2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第61期

2022年考博英语-厦门大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The bureau develops and implements US foreign economic policy and tries to_Americas economic interests with its foreign policy.问题1选项A.undertakeB.resolveC.obeyD.reconcile【答案】D【解析】undertake承担,保证; resolve决心; obey服从; reconcile使和解, 使一致。句意：该局制定和实施美国的对外经济政策, 并努力使美国的经济利益与其外交政策相协调。选项D符合句意。2. 单选题The senator of New York courted black voters,considered crucial to_the Democratic presidential nomination, in a series of campaign stops.问题1选项A.confiningB.securingC.tamperingD.pervading【答案】B【解析】confine限制; secure保护,固定; tamper干预,削弱; pervade遍及。句意：这位来自纽约的参议员在一系列竞选活动中设法争取黑人选民的支持, 黑人选民被认为是确保民主党总统候选人提名的关键。选项B符合句意。3. 单选题Language, culture, and personality may be considered_of each other in thought, but they arc inseparable in fact.问题1选项A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently【答案】D【解析】indistinctly不清楚地, 分不清地; separately分别地, 分离地; irrelevantly无关地, 不相干地; independently独立地。句意：语言、文化和人格在思想上可以相互独立, 但实际上是不可分割的。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题.Any Democratic president will try to_the United States from the mess in Iraq,yet all would face rigid constraints.问题1选项A.knockoutB.distinguishC.overtureD.extricate【答案】D【解析】knockout击倒; distinguish区别,辨别; overture作动词意为建议; extricate使摆脱,解救。句意：任何一位民主党总统都将试图把美国从伊拉克的混乱中解救出来, 但所有人都将面临严格的约束。选项D符合句意。5. 单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it and this_produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction【答案】A【解析】absorption吸收; transition过渡, 转变; consumption消费, 消耗; interaction相互作用。句意：水从固体变成液体, 会吸收附近所有物质的热量, 这种吸收会在周围产生人工寒潮。选项A符合句意。6. 单选题Because Jenkins neither_nor defends either management or the striking workers, both sides admire his journalistic_.问题1选项A.criticizes.acumenB.attacks.neutralityC.confronts.aptitudeD.dismisses.flair【答案】B【解析】criticizes.acumen批评 敏锐; attacks.neutrality攻击 中立性; confronts.aptitude遭遇 能力; dismissesflair解散 资质。句意：由于Jenkins既不攻击也不为管理层或罢工工人辩护, 双方都钦佩他的作为新闻工作者的中立。选项B符合句意。7. 翻译题Many advocates of a universal healthcare system in the United States look to Canada for their model. While the Canadian healthcare system has much to recommend it, theres another model that has been too long neglected. That is the healthcare system in France.(1) Although the French system faces many challenges,the World Health Organization rated it the best in the world in 2001 because of its universal coverage, responsive healthcare providers, patient and provider freedoms,and the health and longevity of the countrys population. The United States ranked 37.The French system is also not inexpensive. At $3,500 per capita it is one of the most costly in Europe, yet that is still far less than the $6,100 per person in the United States.(2) The French share Americans distaste for restrictions on patient choice and they insist on autonomous private practitioners rather than a British-style national health service, which the French dismiss as socialized medicine. Virtually all physicians in France participate in the nations public health insurance, Securite Sociale.Their freedoms of diagnosis and therapy are protected in ways that would make their managed-care- controlled US counterparts envious. However,the average American physician earns more than five times the average US wage while the average French physician makes only about two times the average earnings of his or her compatriots. (3) But the lower income of French physicians is allayed by two factors,Practice liability is greatly diminished by a tort-averse legal system, and medical schools, although extremely competitive to enter, are tuition-free. Thus, French physicians enter their careers, with any debt and pay much lower malpractice insurance premiums.Nor do Frances doctors face the high nonmedical personnel payroll expenses that burden American physicians. Securite Sociale has created a standardized and speedy system for physician billing and patient reimbursement using electronic funds.(4) Its not uncommon to visit a French medical office and see no nonmedical personnel. What a concept. No back office army of billing specialists who do daily battle with insurers arcane and constantly changing rules of payment.National health insurance in France stands upon two grand historical bargainsthe first with doctors and a second with insurers.Doctors only agreed to participate in compulsory health insurance if the Jaw protected a patients choice of practitioner and guaranteed physicians resistance by permitting the nations already existing insurers to administer its new healthcare funds. Private health insurers are also central to the system as supplemental insurers who cover patient expenses that are not paid for by Securite Sociale.In fact, in France, the sicker you are,the more coverage, care, and treatment you get. Like all healthcare systems, the French confront ongoing problems. (5) Today French reformers number one priority is to move health insurance financing away from payroll and wage levies because they hamper employers willingness to hire. Instead, France is turning toward broad taxes on earned and unearned income alike to pay for healthcare. Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.【答案】（1）尽管法国的医疗保健制度面临着很多的挑战， 但2001年世界卫生组织仍将它排在第一位，原因是法国的医疗保健制度的覆盖面最广，拥有积极响应的医疗保健提供者, 医患的自由性和国民健康、长寿。（2）法国人和美国人一样也不愿意在患者选择上设限， 并且他们坚决主张自主的私营执业者，而不是一种英 国式的国民保健制度。法国人将这种国民保健制度视为“公费医疗制度”，不予采纳。（3）但是两方面的因素弥补了法国医生的收入低的情形。反侵权法律制度大大减小了实践责任。另外, 尽管进入医学院的竞争极其激烈， 但其学费是免费的。因此，法国医生就业时很少欠债， 所付的医疗事故保险费非常少。（4）参观法国医用办公室看不到非医学的职员是很平常的事情。也就是说在后端办公的人员中，没有大批的医疗账单专家每天与保险公司不断改变的付款规则作战。（5）)如今法国改革者优先考虑的事是不再从工资和工资税上为健康保险筹措资金， 因为他们制约了雇用者雇用员工的意愿。相反，法国的税收主要是来自工薪收入和非工薪收入， 并用这些税收来支付健康保险。8. 单选题John Dewey believed that education should be a preparation for life, that a person learns by doing, and that teaching must_the curiosity and creativity of children.问题1选项A.seekB.stimulateC.shapeD.secure【答案】B【解析】句意：约翰杜威认为教育应该为生活做准备, 如果在实践中学习, 教学必须激发孩子们的好奇心和创造力。只有stimulate才能和curiosity and creativity进行搭配最为合适, 所以选项B符合句意。9. 单选题Now they think that their views about the president and his policies on Iraq, global warming or unilateralism have all been_, so why keep ranting?问题1选项A.treacherousB.fraudulentC.avengedD.vindicated【答案】D【解析】treacherous背叛的，奸诈的；fraudulent欺骗性的； avenged报复， 报仇；vindicate证明.正确，维护。句意：现在他们认为， 他们对总统及其在伊拉克，全球变暖或单边主义政策的问题上的看法，都被证明是正确的， 那他们为什么还这么义愤填膺呢？选项D符合句意。10. 单选题As a person who combines care with_, Marisa completed her duties with_as well as zeal.问题1选项A.levity.resignationB.enthusiasm.meticulousnessC.vitality. willingnessD.empathy.rigor【答案】B【解析】levity.resignation轻率 屈从; enthusiasm.meticulousness热情 严谨; vitality.willingness活力 乐意; empathyrigor同情 严厉。句意：Marisa是一个细心与热情相结合的人, 她一丝不苟、兢兢业业地完成了自己的职责。选项B符合句意。11. 写作题High-speed electronic communications media, such as electronic mail, telephone and television, tend to prevent meaningful and thoughtful communication.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.【答案】Nowadays no one would doubt that electronic communication media reach a much bigger audience at a speed that pales even forerunners a few decades ago. However, whether such high speed means as television and e-mail have handicapped meaningful and thoughtful communication has been called into doubt. In fact, one needs not to go far to find that these doubts are groundless.Far from being an impediment,high speed electronic media step up the communication of meaningful and insightful ideas. In previous times,most of communication was carried out by mail delivered by postmen hurrying in carts pulled by horses. This was undoubtedly slow and full of mistakes in addressing and delivery. Things became worse if weather was inclement. In 19th century,great writers,such as Tolstoy,Balzac and Moiposson, spent months waiting for important responses from their publishers and peer friends. However, what is need in the era of e-mail is a click to send an insightful review, a brilliant idea or an enlightening paper to the other hemisphere.Besides, it involved prohibitive costs of money and time to get thoughtful works, whether a play, a novel or musical composition, to a large audience that the greatness of the works ought to reach. Best sellers by scintillating names,for example,Dickens,Dumas,Hugo,hardly approached the threshold of a million. Today TVs and Internet can place novels,drama or thoughts at the focus of national attention within minutes. Never has it been more convenient to conduct thoughtful and meaningful communication with high speed electronic media as today.Not only do high speed electronic media contribute much to quickly communicating thoughtful and meaningful ideas or works,they also enhance their production. TVs and Internet open up new fields of perception and broaden our horizon,bringing myriads of new knowledge before our inquiring minds. With the richness and completeness of information available,we are more ready to come up with meaningful and holistic ideas since insularity hampers perception and yields bigotry. Whats more,the vividness of TVs and highly interactive nature of e-mail help draw closer the minds of people of different skin colors and nationalities, fostering curiosity and a sense of unity. This in turn promotes the readiness to a higher stage of meaningful and in-depth communication. In the Hollywood classic Youve Got Mail, Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan demonstrates what an amazing altitude communication through email can reach. Meaningfulness and insight always result from the same thingsperception and love of truth, candor and trust, and readiness to share ideas and skill in self-expression. The ease and richness of high speed electronic media add new strength to these things in bringing forth insights in communication.Admittedly,there are lots of trash ads and unwholesome contents in TV shows and e-mails,which constitute real threats to meaningful communication. But we should not balk at promoting the usage of email or watching TV programs. We should see the tremendous joint efforts by email service providers,TV program producers and legislation to get rid of trash information that stands in the way of customer rights and meaningful communication. The hope for a clean and clear space both in TV and cyberspace is growing bigger.High speed electronic media are blessing for meaningful and thoughtful communication, though there are spots that may mar their perfection. We should embrace them and help them grow wholesomely.12. 单选题Although he was not caught cheating on the exam, the feeling of guilt_over and over again.问题1选项A.ascendedB.conqueredC.securedD.recurred【答案】D【解析】ascended上升, 追溯; conquered战胜, 征服; secured安全的, 有把握的; recurred重现。句意：虽然他在考试中作弊没有被抓, 但他的负罪感还是一遍又一遍地浮现。选项D符合句意。13. 单选题For the first time,we found_that allow us to connect the first phase of human evolution and the second phase.问题1选项A.theoriesB.morassesC.frescosD.fossils【答案】D【解析】theory理论, 学说; morass沼泽; fresco壁画; fossil化石。句意：我们第一次发现了化石, 它使我们能够把人类进化的第一阶段和第二阶段联系起来。选项D符合句意。14. 单选题We agree that a central purpose of drama has always been to provide a means for a society to_upon itself and its beliefs.问题1选项A.manifestB.reflectC.inventD.respect【答案】B【解析】manifest证明, 显示; reflect反映; invent发明,创作; respect尊重。句意：我们一致认为, 戏剧的中心思想一直是为社会提供一种反映自身及其信仰的手段。选项B符合句意。15. 单选题A completely new situation will_when the new examination system comes into existence.问题1选项A.riseB.raiseC.ariseD.arouse【答案】C【解析】句意：当新的考试制度出现时, 将会出现一个全新的局面。rise提高, 上升; raise筹集, 养育; arise出现, 上升; arouse引起, 唤起。只有选项C有出现, 产生的意思。所以本题选C。16. 单选题For the longest time, I couldnt get worked up about privacy: my right to it; how its dying; how were headed for an even more wired, underregulated, overintrusive, privacy-deprived planet.I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder, Time Inc.s mega info mall, and a guy who on the Web, I know better than most people that were hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. Were all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites; by the mere act of browsing(it sounds so passive! ) were going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago. I know this because Im a watcher too. When people come to my Website,without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders,recording what they look at,timing how long they stay on a particular page,following them around Pathfinders sprawling offerings.None of this would bother me in the least, I suspect, if a few years ago, my phone, like Marleys ghost, hadnt given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come. On Thanksgiving weekend in 1995, someone (presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers) forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine,where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things. Then,with typical hacker aplomb,the prankster asked people to leave their messages (which to my surprise many callers,including my mother,did). This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (Hey.why hasnt the phone rung since Wednesday? ) and got our phone service restored.It seemed funny at first,and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months. The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another,half a dozen times. They put special pin codes in place. They put traces on the line. But the troublemaker kept breaking through.If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating. He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my E-mail. He could have called in my mortgage, discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number. Like Sandra Bullock in The Net J could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity. (Although if I didnt have to pay back school loans,it might be worth it. Just a thought.)Still,I remember feeling violated at the time and as powerless as a minnow in a flash flood. Someone was invading my private spacemy familys private spaceand there was nothing I or the authorities could do. It was as close to a technological epiphany as I have ever been. And as I watched my personal digital hell unfold, it struck me that our privacymine and yourshas already disappeared, not in one Big Brotherly blitzkrieg but in Little Brotherly moments, bit by bit.Losing control of your telephone, of course, is the least of it. After all, most of us voluntarily give out our phone number and address when we allow ourselves to be listed in the White Pages. Most of us go a lot further than that. We register our whereabouts whenever we put a bank card in an ATM machine or drive through an E-Z Pass lane on the highway. We submit to being photographed every day20 times a day on average if you live or work in New York City一by surveillance cameras. We make public our interests and our purchasing habits every time we shop by mail order or visit a commercial Website. 1.What information do you learn about the author that establishes him as an authority on this topic?2.Which of the following problems has the author experienced?3.According to the passage,the hackers in the movie would conduct following thing EXCEPT（） .4.The writer cited his experience to show that（） .5.Because of advances in todays technology,the right to privacy could be compromised in the following areas EXCEPT（） .问题1选项A.He has suffered a lot in losing his privacy.B.He makes his living off of the Web.C.He knows how to monitor his account.D.He and his wife published a book concerning computer hackers.问题2选项A.Someone got information from his medical files and sent him brochures on health products he may want to buy.B.Someone used the motor-vehicle registration records on his car to find his home address.C.Someone rerouted his telephone calls to another number without his knowledge.D.Someone sent an e-mail message that destroyed the files on his computer.问题3选项A.eavesdroppingB.damaging a Social Security numberC.threatening in a flash floodD.making a person information disappear in the date base问题4选项A.the authorized organization could solve the problem by offering timely helpB.the interloper would be kept back sooner or laterC.the government took personal privacy bit by bitD.he would lose his privacy gradually问题5选项A.purchasingB.bankingC.telephone useD.recruitment【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.根据第二段的第一句“I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder,Time Inc.s mega info mall, and a guy who on the Web,.”作为时代公司旗下大型信息商城开创者的新闻总监和一个在网上谋生的人, 我应该指出.所以选项B正确。2.根据第三段的第二句“someone forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine,.”可知, 有人将作者的住宅电话号码转到了州外的答录机上, 选项C符合原文。3.根据第五段的内容可知, 科幻电影中的黑客会破坏被害人的信誉评价, 窃听电话, 截取邮件, 收回抵押, 停止健康保险或者删除社会保险号, 甚至断绝被害人与其他人的联系, 使其信息消失在数据库中。所以选项A, B, D均有提及, 只有选项C是作者打的一个比喻, 形容被侵犯的感觉, 所以本题选C。4.根据倒数第二段的最后一句“And as I watched my personal digital hell unfold, it struck me that our privacymine and yourshas already disappeared,not in one Big Brotherly blitzkrieg but in Little Brotherly moments,bit by bit.”作者引用自己的经历意在说明他的隐私, 包括大家的隐私, 都在逐渐消失, 选项D符合原文。5.根据最后一段的内容可知, 我们在购物、取款和使用电话时隐私权都会受到侵犯, 只有选项D在文中没有提及, 所以本题选D。17. 单选题Preliminary figures show Bibb Countys tax digest is slightly_with state guidelines,which could result in a fine of up to $100,000.问题1选项A.out for the countB.out and outC.out of blastD.out of whack【答案】D【解析】out for the count死的, 毁了的; out and out彻底地; out of blast停工, 停产; out of whack不一致; 不正常。句意：初步数据显示，比伯县的税务摘要与该州的指导方针略有出入，可能会被处以最高10万美元的罚款。选项D符合句意。18. 单选题She is one of the few people here I can understand properly, she pronounces all her words so_.问题1选项A.exactlyB.distinctlyC.distinctivelyD.distinguishably【答案】B【解析】exactly精确地；distinctly明显地， 清晰地；distinctively特殊地；distinguishably可区别地，辨认得出。句意：她是我能听懂的为数不多的几个人之一，她把所有的字都读得很清楚。由题意可知， 作者强调此人发音清晰，故选B。19. 翻译题I was deeply shocked by a recent survey that suggested 30 per cent of job applicants embellished the truth or lied on a curriculum vitae. Can the figure really be that low? （1）I had always assumed CVs were filled with evasions, half-truths and downright untruths. But, the news that merely 70 per cent of workers are honest has shaken my lack of faith in my fellow humans. The only consolation is that people often fib in anonymous surveys, just as they do on resumes, which means the real proportion may be higher.One prediction rang true from the research by the Chartered In