2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷84

2022年考博英语-吉林大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题The microscope can（ ） the object 50 times in diameter.问题1选项A.increaseB.multiplyC.enlargeD.magnify【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。increase “增加；加大”；multiply “乘；使增加；使繁殖；使相乘”；enlarge “扩大；使增大；扩展”；magnify “放大；夸大”。句意：显微镜可以使物体在直径上放大50倍。选项D符合题意。2. 单选题Digging the foundation is the first （ ）of our building project.问题1选项A.processionB.solutionC.phaseD.achievement【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。procession “行列；游行”；solution “解决”；phase “阶段”；achievement “成就；成绩”。句意：我们工程的第一个阶段是挖地基。选项C符合题意。3. 单选题There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future”, the papers publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, theres plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper printing presses, delivery trucksisnt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online-only competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate is print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them.” he said, “but if you discontinue it, youre going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes thats worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD mailing service to focus on streaming. “It was seen as blunder,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti were in charge at the Times? “I wouldnt pick a year to end print,” he said, “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and theyd like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in, “So if youre overpaying for print, you could feel like you were helping.” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.” In other words, if youre going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it, which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a yearmore than twice as much as a digitalonly subscription.“Its a really hard thing to do and its a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesnt have a legacy business.” Peretti remarked. “But were going to have questions like that where we have things were doing that dont make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situation, its better to be more aggressive that less aggressive.”1.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to （ ）.2.Pertti suggests that in face of the present situation, The Times should （ ）.3.It can be inferred from paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product” （ ）.4.Peretti believes that in a changing world （ ）.5.Which of the following would be the best title of the text?问题1选项A.the increasing online and salesB.the pressure from its investorsC.the complaints from its readersD.the high cost of operation问题2选项A.make strategic adjustmentsB.end the print edition for good.C.seek new sources of leadership.D.aim for efficient management问题3选项A.helps restore the glory of former timesB.is meant for the most loyal customersC.will have the cost of printing reducedD.expands the popularity of the paper.问题4选项A.traditional luxuries can stay unaffectedB.cautiousness facilitates problem-solvingC.aggressiveness better meets challengesD.legacy businesses are becoming out dated问题5选项A.Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once.B.Cherish the newspapers Still in Your HandC.Keep Your Newspapers Forever in FashionD.Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.文章第二段The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper printing presses, delivery trucksisnt just expensive; its excessive at a time when online-only competitors dont have the same set of financial constraints提到现在发行一份纸质报纸所需要的印刷机、配送卡是奢侈。在当下，只发行电子版报纸的同类报纸不受这种经济因素的制约。选项D “昂贵的运营费用”符合题意。2.文章第四段第一句Peretti says the Times shouldnt waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way提到Peretti认为泰晤士报不应该花时间去思考停止印刷纸质版，而是应该寻找正确的方法去解决问题。选项A “进行战略调整”符合题意。3.文章第六段第一句the most loyal customers would still get the product they favor 提到最忠诚的顾客们依旧会选择他们一直喜欢的产品；make it for the people who are already obsessed with it 专门为最忠诚客户为生，由此推断选项B “专门为最忠诚客户为生”符合题意。4.文章最后一段最后一句in those situation, its better to be more aggressive that less aggressive提到碰到那种情况，迎难而上要比无所作为好。选项C符合题意。5.文章主要讲述了报纸行业为防止被淘汰而采取对策。文章第五、六段提到不应该立即取消或者淘汰报纸行业，而应该把它变成一种更像文化遗产的产品，不断提高报纸的价格，变成一种奢侈品（I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product）。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题There is too great a （ ）of alcohol in Britain.问题1选项A.consumptionB.destructionC.absenceD.transmission【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。consumption “消费；消耗”；destruction “破坏；毁灭”；absence “缺乏；缺席”；transmission “传动装置;传送”。句意：英国的酒精消耗太大了。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题Bob was not a （ ）man who never made a quick decision about anything.问题1选项A.boldB.recklessC.deliberateD.rash【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。bold “大胆的，英勇的”；reckless “鲁莽的，不顾后果的”； deliberate “故意的，深思熟虑的”；rash “轻率的，鲁莽的”。句意：Bob不是那种在做决定之前多加思考的人。选项C符合题意。6. 单选题Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragility of biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earths ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. In most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.Certainly, there have been periods in Earths history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only 0.1 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.However, nothing has ever equated the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in line 10 to suggest that （ ）.3.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that（ ）.4.According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans（ ）.5.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?问题1选项A.The causes of the extinction of the dinosaurB.The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.C.The impact of human activities on Earths ecosystemsD.The time required for species to adapt to new environments.问题2选项A.new habitats can be created for speciesB.humans are often made ill by polluted waterC.some species have been made extinct by human activityD.an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing.问题3选项A.the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknownB.Earths climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs extinction.C.not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activityD.actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species extinction问题4选项A.are occurring at a much faster rateB.are less devastating to most speciesC.affect fewer ecosystemsD.are reversible问题5选项A.Human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policyB.The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress.C.Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems.D.Humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.文章提到了由于人类的活动导致一些动物灭绝，导致各种污染，严重破坏了地球生态系统。文章最后一段However, nothing has ever equated the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment提到人类改变物理和化学世界以及毁坏环境的速度和程度已经超过了一切其他事物。选项C “人类活动对地球生态系统的影响”符合题意。2.文章第一段Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste提到人类正通过其他活动来破坏海洋生态系统，比如有毒垃圾的排放，可知由于人类的活动导致很多动物灭绝。选项C符合题意。3.文章第二段第一句Certainly, there have been periods in Earths history when mass extinctions have occurred提到有些动物的灭绝是地球历史进程中的结果。紧接着这用恐龙灭绝来佐证这个观点。选项C “不是所有动物的灭绝都是人类行为导致的”符合题意。4.文章最后一段提到人类改变物理和化学世界以及破坏地球的速度比任何事物都快，并且事实上即将会导致生物毁坏的是人类正在造成的变化速度已经超过了变化本身。选项A符合题意。5.文章第一段提到生物多样性已经成为一个公认的严重环保问题（Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades），文章最后也提到事实上有一种广泛的共识就是即将会导致生物毁坏的是人类正在造成的变化速度已经超过了变化本身（In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves），根据以上这些可推断人类应该更加意识到自己行为对生态系统的影响作用。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships （ ）follow traffic rules in busy harbors.问题1选项A.dutifullyB.cautiouslyC.faithfullyD.skillfully【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。dutifully “尽职尽责地，忠实地”；cautiously “慎重地，谨慎地”；faithfully “忠实地，忠诚地”；skillfully “巧妙地，精巧地”。句意：海岸警卫队的职责之一便是确保繁忙港口的所有船只都遵守交通规则。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题The management should give （ ）to the workers,safety operation over every other consideration.问题1选项A.precedenceB.coherenceC.affluenceD.coincidence【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。precedence “优先”；coherence “一致，连贯性”；affluence “富裕，丰富”；coincidence “巧合”。根据句意“工人的安全操作问题”应该是管理层优先考虑的问题，所以选项A符合题意。9. 单选题Banking is about money; and no other familiar commodity arouses such excesses of passion and dislike. Nor is there any other about which more nonsense is talked. The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict peoples behavior and its consequences. Indeed most social sciences and, for example, medicine could probably be described in the same way.However, it is common to hear assertions of the kind “if you were left alone on a desert island a few seed potatoes would be more use to you than a million pounds” as though this proves something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves. Money in fact is a token, or symbolic object, exchangeable on demand by its holders for goods and services. Its use for these purposes is universal except within a small number of primitive agricultural communities.Money and the price mechanism, i.e., the changes in prices expressed in money terms of different goods and services, are the means by which all modern societies regulate demand and supply for these things. Especially important are the relative changes in price of different goods and services compared with each other. To take random examples: the price of house-building has over the past five years risen a good deal faster than that of domestic appliances like refrigerators, but slower than that of motor insurance or French Impressionist paintings. This fact has complex implications for students of the industry, trade unionism, town planning, insurance companies, fine art suctions, and politics. Unpacking these implications is what economics is about, but their implications for bankers are quite different.In general, in modern industrialized societies, prices of services or goods produced in a context requiring a high service-content (e.g. a meal in a restaurant) are scale. It is also a characteristic of highly developed economies that the number of workers employed in service industries tends to rise and that of workers employed in manufacturing to fall. The discomfort this truth causes has been an important source of tension in western political life for many years and is likely to remain so for many more.1.According to the passage economics is（ ）.2.In the writers view, the assertion that money would be useless on a desert inland（ ） .3.Modern societies control supply and demand（ ） .4.The writer suggests that economics is concerned with（ ） .5.In developed economies, service industries（ ） .问题1选项A.similar to other social sciences because a lot of nonsense is talked about itB.different from social sciences which try to forecast the way people behaveC.similar to other social sciences because it can foretell the tomorrowD.different from sciences such as medicine问题2选项A.illustrates one limitation to the importance of moneyB.is only of importance to people stranded in such placesC.proves that there are many situations in which money is irrelevantD.tells us nothing of significance about money in a certain situation问题3选项A.by direct intervention in the pricing of goods and servicesB.by means of money and the price mechanismC.by keeping a watchful eye on relative price changesD.by fixing prices in specific industries问题4选项A.explaining to bankers the price changesB.understanding the effect of relative price changesC.trying to understand why some prices rise fastD.the same financial considerations as banking问题5选项A.tend to employ an increasing number of peopleB.employ more people than manufacturing industries doC.cause problems for the white collar unionsD.try to reduce their employees to combat rising costs【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.文章第一段第三句The type of thing that comes to mind is not what is normally called economics, which is inexact rather than nonsensical, and only in the same way as all sciences are at the point where they try to predict peoples behavior and its consequences从这句可知经济学在试图预测人们的行为模式及其后果方面与其他科学存在共同点，但是在其他方面则不一样。选项D “与其他科学不同，比如医学”。2.文章第二段this proves something important about money except the undeniable fact that it would not be much use to anyone in a situation where very few of us are at all likely to find ourselves提到这似乎证明了金钱的一个要义，但却无法说明一个不容否认的事实，那就是极少有人会陷身于这种金钱无用的境地。选项D符合题意，“金钱在特定的条件下是没有用的”。3.文章第三段第一句Money and the price mechanism, i.e., the changes in prices expressed in money terms of different goods and services, are the means by which all modern societies regulate demand and supply for these things提到金钱和价格机制，即用金钱形式的价格变化来表现不同商品和服务，是所有现代社会用以调节这些东西供需的方式，选项B “通过金钱和价格机制”符合题意。4.文章第三段第二句Especially important are the relative changes in price of different goods and services compared with each other提到不同商品或服务价格上的相应变化尤其重要；第三段最后一句话Unpacking these implications is what economics is about, but their implications for bankers are quite different提到揭开这些含意就是经济学要做的，但是这些含意对银行家来说又很不一样。由这两处可以得知经济学主要是了解相对价格变化的含意。选项B符合题意。5.文章最后一段It is also a characteristic of highly developed economies that the number of workers employed in service industries tends to rise and that of workers employed in manufacturing to fall提到高度发达国家的一个特点就是服务行业的就业人数在增长，而制造业的工人数量在减少。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Many years ago, a lot of factories were（ ） from big cities to the mountainous areas in case of war.问题1选项A.transferredB.transformedC.transmittedD.transported【答案】A【解析】考查形似动词词义辨析。transfer “转移；调任”；transform “改变，使 变形；转换”；transmit “传输；传播”；transport “运输；运送”。句意：很多年前，如果有战争，大量的工厂就会从大城市被转移到山区。选项A符合题意。11. 单选题The realm of product liability is one that has always put legal scholars and practitioners at odds. Viewed by some as genuine efforts to protect the public from dangerous goods and others as an excuse for dirty lawyers to sue rich companies, the matter has yet to be resolved. Product liability, and its implications for disgruntled consumers wishing to sue the makers of what they buy, continues to be debated.Those who argue that current product liability laws are positive assert that without such laws, manufacturers would be free to do as they please without regard for the safety of the consumers who buy their products. As a result, they argue, shoddy merchandise would emerge, with every possible comer cut in order to lower costs, at the expense of quality. Not only would the shoddy merchandise be a rip-off, however, but the products could likely be harmful as well. Proponents of this point of view hail the new wave of warning labels and increased quality assurance that has resulted from recent product liability legislation, confident in their conviction that it has made the American marketplace a safer place to shop.Opponents of the current status-quo, however, cite the overwhelming amount of litigation that has taken place as a result of stricter product liability. A moderate approach is advised by this group, between the necessary safeguards that world prevent abuse of the system by the companies and the excessive consumer-protection laws that allow producers to be sued at the drop of a hat. These people argue that greed and the alluring possibility of easy money lead unscrupulous buyers to look for any excuse to bring minor grievances to court, hoping for a million dollar outcome.As the situation stands now, the former camp is getting its way, reflecting societys priority of safety over economics. Recent lobbying by producers has begun to shift the tide, however. As abuse of product liability laws continues and grows, courts are beginning to note the trend and take appropriate measures, casting a keener eye on such cases so as to distinguish between frivolous cases and more serious claims. In regard to the future of product liability legislation and its relation to our ever increasingly litigious society, only time will tell.1.It is stated that consumers who bring product liability problems to litigation（ ） .2. Manufacturers in the text tend to（ ） .3.Those who favor less str