2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第161期

2022年考博英语-中国科学技术大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 填空题Meteorologists describe the air primarily in terms of its composition, temperature, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, precipitation, and _. (humid)【答案】humidity【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】根据关键词and，可知precipitation和横线所在内容为并列结构，应该和precipitation一样为名词，humidity“（空气中的）湿度”符合语境，指的是湿度是描述空气的元素之一。【句意】气象学家主要根据空气的组成、温度、压力、风速、风向、降雨量和湿度来描述空气。2. 单选题Nowadays it is mandatory to have at least a rudimentary knowledge of the new cell chemistry to be able to understand practical medical advances in fields of virology, cancer, and hereditary diseases.问题1选项A.profoundB.essentialC.multipleD.elementary【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. profound 知识渊博的，理解深刻的 B. essential 必不可少的，极其重要的C. multiple 数量多的，多种多样的 D. elementary 初级的，基础的【答案】D【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】rudimentary的意思为“基础的，基本的”，修饰knowledge，指的是要知道新细胞化学的基本知识，elementary与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】如今，要想了解病毒学、癌症和遗传疾病等领域的实际医学进展，至少必须掌握新细胞化学的基本知识。3. 填空题The subject of food, like all topics in which the human race has a large and inescapable interest, is something but a simple piece of business. Cooking and eating give rise to a great many horror tales and strange behavior. A B C D【答案】B something but改为anything but【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】anything but意思为“根本不，绝不”，这里指的是食物不是一件简单的事情。【句意】食物这个话题，就像所有人类有宏大而不可回避的兴趣话题一样，绝不是一件简单的事情。做饭和吃饭引申出许多恐怖故事和怪异行为。4. 填空题There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school Ihave taught has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. A B C D【答案】C have taught改为have taught in【解析】【考查点】从句。【解题思路】I have taught是修饰school的定语从句，从句的完整句子为I have taught in school，当school作为先行词放于从句之前时，介词应该保留，因此C部分应为have taught in。【句意】家长们普遍认为学校不再重视拼写。我所任教的学校从来没有忽视过拼写，或认为拼写是一项基本技能，根本不重要。5. 填空题The impact of their activities is increased importance at a time when most governments manage the economy with one eye on the unemployment statistics. A B C D【答案】A increased importance改为of increased importance【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】A部分前面是be动词，A部分所在内容为表语，这里表达的意思是活动的影响很重要，固定搭配为be of importance，所以这里应为of increased importance。【句意】在大多数政府管理经济时都只关注失业统计数据的时候，这些企业活动的影响变得越来越重要。6. 填空题Although personality change is _ difficult, sometimes people can change the most dysfunctional aspects of their feelings and behavior. (exceed)【答案】exceedingly【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】在is _ difficult中，is和difficult是系动词和表语，横线所在内容修饰形容词difficult，应该为副词，exceedingly“极其”符合语境，指的是性格的改变极其困难。【句意】虽然性格的改变极其困难，但有时人们可以改变他们的感觉和行为中最不正常的方面。7. 填空题Reading and comprehending a large number of documents and reportsmany of them specialized and technicalis a vital task that is intrinsic to fulfilling management and _responsibilities. (execute)【答案】executive【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】intrinsic的用法为be intrinsic to sth.，形容词fulfilling修饰management，意思为“令人心满意足的”；根据关键词and，可知responsibilities和management是名词，横线处和fulfilling为形容词，executive意思为“执行的”，符合语境。【句意】阅读和理解大量的文件和报告其中许多是专业和技术性的是一项至关重要的任务，是实现管理和执行职责所固有的。8. 单选题Is it surprising that a wave of sadness swept over me as I looked for the last time at the Flaming Cliffs, gorgeous in the morning sunshine of that brilliant August day?问题1选项A.splendidB.riskyC.restlessD.gloomy【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. splendid 壮丽的，雄伟的 B. risky 有危险（或风险）的C. restless 坐立不安的，不耐烦的 D. gloomy 黑暗的，阴暗的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】gorgeous的意思为“非常漂亮的，美丽动人的”，用来形容烈火危崖的美丽壮阔的景色，splendid与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】我最后一眼眺望烈火危崖，在八月灿烂的早晨阳光下，它美极了，这时一股悲伤席卷了我，这不是非常令人震惊吗？9. 填空题Tomatoes, when they were first introduced, were considered either magical or harmful, depending on which school of thought you listened. Even within living memory, there was a time when vegetables were considered harmful unless A B C Dcooked for long. 【答案】B listened改为listened to【解析】【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】listened to意思为“听从”，为固定搭配，这里指的是认为西红柿是怎样的，就看听从对西红柿的哪一种描述。【句意】西红柿刚被引进时，人们认为它很神奇或者有害，这取决于你听的是哪个学派的观点。即使在现在，人们也有一段时间认为蔬菜没有经过长时间的烹饪就是有害的。10. 填空题The effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in foods prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. A B C D【答案】C in foods prices改为in food prices【解析】【考查点】名词。【解题思路】C部分的food是统称，指的是所有食物，为不可数名词，所以用单数food。【句意】主要由于政府逐渐减少在食物方面的支持，同时食物价格上涨，该国食物情况恶化。11. 单选题An anonymous letter _ police to the possibility of a terrorist attack at the airport.问题1选项A.imposedB.alertedC.warnedD.informed【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. imposed 使（别人）接受自己的意见 B. alerted 向报警，使警惕，使戒备（警告某人危险或紧急情况）C. warned 提醒注意（可能发生的事），使警惕（以便于避免某事，尤指可能发生的危险或不愉快的事情） D. informed 知会，通知（尤指以官方的方式告诉某人某事）【答案】B【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】横线处和police构成动宾搭配关系，指的是有人匿名向警察报警，说可能会有人袭击机场，alerted符合语境，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项不符合语境。【句意】一封匿名信提醒警方注意机场可能会发生恐怖袭击。12. 单选题The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the more they seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers also tend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with critical analyses of the forces that shape everyones experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead. Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development, and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T. Coca-Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Coleman says that based on what hes seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make for long-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure, a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the big promotion. He finds that advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and how high up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minority races who, like Coleman, feel that the scales (障眼物) have dropped from their eyes. “Women and blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,” says Kaleel Jamison, a New York-based management consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. “They think that if you work hard, youll get aheadthat someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion.” She adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think theyve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down their visibility.” Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.1. According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”.2. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _.3. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _.4. The best title for this passage would be _.问题1选项A.criticisms that shape everyones experienceB.the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC.the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD.the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization问题2选项A.perform well your tasks given by your superiorsB.project a favorable image to the people around youC.work as a consultant to your superiorsD.let your superiors know how good you are问题3选项A.know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB.want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC.dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD.believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color问题4选项A.Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB.The Importance of Being VisibleC.Job Performance and AdvancementD.Sex and Career Success【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】第1题:【选项释义】According to the passage, “things formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Para. 1) probably refers to “_”. 根据文章，“以前认为最好不要说的事情”（第一段）可能指的是“_”。A. criticisms that shape everyones experience A. 形成每个人的经验的批判B. the opinions which contradict the established beliefs B. 与既定信念相矛盾的观点C. the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eye C. 有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向D. the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization D. 在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法【答案】B【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词judged to be best left unsaid定位到第一段第一句，该处讲到“她们似乎就越想谈论以前认为最好不要说的事情（things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）”，结合该段第二句“新人倾向于用全新的眼光（fresh eye）来看待公司的事务，在这过程中，有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量进行批判性分析（critical analyses）。”，可知这里不能说的是和新观点相反的，并且之前在大环境中普遍赞同的观点，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“形成每个人的经验的批判”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“有时会对形成组织中每个人经验的力量（forces that shape everyones experience）进行批判性分析（critical analyses）”，这里指的不是批判塑造经验，而是批判形成经验的力量，属于偷换概念；C选项“有助于新人用新眼光看待办公室事务的倾向”：对应第一段第二句，该处讲到“新人倾向于用全新的眼光来看待公司的事务（tend to see office matters with a fresh eye）”，这里描述的是这件事本身，而不是说要推动这件事，属于偷换概念；D选项“在组织中通常会产生新型管理方式的想法”：文中没有提到这些会产生新的管理方式，属于无中生有。第2题:【选项释义】To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, is to _. 根据这篇文章，想要在你的职业生涯中取得成功，最重要的因素是_。A. perform well your tasks given by your superiors A. 出色完成上级交代的任务B. project a favorable image to the people around you B. 在周围人面前树立良好形象C. work as a consultant to your superiors C. 做你上司的顾问D. let your superiors know how good you are D. 让你上司知道你有多优秀【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词the most important factor定位到第二段第一句，该处讲到“长期职业成功的不同要素（different elements）如下：业绩仅占10%，形象占30%，而曝光率高达60%（exposure, a full 60%）。”，结合该段第六句“晋升往往取决于（advancement more often depends on）有多少人了解（how many people know）你和你的工作，以及他们的职位高低”，可知在事业成功上，让上司知道自己的优秀最重要，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“出色完成上级交代的任务”：对应第二段第一句“业绩仅占10%（performance counts a mere 10%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；B选项“在周围人面前树立良好形象”：对应第二段第一句“形象占30%（image, 30%）”，可知这不是最重要的因素，属于反向干扰；C选项“做你上司的顾问”：对应第三段第三句“帮助企业处理这些问题的管理顾问（management consultant）卡列尔贾米森”，这里只是提到此人及其职业，和取得职业生涯的成功无关，属于偷换概念。第3题:【选项释义】The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that they _. 女性和黑人减少自己曝光率的原因是他们_。A. know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotion A. 知道权威人士会向下视察，给他们升职B. want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefs B. 想给人一种他们抱着错误信念工作的印象C. dont want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or color C. 不希望人们认为他们晋升是由于性别或肤色D. believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color D. 认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干中信息词play down their visibility定位到第三段第五句，该处讲到“大多数女性和黑人害怕人们认为（so frightened that people will think）他们是因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此他们减少了自己的曝光率（that they play down their visibility）。”，可知其原因是不希望别人认为他们只因为性别或肤色而晋升，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“知道会有上级向下视察，给他们升职”：对应第三段第四句，该处讲到“他们认为（They think）权威人士会向下视察，给你升职（someone in authority will reach down and give you a promotion）。”，这是在解释前一句提到的错误信念，而非减少曝光率的主要原因，属于张冠李戴；B选项“想给人一种他们在错误信念下工作的印象”：对应第三段第三句，该处讲到“列尔贾米森说（says Kaleel Jamison），女性和黑人抱着错误的信念工作。”，这句话是别人对他们的评价，而非他们自己想要这样做，属于偷换概念；D选项“认为他们能因性别或肤色而晋升”：他们不希望别人认为自己因性别或肤色而晋升，自己也不认为这样的事情会发生，属于反向干扰。第4题:【选项释义】The best title for this passage would be _. 这篇文章最好的标题是_。A. Role of Women and Minorities in Management A. 女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用B. The Importance of Being Visible B. 被看见的重要性C. Job Performance and Advancement C. 工作表现与晋升D. Sex and Career Success D. 性别与事业成功【答案】B【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】第一段提出女性、少数族裔（women and minorities）和新人对于公司原有观点的冲击（talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid）；第二段点出自己和自己工作被上级看到（exposure, a full 60%）是在职场中成功最重要的因素；第三段建议女性和黑人让自己成为焦点（find their way into the spotlight）。综上所述，这篇文章层层递进，最终要表达的是在职场中，成为焦点、被看到很重要，因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“女性和少数族裔在管理中的作用”：文中没有提到女性和少数族裔在管理中如何发挥作用，属于无中生有；C选项“工作表现与晋升”和D选项“性别与事业成功”：只是文章的部分内容，不能概括全文，属于以偏概全。13. 填空题In the last 15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been caused by electromagnetic interference. The source of this interference remains uncomforting, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at A B C Dportable electronic devices.【答案】B uncomforting改为unconfirmed【解析】【考查点】表语。【解题思路】根据关键词remains，可知B部分是表语，在这里应该用形容词。根据but，可知句子前后表示转折关系，后面说到越来越多专家指出干扰的来源是电子设备，可知其来源并没有被证实，unconfirmed的意思为“未经证实的，未确认的”，符合语境。【句意】在过去的15年里，飞行员报告了超过100起可能由电磁干扰引起的事故。这种干扰的来源还没有被证实，但越来越多的专家指出这是电子设备引起的。14. 单选题Facing-port industry has become the basic pillar of economic strength in developed countries and promoted the formation of international production.问题1选项A.circumstanceB.motivationC.backboneD.initiative【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. circumstance 条件，环境 B. motivation 动力C. backbone 支柱，骨干，基础 D. initiative 主动性，积极性【答案】C【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】pillar的意思为“核心，基础，支柱”，临港工业是发达国家经济实力的基本核心，backbone与之词义相近，因此C选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】临港工业已成为发达国家经济实力的基本支柱，促进了国际化大生产方式的形成。15. 翻译题As an adult I once did the same thing to Sophia, calling her garbage in English when she acted extremely disrespectfully toward me. When I mentioned that I had done this at a dinner party, I was immediately ostracized (excluded). One guest named Marcy got so upset she broke down in tears and had to leave early. My friend Susan, the host, tried to rehabilitate me with the remaining guests.The fact is that Chinese parents can do things that would seem unimaginableeven legally actionable (可起诉的)to Westerners. Chinese mothers can say to their daughters, “Hey fattylose some weight.” By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around the issue, talking in terms of “health” and never ever mentioning the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders (进食障碍) and negative self-image. (I also once heard a Western father toast his adult daughter by calling her “beautiful and incredibly competent”. She later told me that made her feel like garbage.)Chinese parents can order their kids to get straight As. Western parents can only ask their kids to try their best. Chinese parents can say, “Youre lazy. All your classmates are getting ahead of you.” By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conflicted feelings about achievement, and try to persuade themselves that theyre not disappointed about how their kids turned out.Ive thought long and hard about how Chinese parents can get away with what they do. I think there are three big differences between the Chinese and Western parental mind-sets (心态，思维定式，思维取向).【答案】【参考译文】作为一个成年人，我曾对索菲亚做过同样的事。当她的行为举止对我极其不敬时，我大声用英语呵斥她是垃圾。有一次参加晚宴，我无意中提及到这件事，没想到立刻被在场的客人排斥了。一位叫玛西的客人竟然难过得哭了起来，不得不提前离开宴会。而我的朋友苏珊，也就是举办晚宴的主人，试图在留下的客人面前为我打圆场。事实上，中国父母可以做出一些在西方父母眼里无法想象的事情，甚至可以因为这些事被起诉。例如，中国的妈妈可以跟女儿说“嘿，胖妹，你该减减肥了！”相反，西方父母们对此话题小心翼翼，从“健康”的角度谈论，绝口不提“肥胖”二字。然后他们的孩子最终还是因为饮食失调和体型不良接受治疗。（我曾听过一位西方父亲在为他成年女儿祝酒时，说他女儿“美丽无比，能力非凡”。他女儿事后告诉我，他父亲的话让她觉得自己像垃圾一样。）中国父母会要求自己的孩子必须每科都是优，而西方父母只让孩子尽力而为。中国父母会说：“你这么懒，班上的同学都超过你了。”相比之下，西方父母不得不在孩子的成绩问题上与自己的矛盾情绪作斗争，并试图说服自己，他们对孩子的表现并不失望。我想了很久，中国父母怎么能不受惩罚。我想主要是因为中西方父母在心态上的三大差异。16. 填空题People with depression may have low self-esteem, a sense of hopelessness about the future, and a lack of interest in people and activities once found _. (pleasure)【答案】pleasurable【解析】【考查点】形容词。【解题思路】once found _是修饰people and activities的后置定语，指的是曾经让抑郁症患者感到愉快的人和活动，横线所在内容修饰people and activities，应为形容词，pleasurable的意思为“愉快的”，符合语境。【句意】抑郁症患者可能自尊心较低，对未来感到绝望，对曾经令其愉快的人和活动缺乏兴趣。17. 填空题There are signs that specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the creditand all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a womans A B C Dplace is in the home.【答案】C and all the blame改为nor all the blame【解析】【考查点】句间逻辑。【解题思路】前面说到意识到男性的作用，可知后面表达的意思是不要把女性的作用放得那么大，也就是不要把功过都归结于女性，not receive all the credit对应的应该是nor all the blame。【句意】有迹象表明，家庭专家越来越意识到男性所起的作用，他们认为不应该把所有的功劳都归于女性，也不应该把所有的过错都归女性。我们几乎放弃了“女性应该呆在家里”的说法。18. 单选题He told Arab lawmakers who took part in the protest that “the day will come when we will banish you from the national home”.问题1选项A.conquerB.transferC.departD.exile【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. conquer 占领，攻克 B. transfer 转职，转学，改变（环境）C. depart 离开，离去 D. exile 流放，放逐【答案】D【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】banish的意思为“放逐，流放，把（某人）驱逐出境”，这里指把参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员驱逐出境，exile与之词义相近，因此D选项正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、C选项词义与之不符。【句意】他告诉参加抗议活动的阿拉伯议员：“我们把你们赶出国家的那一天终将到来。”19. 填空题Asian American children of high school age generally outscore other students on the Scholastic AAptitude Test. They make up a disproportionate large segment of student bodies in the most prominent B C Dcolleges and universities.【答案】C disproportionate改为disproportionately【解析】【考查点】副词。【解题思路】large为形容词，应该用副词修饰，所以用disproportionately正确。【句意】亚裔美国高中生在学业能力倾向测试中的得分普遍高于其他学生。在最著名的学院和大学里，他们在学生群体中所占比例相当大。20. 单选题Had spring ever been gentle, so endearing before? Had every little scene, every shop window, every face he passed ever been so wonderfully interesting?问题1选项A.attractiveB.favorableC.inspiringD.peaceful【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. attractive 吸引人的，令人愉快的 B. favorable 给人好印象的（有好感）C. inspiring 鼓舞人心的，激励的，启发灵感的 D. peaceful 安静的，平静的【答案】A【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】endearing的意思为“惹人喜爱的，讨人喜欢的”，这里问春天是否曾经惹人喜爱，让人不自觉地被他吸引，attractive与之词义相近，因此A选项正确。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项词义与之不符。【句意】春天曾经如此惹人喜爱吗？他走过的每一处、每一个商店橱窗、每一张面孔，都曾经是那么奇妙而有趣吗？