2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷92（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-中国矿业大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Many young people believe that war is stupid and unnecessary. To them, to lose ones life on the battlefield is（ ）.问题1选项A.gloriousB.futileC.heroicD.courageous【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：很多年轻人认为战争是愚蠢且没有必要的。对于他们来说，在战场上丢掉性命是徒劳的。glorious “光荣的”；futile “无用的”；heroic “英雄的”；courageous “有勇气的”。根据句意，选项B符合题意。2. 单选题When you watch a football game on a Saturday afternoon, you feel secure in your knowledge of what will happen when a player boots the ball. It first goes up and then it conies down. Thats how it is, was, and will be unless. if the kicker someday should kick the ball such that at the instant it left his toe it were traveling upward at a rate of 11.2 kilometers per second (25,000 mhr). We would find that we would not have to worry about a punt return, because the ball simply would not come down. This particular speed is the escape velocity of an object from the earth. At this speed, any object, large or small, will escape from the earth to soar forever upward until captured by the gravitational attraction of some other planet or heavenly body. At first thought it might seem that a heavy object might require a greater initial speed to escape from the surface of the earth than a lighter one, remember that the way objects fall (or move upward against gravity) is independent of the mass of the object. As a result, if a velocity of 11.2 kilometers per second is enough to cause a loot ball to escape from the earth, it is also enough to send bowling ball (or freight car) on its way.The concept of escape velocity applies to objects as small as atoms and molecules. The earths atmosphere is composed primarily of oxygen and nitrogen, and it contains practically no trace of hydrogen or helium, the lightest elements. All the atoms of a gas travel in random motion at very high speeds, and the less massive atoms and molecules travel at the greatest speeds. In fact, the lighter gases go so fast that their speeds are greater than the critical speed of 11.2 kilometers per second. Thus they have long ago left our comfortable home and are now wandering through space in search of a more hospitable gravitational field.The moon has a weaker gravitation held than the earth. The escape velocity of an object on the moon is about 2.4 kilometers per second, and even the heavier gases have enough speed to escape the moon. This explains why we find no atmosphere there; any gases that may be released near the moon quickly escape.1.Only when a ball exceeds 11.2 km per second can it（ ）.2.In order to escape from the earth, a heavier object（ ）.3.Helium is not found in the earths atmosphere because（ ）.4.There is no atmosphere on the moon because（ ）.问题1选项A.reach other planetsB.make a goalC.escape from the earthD.go upwards问题2选项A.demands a greater initial speed than a lighter oneB.demands as great an initial speed as a lighter oneC.must be made lighter than its original weightD.has to overcome a greater gravity than a lighter one问题3选项A.its moving speed well exceeds 11.2 km per secondB.it left the atmosphere long ago in search of another planetC.its moving speed is not great enough to reach the atmosphereD.it is lighter and cannot be thrown upwards问题4选项A.it is dry and lifelessB.it has a greater escape velocityC.no gases are produced by itselfD.it cannot hold such gases as oxygen and nitrogen to it【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段最后一句话提到“如果每秒11.2千米的速度能够让一个足球离开地球，那么也足够将一个保龄球（或一辆货车）送离地面”（As a result, if a velocity of 11.2 kilometers per second is enough to cause a loot ball to escape from the earth, it is also enough to send bowling ball (or freight car) on its way），因此选项C“逃离地球”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“为了离开地球，一个较重的物体”。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“物体下落的方式与物体的质量无关”（remember that the way objects fall (or move upward against gravity) is independent of the mass of the object），选项B“需要的初始速度与较轻物体的一样”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“地球大气中没有氦气的原因是”。文章第二段提到地球的大气主要有氧和氮组成，几乎没有氢和氦，质量轻的其他速度超过了11.2千米每秒的临界值，因此它们没有停留在地球，而是在太空中（In fact, the lighter gases go so fast that their speeds are greater than the critical speed of 11.2 kilometers per second. Thus they have long ago left our comfortable home and are now wandering through space in search of a more hospitable gravitational field），由此可以推测氦气的速度超过了11.2千米每秒，选项A符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“月球上没有大气的原因是”。文章最后一段提到月球的引力比地球的引力小。月球上物体的逃逸速度是2.4千米每秒，即使是较重的气体也有足够的速度逃离月球，这就是为什么月球上没有大气的原因，由此可知选项D“它不能将氧和氮这样的气体留在里面”符合题意。3. 单选题Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.In conducting research on culture and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, there searchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethic minority groups. In a subsequent study there searchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class, White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.1.According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to（ ）.2.What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?3.Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more（ ）.4.The etic approach is concerned with（ ）.5.Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?问题1选项A.be overcautious in constructing meaningfi.il measuresB.view them from their own cultural perspectiveC.guard against interference from their own cultureD.accept readily what is alien to their own culture问题2选项A.They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B.The former is biased while the latter is objective.C.The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.D.They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.问题3选项A.culturally interactiveB.culture-orientedC.culturally biasedD.culture-specific问题4选项A.the general characteristics of minority familiesB.culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC.features shared by various cultures or ethnic groupsD.the economic conditions of different types of families问题5选项A.Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.B.Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.C.They dont interact with each other so much as White families.D.They have closer family ties than White families.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章一段第一句“Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture.不熟悉他们所研究的文化和种族的研究人员必须采取额外的预防措施，以摆脱他们从自己的文化带来的任何偏见。”可知研究人员很容易带着文化偏见（从自己的文化角度）去研究其他文化。B选项“从他们自己的文化角度来看待（其他文化）”符合题意。2.判断推理题。the emic approach and the etic approach“主位法和非位法”出现在第二段中，“In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and wit to the People in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. 在主位方法中，研究者的目标是描述一个文化或种族群体的行为，这个行为明确对那个文化或种族群体的人来说是有意义的或智慧的，而不考虑其他文化或种族群体。在非遗传方法中，研究者的目标是描述行为，以便对不同文化群里中的行为进行归纳。”也就是说，这两种方法的区别在于侧重点不同，因此，A选项“他们对民族问题的研究重点不同”正确。3.事实细节题。由上题分析可知，the emic approach专注于对特定文化群体的行为进行描述，因此D选项“文化特异性”正确。A选项“文化互动性”；B选项“文化导向性”；C选项“文化偏见性”。4.事实细节题。由27题分析可知，the etic approach专注于比对不同文化群体的行为特征，因此C选项“不同文化或民族的共同特征”符合题意。5.判断推理题。由题干定位到文章最后一段中“In studying in ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. 通过对少数民族家庭的研究，研究人员可能会发现，与美国白人家庭相比，少数民族家庭的大家庭更是一个支持系统。”因此，比起白人家庭，少数民族家庭成员间的联系应更为紧密。因此D选项“他们的家庭关系比白人家庭更紧密”符合题意。4. 单选题The（ ）of the word is unknown, but it is certainly not from Greek.问题1选项A.originB.generationC.descentD.cause【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项origin“起源；出身；开端”；B选项generation“一代；产生”；C选项descent“下降；血统；袭击”；D选项cause“原因；事业；目标”。句意：这个词的未知，但肯定不是来自希腊语。后半句有一个词“from来自”，说明前半句是追究“词源”，A选项符合题意。5. 单选题Before we move, we should（ ）some of the old furniture, so that we can have more room in the new house.问题1选项A.discardB.dissipateC.cancelD.conceal【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项discard“抛弃；丢弃”；B选项dissipate“消费；驱散；使消散”；C选项cancel“取消；删去”；D选项conceal“隐藏；隐瞒”。句意：在我们搬家之前，我们应该一些旧家具，这样我们在新房子里才有更多的空间。由句意推测，此处应表示“丢弃一些旧家具”来节省空间，因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photographs fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselvesanything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art. except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art.Photographers disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photographys prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon or Pop painting during the 1960s. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist paintingthat is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matissepresupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art.Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activityin short, an art.1.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.According to the author, the 19lb century defenders of photography stressed that photography was（ ）.3.According to the passage, some serious contemporary photographers make the claim that their photographs（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most probably considers serious contemporary photography to be a（ ）.问题1选项A.defining the Modernist attitude toward artB.explaining how photography emerged as a fine artC.explaining the attitude of serious contemporary photographers toward photography as art and placing those attitudes in their historical contextD.defining the various approaches that serious contemporary photographers take toward their art and assessing the value of each of those approaches问题2选项A.a technologically advanced activityB.a device for observing the world impartiallyC.an art comparable to paintingD.an art that would eventually replace the traditional arts问题3选项A.are examples of the photographers impartial observation of the worldB.can be created by almost anyone who could devote to the activityC.are important because of the subject but not the responses of the viewersD.exhibit the same principles used in painting问题4选项A.contemporary art accepted as fine artB.craft requiring sensitivity but by no means as artC.mechanical copying of realityD.modern art that displays the Modernist tendency to try to subvert the prevailing aims of art【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目提问在这篇文章中，作者主要关心的是？根据第一段中 “Throughout the nineteenth century，the defense of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art.整个19世纪，摄影的辩护都是力争将摄影确定为艺术”和第二段中“Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. 具有讽刺意味的是，虽然已经确凿无疑被认为是一种艺术，但许多摄影家认为把摄影称之为美的艺术是矫揉造作或名不副实的。”以及全文在讲“在不同的历史背景下，当代严肃的摄影师对摄影是艺术的态度”确定C选项“说明当代严肃的摄影师对摄影作为艺术的态度，并把这些态度放在他们的历史的背景中”正确。2.细节事实题。题目提问据作者说，19世纪摄影的捍卫者强调摄影是？根据第一段中“Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting.为了反驳摄影是对现实的没有灵魂的机械复制的指责，摄影家断言：恰恰相反，摄影是观看事物的一种特有形式，是对普通视觉的一种背离，是一种与绘画有同样价值的艺术。”确定C选项“一种堪比绘画的艺术”正确。3.细节事实题。题目提问根据这篇文章，一些严肃的当代摄影师声称他们的照片？根据第二段中“Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselvesanything but making works of art. 严肃的摄影师们声称自己在寻找、记录、公正地观察、见证事件、探索自己但绝不是在创作艺术作品。”确定A选项“是摄影师公正地观察世界的例子”正确。4.细节事实题。题目提问从文章中可以推断，作者最可能认为严肃的当代摄影是一个？根据第二段中 “It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. 它表明了他们对现代主义胜利强加给他们的艺术概念是多么地想当然：艺术越好，它对传统艺术目标的颠覆性就越大。” 确定D选项“一种现代艺术，显示了试图颠覆艺术盛行的现代主义趋势”正确。7. 单选题A（ ）of sympathy swept through Japan yesterday as people heard the shocking news of Obuchis decent into a coma.问题1选项A.waveB.tideC.rushD.shower【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：昨天当人们听到小渊惠三陷入昏迷状态的惊人消息时，一阵同情席卷了日本。a wave of “一阵”，因此选项A符合题意。8. 单选题Despite repeated（ ） by educational authorities for concrete measures to reduce students burdens，little has changed.问题1选项A.directionsB.recommendationsC.adviceD.calls【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：尽管教务部再三呼吁减轻学生负担，但是几乎没有改变。direction “指示”；recommendation “推荐；建议”；advice “建议”；calls “呼吁”。根据句意，选项D符合题意。9. 单选题By patient questioning the lawyer managed to（ ） enough information from the witnesses.问题1选项A.evacuateB.withdrawC.impartD.elicit【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项evacuate“疏散；撤退；排泄”；B选项withdraw“撤退；收回；撤销；取钱”；C选项impart“给予；传授；告知”；D选项elicit“抽出；引起；诱出”。句意：通过耐心的询问，律师设法从证人那里足够的信息。“信息”是证人给出的，律师只有努力去“获取”，综合选项可知D选项正确。10. 单选题I am one of the many city people who are always saying that given the choice, we would prefer to live in the country away from the dirt and noise of a large city. I have managed to convince myself that if it werent for my job I would immediately head out for the open spaces and go back to nature in some sleepy village buried in the country. But how realistic is the dream?Cities can be frightening places. The majority of the population live in massive tower blocks, noisy, dirty and impersonal. The sense of belonging to a community tends to disappear when you live fifteen floors up. All you can see from your window is sky, or other blocks of flats. Children become aggressive and nervouscooped up at home all day, with nowhere to play; their mothers feel isolated from the rest of the world. Strangely enough, whereas in the past the inhabitants of one street all knew each other, nowadays people on the same floor in tower blocks dont even say hello to each other.Country life, on the other hand, differs from this kind of isolated existence in that a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together. People have the advantage of knowing that there is always someone to turn to when they need help. But country life has disadvantages too. While it is true that you may be among friends in a village, it is also true that you are cut off from the exciting and important events that take place in cities. Theres little possibility of going to a new show or the latest movie. Shopping becomes a major problem, and for anything slightly out of the ordinary you have to go on an expedition to the nearest large town. The city-dweller who leaves for the country is often oppressed by a sense of unbearable stillness and quiet.What, then, is the answer? The country has the advantage of peace and quiet, but suffers from the disadvantage of being cut off; the city breeds a feeling of isolation, and constant noise batters the senses. But one of its main advantages is that you are at the center of things, and that life doesnt come to an end at half-past nine at night. Some people have found (or rather bought) a compromise between the two: they have expressed their preference for the “quiet life” by moving to villages within commuting distance of large cities. They generally have about as much sensitivity as the plastic flowers they leave behindthey are polluted with strange ideas about change and improvement which they force on to the unwilling original inhabitants of the villages.What then of my dreams of leaning on a cottage gate and murmuring “morning” to the locals as they pass by. Im keen on the idea, but you see theres my cat. Toby. Im not at all sure that he would take to all that fresh ai