，属于偷换概念。第2题:【选项释义】The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from _. 人工智能研究的新趋势源于_。A. the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects A. 研究的重点转向对物体形状的认识B. the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs B. 认为人类的智慧不能用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制C. the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child C. 科学家希望复制10个月大的孩子的智力D. the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells D. 科学家在研究晶体管和脑细胞之间相似性方面所做的努力【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词new trend in artificial intelligence定位到第二段第三句，该处讲到“另一方面（on the other hand），人工智能领域的一项新动向（A new movement in AI）更深入地探讨了自然创造智能的迂回方式。”，而其中的原因在该段第二句“科学家们表示，问题在于（The problem），人工智能一直在试图分离最高级、最抽象的思维层次（the highest, most abstract levels of thought），比如语言和数学，然后用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序复制它们（duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs）。”，因为认为原来的方法行不通，所以转向新的研究方向，也就是说，科学家认为人类的智慧不能用逻辑的、循序渐进的程序来复制，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“研究的重点转向对物体形状的认识”：对应第一段最后一句“最强大的计算机也很难确切地识别物体的形状（recognize the shape of an object）。”，这只是在讲述计算机的功能限制，而不是研究重点的转移，属于偷换概念；C选项“科学家希望复制10个月大的孩子的智力”：对应第一段最后一句“确切地识别物体的形状这件事，对一个10个月大的孩子来说是最基本的任务（most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid）。”，这里表达的是识别物体形状对于10个月大的孩子来说很简单，并不是说科学家希望复制孩子的智力，属于偷换概念；D选项“科学家在研究晶体管和脑细胞之间相似性方面所做的努力”：对应第二段倒数第二句“有的人想研究脑细胞和蛋白质（work with brain cells and proteins），而不是数字计算机和晶体管（Rather than digital computers and transistors）。”，这里指的是研究人体的脑细胞和蛋白质，而不是研究机器的晶体管，更不是研究两者的相似性，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to _. 康拉德和他的人工智能研究小组一直在为